Opamp

Op-Amp
• It is a general purpose IC developed by Robert Widlar in 1964.
• ‘Operational’ term in operational amplifier signifies that it can perform
different mathematical operations like summation, subtraction,
integration, differentiation etc.
• Op-Amp is used in signal amplification, oscillators, filters, voltage
regulators, ADC, DAC, calculators etc.
• The internal circuit of the Op-Amp is not required to operate,i.e only
terminal properties is sufficient for external circuit connection.
• Op-Amp is low cost, easy to use and temperature stable.
Symbol & IC diagram
 Op-Amp Characteristics

•
= difference input voltage
= voltage gain
•
• = voltage at noninverting terminal wrt ground
• voltage at inverting terminal wrt ground
Ideal opamp
 Practical opamp
• Finite input impedance (150k Ω - Hundreds of MΩ)
• Finite output resistance (Less than 100 Ω range)
• Finite voltage gain (~105)
• Finite Bandwidth
• Characteristics drifting with temperature Input bias currents
• Finite common mode rejection ratio (CMRR)
• Not perfectly balanced
 Opamp configuration
• The opamp can be used in two configuration.
• Openloop configuration ( Comparator,detector)
• Closeloop configuration
• Positive feedback (Schimtt trigger, multivibrator)
• Negative feedback ( Adder, subtractor, Rectifier, Clipper)
Openloop configuration:
• In openloop configuration, there is no connection exists between input &
output terminal of opamp.
• In this configuration, opamp acts as high gain amplifier.
• There are 3 type of openloop configuration.
• Diffrential amplifier
• Inverting amplifier
• Noninverting amplifier
 CMRR
• The common mode rejection ratio is defiened as ratio of differential voltage gain(A d)
to common-mode voltage gain(Acm).
• CMRR = Ad /Acm
• CMRR in dB = 20 log (Ad /Acm)=20 log Ad -20 log Acm
• Common mode voltage gain can be calculated as

– =output commonmode voltage

– = input commonmode voltage
• Generally Acm is very small & Ad is very large. CMRR is very large.
• For 741C opamp, CMRR is 90dB.
• For 714C precision opamp, CMRR is 120dB.
 CMRR
• The common mode rejection ratio is defiened as ratio of differential voltage gain(A d)
to common-mode voltage gain(Acm).
• CMRR = Ad /Acm
• CMRR in dB = 20 log (Ad /Acm)=20 log Ad -20 log Acm
• Common mode voltage gain can be calculated as

– =output commonmode voltage

– = input commonmode voltage
• Generally Acm is very small & Ad is very large. CMRR is very large.
 Introducrion to Feedback
• In openloop configuration,clipping of output occurs, when it exceeds saturation level
of opamp.
• Smaller signal(<µV) having very less frequency may be amplified correctly.
• The voltage gain varies with change in temperature & power supply & mass
production techniques.
• The variation in openloop gain are relatively large.
• The bandwidth of openloop opamp is very small.
• The openloop opamp is not suitable for linear application.
 Virtual Ground
– Terminal is not actual grounded but act as grounded so it is called as virtual ground.
• It is a phenomenon in which one of the input terminal will have zero voltage
although the terminal is not connected physically to ground terminal.
• For an ideal OP-AMP, input impedance is infinite, hence i2=0.
• Open loop gain is infinite, hence V2=0.
• The V2 point is considered as virtual ground.
 Opamp golden rule
• When an op-amp is configured in any negative-feedback arrangement, it will obey
the following two rules:

– The inputs to the op-amp draw or source no current .

– The op-amp output will do whatever it can to make the voltage difference
between the two inputs zero.

v +
vo
v -

Network
Inverting amplifier
 Non inverting amplifier
𝑉 𝑜 − 𝑖 𝑅 𝑓 − 𝑖 𝑅 𝑖=0
𝑉𝑜
𝑖=
𝑅 𝑓 + 𝑅𝑖

𝑉 𝑜 − 𝑖 𝑅 𝑓 − 𝑉 𝑖 =0

𝑅𝑓 𝑉 𝑜
𝑉 𝑜− − 𝑉 𝑖=0
𝑅 𝑓 + 𝑅𝑖

𝑅 𝑓 + 𝑅𝑖 − 𝑅 𝑓
𝑉 𝑜( )=𝑉 𝑖
𝑅 𝑓 + 𝑅𝑖

𝑉 𝑜 𝑅 𝑓 + 𝑅𝑖 𝑉𝑜 𝑅𝑓
= =1+
𝑉𝑖 𝑅𝑖 𝑉𝑖 𝑅𝑖
 Voltage Follower
• In this circuit, the input voltage, Vin, is applied directly to the noninverting (+) input of the OPAMP.
• This circuit is also called a unity gain amplifier, buffer amplifier , or isolation amplifier, or voltage
follower
• The input and output voltages are in phase
• The output is connected directly to the inverting (-) input terminal.

Vout Vin ACL 1

• Because Vout =Vin , the output voltage must follow

the input voltage; hence the name voltage follower.
• This circuit is basically used for isolate the input and
output and also for unit gain
 Summing Amplifier
A summing amplifier has two or more inputs, and its output voltage is proportional to
the negative of the algebraic sum of its input voltages.
𝑖=𝑖1 +𝑖2 +𝑖3
0 −𝑉 0 𝑉 1 𝑉 2 𝑉 3
= + +
𝑅𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅 3

−𝑉 0 𝑉 1 𝑉 2 𝑉 3
= + +
𝑅𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3

𝑉 0=− 𝑅 𝑓 ( 𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉3
+ +
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 )
𝑉 0=−
(
𝑅 𝑓 𝑉 1 𝑅𝑓 𝑉 2 𝑅𝑓 𝑉 3
𝑅1
+
𝑅2
+
𝑅3 )
 Differential Amplifier
• Diffrential amplifier is a combination of inverting & noninverting amplifier.
• When Vy is reduced to zero, circuit is inverting amplifier.

• When Vx is reduced to zero, circuit is

non-inverting amplifier.

If = &
 Comparator
• A comparator compares a signal voltage on one input of an
opamp with a known reference voltage on the other input.
• The comparator uses an openloop opamp having two analog
inputs & digital output.
• The output of comparator can be (+) or (-) saturation
voltage, depending on which input is larger.
• Comparator circuits are used for digital interfacing.
• It is also a type of ADC.
 Noninverting Comparator
• The openloop opamp shown in figure behaves as a comparator.
• The fixed reference voltage is applied to negative terminal of the
opamp & time-varying input is applied to positive terminal of opamp.
• As input is applied to noninverting terminal, it is also called as
noninverting comparator.
• If Vin < 1 V, Vout = + Vsat
• If Vin > 1 V, Vout = - Vsat
• The output changes from one
saturation level to another level, when
Vin = Vref.
• The comparator circuit is also called
as voltage-level detector.