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Part 1KEC-101 UNIT3 Lecture 1 Opamp Updated PDF

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28 views23 pages

Part 1KEC-101 UNIT3 Lecture 1 Opamp Updated PDF

Uploaded by

Kushagra Tyagi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Emerging Domain In Electronics Engineering

(KEC-101T)
Ms. Priyanka Sharma
Asst. Prof. ECE Dept.
AKGEC, Ghaziabad
Unit-3
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
&
INTRODUCTION OF IoT SYSTEM
Contents
• Basics of OPAMP
• PIN Diagram Subject: Emerging Domain
In Electronics Engineering,
(KEC101T)
• Common Mode Operation UNIT-3 Opamp & IoT

• Differential Amplifier
• OPAMP Equivalent Circuit
• Virtual Ground
• Practical OPAMP Circuits
Subject: Emerging Domain
In Electronics Engineering,
(KEC101T)
UNIT-3 Opamp & IoT

 An operational amplifier, or op-amp, is a very high gain differential amplifier with high
input impedance and low output impedance.
 Typical uses of the operational amplifier are to provide voltage amplitude changes
(amplitude and polarity), oscillators, filter circuits, and many types of instrumentation
circuits. An op-amp contains a number of differential amplifier stages to achieve a
very high voltage gain.
 a basic op-amp with two inputs and one output as would result using a differential
amplifier input stage
Subject: Emerging Domain In
Electronics Engineering,
(KEC101T)
UNIT-3 (Opamp & IoT)
Subject: Emerging Domain In
Electronics Engineering,
(KEC101T)
UNIT-3 (Opamp & IoT)
Subject: Emerging Domain In
Electronics Engineering,
(KEC101T)
UNIT-3 (Opamp & IoT)
Differential Amplifier

The circuit shows a generalized form of a


differential amplifier with two inputs
marked V1 and V2. The two identical Subject: Emerging Domain
In Electronics Engineering,
transistors TR1 and TR2 are both biased (KEC101T)
UNIT-3 (Opamp & IoT)
at the same operating point with their
emitters connected together and returned
to the common rail, -VEE by way of
resistor Re.
Configurations of Opamp
1.

Subject: Emerging Domain


In Electronics Engineering,
(KEC101T)
UNIT-3 (Opamp & IoT)

• Above figure shows the signals connected for this operation. In the fig the
input is applied to the plus input (with minus input at ground), which
results in an output having the same polarity as the applied input signal.
• Second Figure shows an input signal applied to the minus input, the output
then being opposite in phase to the applied signal.
2.

• In addition to using only one input, it is possible to apply signals at each


input—this being a double-ended operation.
• First Figure shows an input, Vd, applied between the two input terminals
(recall that neither input is at ground), with the resulting amplified output
in phase with that applied between the plus and minus inputs.
• Second Figure shows the same action resulting when two separate signals
are applied to the inputs, the difference signal being Vi1- Vi2 .
3. Double ended Output with double ended
input

• If the signal is given to both the inputs and output is taken between
the two terminals of opamp.
• An input applied to either input will result in outputs from both
output terminals, these outputs always being opposite in polarity.
4. Double ended Output with single ended input

• Figure 14.5 shows a single-ended input with a double-ended output.


As shown, the signal applied to the plus input results in two amplified
outputs of opposite polarity.
• Figure 14.6 shows the same operation with a single output measured
between output terminals (not with respect to ground). This
difference output signal is Vo1 -Vo2 .
Subject: Emerging Domain
In Electronics Engineering,
(KEC101T)
UNIT-3 (Opamp & IoT)

Common-Mode Rejection A significant feature of a differential connection is that the


signals which are opposite at the inputs are highly amplified, while those which are
common to the two inputs are only slightly amplified—the overall operation being to
amplify the difference signal while rejecting the common signal at the two inputs. Since
noise (any unwanted input signal) is generally common to both inputs, the differential
connection tends to provide attenuation of this unwanted input while providing an
amplified output of the difference signal applied to the inputs.
Subject: Emerging Domain
In Electronics Engineering,
(KEC101T)
UNIT-3 (Opamp & IoT)
Opamp Gain and Output
1. Differential Gain (Ad) : It is the
ratio of output voltage to the
differential input. V1 and V2 are
different inputs.
Differential Input
Vd = V1 – V2
Output Voltage
Vout = Ad(V1 - V2)
= Ad Vd
Open Circuit voltage gain of
Opamp Ad= Vout/Vd
2. Common Mode Gain Ac : It is the ratio of
output voltage to the common mode Input.
• In this mode , if we apply input voltage are
equal i.e. V1 = V2 then ideally output
voltage Vout=(V1-V2) approximately equal
to 0.
• But Practically output voltage of opamp
not only depends on difference voltage but
also depends on average of common input.
• Average signals are called as common
mode signal denoted by Vc
Vc = (V1 + V2)/2
Vout = Ac Vc
Ac = Common Mode Gain
So, for practical differential amplifier,
Total output V0 = Ad Vd + Ac Vc
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) :
• When the Same voltage is applied to both the inputs, the Opamp is said to
operate in common mode configuration.
• Many disturbance or noise signal appear as a common input signal to
both input terminal of operational amplifier. Such common signal should
be rejected by operational amplifier.
• The ability of the opamp to reject a common mode signal is expressed as
common mode rejection ratio. (CMRR).
• Mathematically defined as the ratio of differntial voltage gain Ad to the
common mode voltage gain Ac.

• CMRR = Ad/Ac
• Ideally common mode gain Acis zero , CMRR is infinite.
Modes of operation of Opamp
1. Differential Mode of operation
In this mode , two Input signals are different from each other, they are same in magnitude
but opposite in phase
2. Common Mode of operation
In this mode , two Input signals are same, they are same in magnitude and also in
same phase
Subject: Emerging Domain In
Electronics Engineering,
(KEC101T)
UNIT-3 (Opamp & IoT)
Subject: Emerging Domain In
Electronics Engineering,
(KEC101T)
UNIT-3 (Opamp & IoT)
Subject: Emerging Domain
In Electronics Engineering,
(KEC101T)
UNIT-3 (Opamp & IoT)

Thank you

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