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tarnple 80. Tht iniml ""'fi,w ~lu,rs of•_.,.

,.,,,, ll1t
(IS t 05)°C ,,nl
'
(40 .t 0.3) C What is lht '&t lit
lmq,mtvrt cf lht bit .
Solation. Rise in temperature
= Final temperature - Initial temperature
=(40i 0.3)-(18± 0.5)= (40-18)± (0.J+ OS)
=(22± o.erc.
V
&ample 8l. 11,c resistance R = ,wlrere V == 100 :t:
1 5
""" I= 10 ± 0.2 A. Find tht pnm,tage error in R. [NCErtr1
Solution. The percentage error in Vis 5% artd in I it
I 1s 2%.
The total percentage error in R is given by
AR x 100 = ii V x 100 + M x 100
R V I
= 5% + 2% = 7°/o.
Example 82 · If tire mars involved in the measurements of
a side and mass ofa cube are 3% and 4% respectively, What
is the maximum permissible error in the density of the
material?
De . M M
Solution. ns1ty, P =V = I:

The percentage error in density is given by


Ap x 100 = &M x 100 +3 x .1L x 100
p M L
= 4% +3x 3% = 13%.
Example 83. The error in the measurement of radius of a
splrere is 2%. What would be the error in the volume of the
1
splrere ?
Solution. Given : M x 100 = 2%
r
Volume of sphere, V =f
m-3
Percent error in volume,
AV M
-Vx 100 =3-x r
100 =3x2 =6%.

Example 84. The percentage errors in the measurement of


mass and speed are 2% and 3% respectively. How much will
be t1!t maximum error in the estimate of kinetic energy
obtained by measuring mass and speed ? (NCERTJ
Solution. Given :
Am A
- x 100 = 2% and -.!!. x 100 :::;3%
m V \

Kinetic energy, K = l mv2


2
Percent error in KE.,
M< Am Av
-K x 100 = - x 100 +2 - x 100
m V
= 2% +2 X 3% = 8%,
Example 85. The length, breadth and height of a
The percentage error in X is given by
rectangular block of wood were measured to be :
.1X Ila !lb !le 1 lld
l=12.13± 0.02cm; b=8.16± 0.0lan; lOOx - =2-x 100+3-x lOO+ - xlOO+ --xlOO
X a b c 2d
h =3.46± 0.01 cm
=2 x 4%+3 x 2%+3% +½x 1% =17.5%,
Determine the percentage error in the volume of tl1e
block. Example 89. For the estimation of Young's modulus :
Solution. Volume of block, V = lbh Y= 4Mg _!::
1t d2 . l
The percentage error in the volume is given by
for the specimen of a wire, following observations were
.1V x 100 =(.11 +Lib+ M)x 100 recorded: L=2.890, M =3.00,d = 0.082,g =9.81, l =0.087.
V l b h Calculate the maximum percentage error in the value of Y and
mention which physical quantity causes maximum error.
=( 0.02 + 0.01 + 0.01) X 100 4
12.13 8.16 3.46 Solution. Given Y = ~g . .!:
1td l
200 100 100
=--+-+- As 4 and 7t are constants and a standard value of'g'
1213 816 346 is taken, so the percentage error in Y will be
= 0.1649 + 0.1225 + 0.2890 = 0.58%. LiY .
- X 100 = -
(LiM LiL Lid
+ - + 2 - + - X 100
Lil)
[Rounded off to 2 significant figures] Y M L d l
Example 86. period of oscillation of a simple It is obvious from the given data that
pendulum is T = 21t LI g. Measured value of Lis 20.0 cm LiM = 0.01, LiL = 0.001, Lid = 0.001, Lil = 0.001
known to 1 mm accuracy and time for 100 oscillations of the
LiY x lO0 = (0.01 + 0.001 + 2x 0.001 + 0.001) xlOO
pendulum is found to be 90 s using a wrist watch of 1 s
resolution. What is the accuracy in the determination ofg ?
Y 3.00 2.890 0.082 0.087 .
= (0.0033+ 0.0003 + 0.0244 + 0.01 lS)x 100

Solution. As T = 2 1t H [NCERT ; JEE Main 15]


= 0.0395 X 100 = 3,95%,
Diameter of the wire causes maximum error in the
value of Y.
41t2 L
or T
2
=41t2 -L or g =- -
Example 90. The specific resistance cr of a thin wire of
g T2
radius r cm, resistance RO and length L cm is given by
.1g x 100 = .1Lx 100 +2 x .1T x 100 n,2 R
g L T cr=--
L
Now L=20.0 cm, .1L=l mm =0.1 cm, T for 100 If r=0.26± 0.02cm,R=32± 10
oscillations= 90 s, .1T = 1 s
and L=78 ± O.Dl cm, find the percentage error in cr.
.1g x 100 = O.l x 100+ 2x ]__x 100 Solution. The percentage error in specific resis-
g 20.0 90
tance cr is given by
= 0.5 + 2.22 = 2.72% = 3%. Licr ( 2Lir
-xlO0= - +LiR
- +LiL)
- xlO0
Example 87. Find the relative error in Z, if cr r R L
Z = A4 B113 I CD312 • [NCERTJ = [2x 0.02 + _!_ + O.Ol]x lO0
Solution. The relative error in Z is 0.26 32 78

LiZ M 1 .1B LiC 3 .1D = [0.15+ 0.03+ 0.000lJx 100


-=4x-+-x-+-+--. =0.1801x 100=0.lBx 100=18%.
Z A 3 B C 2D
2 3Example 91. Ifhvoresistorsofresistances R =(4 ±0.5)0
Example 88. A physical quantity Xis given by X = a b 1
and Ri = (16 ± 0.5) 0 are connected (i) in series and (ii) in
.
cfJ parallel; find the equivalent resistance in each case with
If the percentage errors of measurement in a, b, c and d are limits of percentage error.
4%, 2%, 3% and 1% respectively, then calculate the
percentage error in X. [Delhi 13]
Solution. (i) The equivalent resistance of the series
combination,
a2b3
Solution. Given : X =
0
R = R1 + Ri =(4±0.5)0 +(16±0.5)0
c-vd = (20 ± 1)0 or 20 ± 5%
9. The relative density of a material is found by
(ii) The equivalent . resistance of parallel com-
weighing the body first in air and then in water If
bination, the weight in air is (10.0± 0.1) N and weight··
R' - Ri~ = 4x16 =3.2.0 water is (5.0 ± 0.1) N, what would be the maxim in
·Ri +~ 4+16 percentage error in relative density ? (Ans. ;
1, 1 1 .. . 10. The voltage across a lamp is (6.0± 0.1) volt and the
From R' = Ri +~,we get current passing through it is (4.0 ± 0.2) ampere.11ind
the power consumed. [Ans. (24.0 ± 1.6) watt)
AR' _Mi 11. The radius of a sphere is measured as (2.1 ± 0.5) an.
---+-
R'2 R; Ri . Calculate its surface area with error limits.
[Ans. (55.4 ± 26.4) cm2J
. AR' =(R'2) Mi +(R'2)
Ri Ni 12. The radius of a sphere is 5.3 ± 0.1 cm. Calculate the

. =(3~
2
r r
xO.;+(~·: x0.5 =0.340
percentage error in its volume. [HimachaJ 06)
(Ans. 5.7%)
13. The measure of the diameter of a cylinder is
(1.60± 0.01) cm and its length is (5,0± 0.1) an.
Here. R' = (3.2 ± 0.34) n = 3.2 n ± 10.625%
Calculate the percentage error in its volume.
(Ans. 3.25%)
Sbroble~s'. Fo~ Prac~ice 14. The measured mass and volume of a body are
2.00 g and 5.0 cm3 resfectively. With possible erron
1. If A = ( 12.0 ± 0.1) an and B = (8.5 ± 0.5) an, find of 0.01 g and 0.1 cm , what would be the percent
(1) A+ Band ·(i1) A .- B. · . [Delhi 04) . error in density ? (Ans. 2.5%)
[Ans. (1) 20.5± 0.6cm (ii) 3.5± 0.6cm] 15< A body travels uniformly a distance of (118 ± 0.2) m
2. The ~peratures of two bodies measured by a thermo- in a time (4.0 ± 0.3) s. Calculate its velocity with
meter are t1 = 20°C ± 0.5°C and t 2 = 50°C ± 0.5°C. error limits. What is percentage error in velocity ?
Calculate the temperature difference and the error ' . 1
[Ans. (3.5± 0.3) ms- , 9%)
therein. · .. [NCERT; Central Schools 12)
16. If the percentage errors in the measurement of
(Ans. 30°C ± 1°q mass m and velocity v of a body are 1.5% and 2%
3. The lengths of two rods are 15.2 ± 0.2 cm and respectively, find the percentage errors in the
10.7 ± 0.2 cm. Find difference in lengths of the two measurement of its momentum p and kinetic
rods with the limits of error. [Himachal 07] energy K. [Central Schools 171
(Ans.- 4.5 ± 0.4 cm)
_ (Ans. 3%, 5.5%)
4. The length · and breadth of a rectangle are
17. A physical quantity X is related to three obser-
(5.7± O.l)cm and (3-4± 0.2)cm. Calculate area of vables a, b, c as X = b2 I C-. The errors of
the rectangle with e~or limits. [Chandigarh 04)
2 measurement in a, b and c are 2%, 1% and 3%
(Ans. 19.4± 15cm ) respectively. What is the percentage error in the
5. If displacement of a body, s = (200 ± 5) metres and quantity X ? (Ans. 9%)
~e taken by it t = (20 ± 0.2) secon:ds~tenpnd the "~ . A2Ifl2
percentage error in the calculation of velocity. Yo· A physical quantity Q is given by Q = c+4 rJf 2
[Delhi 05] (Ans. 3.5%)
. The percentage errors in A, B, C and D are 1%, 2%,
the length and time period of an oscillating 4% and 2% respectively. Find the percentage error
pendulum have errors of 1% and 2% respectively,
in Q. · [Central Schools 05) (Ans. 22%}
what is the error in the estimate of g ?
{Central Schools 04) (Ans. 5%) 19. Two resistors of resistances R,. = 100 ± 3 ohm and
= 200 ± 4 ohm are connected (a) in series, (b) in
7. H =(10.0± O.l)cm and 12 =(9.0± O.l)cm, find
parallel. Find the equivalent resistance of the
their sum, difference and error in each.
(a) series combination. (b) parallel combination.
[Ans. (19.0± 0.2) cm, 1%; (1.0± 0.2)cm, 20%]
for (a) the relation R = Ri + and for
8. The length and breadth of a field are 22.4 cm and
15.8 an respectively and have been measured to an
_!_ =__!_ + __!_ and M' = +
R' Ri R.i R'2 Ri 2 ~2 •
accuracy of 0.2 an. Find the percentage error in the
(Ans. 66.1t
uea of the field. (Himachal 07] (Ans. 2.16%)
1

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