EFFECT OF HOLE GEOMETRY AND

CONFIGURATIONS ON FILM COOLING

PERFORMANCE
A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

NITHIYARAMAN.V (090101108031)

VAITHIYANATHAN.P (090101108054)

LOGANATHAN.D (100401108001)

SARAVANAN.C (100401108005)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in

AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

HINDUSTHAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

COIMBATORE - 641032

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL 2013

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 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report "EFFECT OF HOLE GEOMETRY
AND CONFIGURATION ON FILM COOLING PERFORMANCE" is the
bonafide work of
NITHIYARAMAN.V (090101108031)
VAITHIYANATHAN.P (090101108054)
LOGANATHAN.D (100401108001)
SARAVANAN.C (100401108005)
who carried out the project under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Prof.A. SANKARAN Mr. M. MOSES DEVAPRASANNA
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
PROFESSOR ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Aeronautical Engineering Aeronautical Engineering
Hindusthan Institute of Technology Hindusthan Institute of Technology
Coimbatore -641032 Coimbatore -641032

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INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I remember with gratitude, the blessing of almighty who
has given me health and necessary skill to complete the project work. I take this
opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to our honorable principal
Dr.T.Ravichandran for his kind encouragement for undergoing this project work.

I convey my heartiest thanks to my Head of the Department Prof A.

SANKARAN, Head of Aeronautical engineering to streamline my project work. I

wish to register my heartiest thanks to my project coordinator Mr.M.Moses

Devaprasanna, professor, for his immediate approval and constant encouragement
to bring out this project work.

I express my humble gratitude to my project guide Mr.M.Moses

Devaprasanna, professor, for his extended moral support in all possible ways to
bringing out this project work and report. I wish to register my heartiest thanks to
all my faculty members, lab technicians and my dear friends for their suggestions
and constant support.

Finally, there is a most important acknowledgement of all my feelings for

and gratitude to my family, especially to my mother and my brothers who are the
foundation of my personal and professional life.

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 ABSTRACT
The surface temperature of components in the high temperature environment

in jet engine today always needs cooling to increase durability as well as system

performance. Film cooling is one effective way of cooling gas turbine hot internal

components, which prevents the surface of base metal to get over-heated and

hazardous effect of losing its mechanical strength and operating life. It forms a thin

layer of cool gases, which avoids direct contact between hot gases and surface.

Cooling holes have been used to create film on part surface that effectively reduces

surface temperature.

This analysis focuses on how the injection angle will affect the heat transfer

between hot gases and cooling film over the flat plate with various blowing ratios

0.5, 1.0, and 1.5. The different hole angles of 25, 35, and 45 degrees were analyzed

using CFD software.

In various turbulence models k-epsilon realizable gives the good

approximation. So simulations were carried out with k- ɛ Realizable turbulent

model for various angles of injection namely 25, 35 and 45 degrees , blowing ratio

is taken as 0.5,1.0,1.5. And then the film cooling effectiveness for various angles,

blowing ratios were evaluated. It shows that cooling effectiveness decreases with

increase in inclination angle and blowing ratios.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT iv
LIST OF TABLE vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF SIMBOLS x
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 EFFECT OF HIGH TEMPERATURE 1
1.2 REMEDY 1
1.3 NECESSITY OF COOLING 2
1.4 OTHER APPLICATIONS 3
1.5 INTRODUCTION TO TURBINE BLADE
COOLING 3
2. COOLING TECHNIQUES 5
2.1 INTERNAL COOLING 6
2.1.1 Pin- fin cooling 6
2.1.2 Impingement cooling 7
2.1.3 Dimple cooling 8
2.1.4 Rib turbulator 10
2.2 EXTERNAL COOLING 12
2.2.1Transpiration cooling 12
2.2.2 Film cooling 13
2.3 FILM COOLING PERFORMANCE 15

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CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO
2.4 FACTORS AFFECTING FILM COOLING
PERFORMANCE 17
2.5 EFFECT OF HOLE GEOMETRY AND
CONFIGURATIONS ON FILM COOLING 17
PERFORMANCE
2.5.1 Compound angle injection 18
2.5.2 Shaped holes 18
3 LITERATURE REVIEW 19
4 PRESENT STUDY 24
4.1 FLAT PLATE 25
4.2 ASSUMPTIONS 25
4.3 PROBLEM DESCRIPTION 26
4.4 FILM EFFECTIVENESS MEASUREMENT 26

4.5 GEOMETRY OF THE COMPUTATIONAL 27

MODEL

4.6 GRID GENERATION 28

4.7 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 29
4.7.1 Inlet parameter calculations 30
4.8 SOLVER SETTINGS 32
5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 33
5.1 FILM COVERAGE ON VARYING COOLANT 33
PASSAGE

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 6 CONCLUSION 45
7 REFERENCES
46
LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO TITLE PAGE NO

2.1 Factors affecting film cooling performance 17

4.1 Boundary Conditions 29

4.2 Inlet parameter calculations 30

4.3 Inlet conditions

31 4.4 Conditions for coolant inlet.

31

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO NAME OF THE FIGURE PAGE NO

1.1 Graph between TET and entry into service 2

2.1 Various cooling techniques 5
2.2 Pin fin cooling 7
2.3 Internal view of impingement cooling 8
2.4 Dimple cooling 9
2.5 Rib turbulator 10
2.6 Flow over rib turbulator 11
2.7 Transpiration cooling 13
2.8 Schematic of film cooling configurations on a vane 14
2.9 Schematic of film cooling concept 15
4.1 Geometry for 25º angle 27
4.2 Grid for geometry of 25º 29
5.1 Temperature contours plot for 25º, 0.5 B.R 34
5.2 Graph between x/d and effectiveness for 25º, 0.5 B.R 35
5.3 Temperature contours plot for 25º, 1.0 B.R 35
5.4 Graph between x/d and effectiveness for 25º, 1.0 B.R 36
5.5 Temperature contours plot for 25º, 1.5 B.R 36
5.6 Graph between x/d and effectiveness for 25º, 1.5 B.R 37
5.7 Temperature contours plot for 35º, 0.5 B.R 38
5.8 Graph between x/d and effectiveness for 35º, 0.5 B.R 38

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 5.9 Temperature contours plot for 35º, 1.0 B.R 39
5.10 Graph between x/d and effectiveness for 35º, 1.0 B.R 39
5.11 Temperature contours plot for 35º, 1.5 B.R 40

FIGURE NO NAME OF THE FIGURE PAGE NO

5.12 Graph between x/d and effectiveness for 35º, 1.5 B.R 40
5.13 Temperature contours plot for 45º, 0.5 B.R 41
5.14 Graph between x/d and effectiveness for 45º, 0.5 B.R 42
5.15 Temperature contours plot for 45º, 1.0 B.R 42
5.16 Graph between x/d and effectiveness for 45º, 1.0 B.R 43
5.17 Temperature contours plot for 45º, 1.5 B.R 43
5.18 Graph between x/d and effectiveness for 45º, 1.5 B.R 44

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 LIST OF SYMBOLS

SYMBOL DESCRIPTION UNIT

D Film cooling hole diameter m

L Film cooling delivery length m

T Temperature K

TI Turbulence intensity %

K Thermal conductivity W/m-K

t Time s

α Film Hole Injection Angle degree

ρ Density Kg/m3

µ Viscosity Kg/m-s

Tg The hot air temperature K

Tw The temperature at the wall K

Tc The coolant air temperature K

ῆ Film cooling effectiveness No unit

M blowing ratio No unit

ρc Density of coolant air Kg/m3

ρg Density of hot air Kg/m3

x
Uc Velocity of coolant m/s

Ug Velocity of hot air m/s

xi