P.S.R.

ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(An Autonomous Institution, Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)
Sevalpatti (P.O), Sivakasi - 626140.
Tamilnadu State

LABORATORY MANUAL

231EE37
DC Machines and Transformer Laboratory

PREPARED BY
Dr.K.Gurumoorthy,AP/EEE

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

 Program Outcomes
The Program Outcomes of B.E in Electrical and Electronics Engineering are:

PO1. Apply knowledge of mathematics, physical sciences and Electrical and Electronics
Engineering fundamentals.

PO2. Able to identify, formulate, analyze and solve Electrical and Electronics Engineering
problems.

PO3. Able to design and realize Electrical and Electronics systems to meet desired needs within
practical constraints such as economical, environmental, social, political, ethical, health
and safety, manufacturability and sustainability.

PO4. Able to investigate and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data.
PO5. Use of techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering practice

PO6. Contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues related to
Engineering.

PO7. Realize the impact of Electrical Engineering solutions in a global, economic and
environmental context.

PO8. Apply ethical principles and commitment to professional ethics and responsibility.

PO9. Function as an individual and as a member or leader in multidisciplinary teams.

PO10. Communicate effectively with the engineering community and society at large.

PO11. Knowledge and understanding of management and business practices and their
limitations.

PO12. Recognize the need for, and have the ability to engage in life-long learning.

Program Specific Outcomes

Engineering Graduates will be able to:
PSO1. Skilled to analyze, design and test various electrical and electronic circuits, control
systems, instrumentation systems, computer systems, microprocessor and
microcontroller based systems.
PSO2. Exhibit knowledge and hands-on competence in the application of Electrical machines
and Power Electronics based drives systems.
PSO3. Design and investigate problems in power system network along with protection
schemes and effective utilization of electrical energy.
PSO4. Develop a project management tool for solving complex electrical / electronic
problems by applying the knowledge of basic sciences, mathematics and engineering
fundamentals.
 CONTENTS

Sl. No. Experiment Name Page No.

1. Load Test on D.C. Shunt Motor

2. Load Test on D.C. Compound Motor

3. Load Test on D.C. Series Motor

4. Speed Control of D.C. Shunt Motor

Open Circuit and Load Characteristics of separately excited D.C.

5.
Generator

Open Circuit and Load Characteristics of Self excited D.C. Shunt

6.
Generator

7. Swinburne’s Test

8. Load Test on Single phase transformer

9. Open Circuit & Short Circuit Tests on 1 transformer

10. Separation of Losses in Single Phase Transformer

11. Load Characteristics of D.C. Compound Generator

12. Hopkinson’s Test

Page 1
231EE37 DC MACHINES AND TRANSFORMER L-T-P C
LABORATORY
0-0-3 1.5
Programme: B.E. Electrical and Electronics Engineering Sem: III Category: PC
Pre-requisites: Engineering Physics, DC machines and Transformer
AIM: To expose the students to the operation of D.C. machines and transformers and give
them experimental skill.
Course Outcomes:
The Students will be able to
CO1. Test the DC generator and draw the characteristic curves. K2
CO2. Test the DC motor and draw its characteristic curves. K2
CO3. Design a speed controller for the dc shunt motor to draw its characteristic curves.K3
CO4. Determine the load test on a given DC machines and draw its performance curves.K3
CO5. Evaluate the Efficiency and Regulation on a given single phase transformer. K3
CO6. Determine the load test on a given single phase transformer and draw its performance curves.K2

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Open circuit and load characteristics of separately excited and self-excited DC generators.
2. Load characteristics of DC compound generator with differential and cumulative connection.
3. Load characteristics of DC shunt and compound motor.
4. Load characteristics of DC series motor.
5. Swinburne’s test and speed control of DC shunt motor.
6. Hopkinson’s test on DC motor – generator set.
7. Load test on single-phase transformer and three phase transformer connections.
8. Open circuit and short circuit tests on single phase transformer.
9. Sumpner’s test on transformers.
10. Separation of no-load losses in single phase transformer.
11. Testing of Transformer oil and insulation.
Total Periods: 45

Program Specific
Course Program Outcomes (POs)
Outcomes (PSOs)
Outcomes
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4

CO1 3 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 3 2 1
CO2 3 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 3 1 1
CO3 3 3 3 2 1 3 1 1 1 2 3 1 2
CO4 3 3 3 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 3 2 1
CO5 3 3 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 3 2 2
CO6 3 3 2 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 3 1 1
1: Slight (Low) 2: Moderate (Medium) 3: Substantial (High)
 LOAD TEST ON D.C. SHUNT MOTOR

AIM :

To conduct the brake load test on the D.C. Shunt Motor and hence draw the
performance characteristics

REFERENCE :

Electrical Technology – Vol. II – D.C. and A.C. Machines, B.L. Theraja.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PRECAUTIONS :

 At the time of switching on the supply the field rheostat must be at its minimum
resistance position and there should not be any load on the motor.

PROCEDURE:
 Start the motor using the starter and run machine at rated speed.

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  Observe ammeter, voltmeter, and tachometer and spring balance readings.
 Load the motor gradually and for convenient loads note down the above said reading.
 Load the machine till rated current is drawn by it from the supply terminal.
V1 I1 If N F1 F2 T O/P I/P
Sl.No. %
volt amp amp rpm Kgs Kgs N-m Watt Watt

FORMULAS USED:

Torque (T) = (F1  F2 )  9.81  r ------- N-m

Output = T  (2N/60) ------- Watts
Input = V1  I1 ------- -Watts
Efficiency = Output / Input  100%

REQUIREMENTS:

i. Ia Vs T and Ia Vs N
ii. Output Vs , N, T, IL
iii. T Vs N

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS :

1) How does the back emf in a dc motor is self-regulating?

2) How can the direction of rotation of the dc motor be reversed?
3) Justify the statement “ dc shunt motor will run almost at constant speed”.
4) What is the necessity of starter for starting the dc machine?
5) What are the various types of starter available?
6) Write few applications of the dc shunt motor?
7) Write the condition for the maximum power developed by the dc machine?
8) What is relationship between back emf and speed of rotation?
9) Write few applications of dc series motor.
10) Write the voltage equation of dc shunt motor.

Page | 4
 LOAD TEST ON D.C. COMPOUND MOTOR

AIM :

To conduct the brake load test on the dc compound motor and hence draw the
performance characteristics.

REFERENCE :

Electrical Technology – Vol. II – D.C. and A.C. Machines, B.L. Theraja.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

PRECAUTIONS :

 At the time of switching on the supply the field rheostat must be at its minimum
resistance position and there should not be any load on the motor.

PROCEDURE:
 Start the motor using the starter and run machine at rated speed.

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  Observe ammeter, voltmeter, and tachometer and spring balance readings.
 Load the motor gradually and for convenient loads note down the above said reading.
 Load the machine till rated current is drawn by it from the supply terminal.
V1 I1 If N F1 F2 T O/P I/P
Sl.No. %
volt Amp amp rpm Kgs Kgs N-m Watt Watt

FORMULAS USED:

Torque (T) = (F1  F2 )  9.81  r -------N-m

Output = T  (2N/60) -------Watts
Input = V1  I1 --------Watts
Efficiency = Output / Input  100%

REQUIREMENTS :

Draw the following graphs

1. Ia Vs T and Ia Vs N
2. Output Vs , N, T, IL
3. T Vs N

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS :

1) What do you mean by back emf?

2) State Fleming’s left hand rule.
3) State Fleming’s right hand rule.
4) What are the various protective coils present in the starter?
5) Among three point and four point starters which is the best one? State the reason.
6) What are the various classifications in the compound motor?
7) Write few specifications of compound motor?
8) What do you mean by speed regulation?
9) What are the losses present in the dc motor?
10) Write the expression of back emf.

Page | 6
 LOAD TEST ON D.C. SERIES MOTOR

AIM :

To conduct the brake load test on the D.C. Series Motor and hence draw the
performance characteristics

REFERENCE :

Electrical Technology – Vol. II – D.C. and A.C. Machines, B.L. Theraja.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

PRECAUTIONS :

 At the time of switching on the supply, there should be full load on the motor.

PROCEDURE:

 Start the motor using the starter after checking that motor is at full load.
 Observe ammeter, voltmeter, and tachometer and spring balance readings.
 Vary the load on motor gradually and for convenient loads note down the above said
reading.

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 V1 I1 If N F1 F2 T O/P I/P
Sl.No. %
Volt amp amp rpm Kgs Kgs N-m Watt Watt

FORMULAS USED :

Torque (T) = (F1  F2 )  9.81  r ------- N-m

Output = T  (2N/60) ------- Watts
Input = V1  I1 ------- Watts
Efficiency = Output / Input  100%

REQUIREMENTS :

Draw the following graphs

4. Ia Vs T and Ia Vs N
5. Output Vs , N, T, IL
6. T Vs N

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

1) Why dc series motor should never be started at no load?

2) What are the applications of dc series motor?
3) Why two point starter is used for dc series motor?
4) State Fleming’s left hand rule.
5) State Fleming’s right hand rule.
6) What are the various protective coils present in the starter?
7) Among three point and four point starters which is the best one? State the reason.
8) What are the various classifications in the compound motor?
9) Write few applications of compound motor.
10) What do you mean by speed regulation?
11) What are the losses present in the dc motor?
12) Write the expression of back emf.

Page | 8
 SPEED CONTROL OF D.C. SHUNT MOTOR
AIM :

To study the speed variation of D.C. Shunt Motor on no-load

1. Varying the armature voltage, keeping field current constant (armature control
method)
2. Varying the field current, keeping the armature voltage constant (field control
method)

REFERENCE :
Electrical Technology – Vol. II – D.C. and A.C. Machines, B.L. Theraja.

KNOWLEDGE REQUIRED:
 Speed equation of D.C. Motor
 Necessity of speed control

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

PRECAUTIONS:

At the time of switching on and switching off the supply,

 Ensure that there is no load on the motor.

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  The field rheostat should be at the minimum resistance position.
 The armature rheostat should be at the maximum resistance position.

RANGE FIXING:

The current drawn by the shunt motor on no-load is 15 to 20% of full load current.

The rated field current is _____ A

 Field circuit rheostat rating is _____  ; ____ A (the current rating should be slightly
higher than the rated current)

The no-load armature current is Iao = IL- If

Armature resistance Ra is low.

 The ohmic value of armature circuit rheostat required = 220 / Iao = ___

Select the nearest higher ohmic and current value.

 Armature circuit rheostat rating is _____  ; ____A.

PROCEDURE:

 Armature control

For rated field current or nearer to rated field current, observe the speed for
convenient steps of armature voltage.
Repeat the above for two different field currents.
 Field control

For rated armature voltage or nearer to rated armature voltage, observe the
speed for convenient steps of field current.
Repeat the above for different armature voltage.

OBSERVATION:

 Armature control:

Sl.No. If1 = ------- A If2 = -------- A If3 = --------- A

Va Speed Va Speed Va Speed

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 Field control:

Sl.No. Va1 = ------- A Va2 = -------- A Va3 = --------- A

If Speed If Speed If Speed

MODEL GRAPH:

Armature control Field control

N If3<If2 N

If2<If1 Va1
If1
Va2<Va1
Va3<Va2
Va If

REPORT:

Prepare the report based on the results and graph.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

1. Which speed control will give the speed greater than the rated speed and which one will
give less than the rated speed? State also the reason.

2. What are the factors that decide the speed of a dc machine?

3. What are the various methods of speed control in dc series motor?

4. Write few merits and demerits of the rheostatic control.

5. What will happen if the field winding of a running dc motor is opened?

Page | 11
 OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF
SEPARATELY EXCITED D.C. GENERATOR

AIM :

1. To obtain the O.C.C. and load characteristics

2. To determine the critical field resistance and critical speed
3. To deduce the O.C.C. for various speed.

REFERENCE :

Electrical Technology – Vol. II – D.C. and A.C. Machines, B.L. Theraja.

KNOWLEDGE REQUIRED :

 EMF equation of Generator

 Relation between generator EMF and speed
 Critical field resistance and critical speed
 Saturation of Magnetic poles and retentivity property of magnetic materials.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS :

Page | 12
Measurement of Ra

Measurement of Rsh of Generator

SELF EXCITATION:
Motor Specification Generator Specification

Page | 13
RANGE FIXING :

Rheostats on field circuit of motor and generator:

 Their current rating is to be based on their rated field current

 Their ohmic value should be as high as possible (especially for generator side)

Af  Based on rated field current of Generator

AL  Based on rated or 120 % of rated current of Generator
V  Based on rated voltage of Generator

FUSE RATINGS :

Based on 100% of rated current of motor and generator

PRECAUTIONS :

 The motor field rheostat should be in minimum resistance position and the generator
field rheostat should be in maximum position while switching on and switching off the
supply side DPSTS.

 Ensure that no load is connected, while switching on and switching off the supply side
DPSTS.

PROCEDURE:

 Run the M.G. set at rated speed by adjusting the motor field rheostat after closing
the supply side DPSTS.

O.C.C. Test:

 The DPSTS on load side must be in open position through out the test.
 With SPSTS open, note the voltage induced (If = 0). This voltage corresponds to
residual e.m.f.
 Close the SPSTS and observe Voltmeter reading for uniform increase of If till the
magnetic poles are saturated.
Load test:

 Run the M.G. set at rated speed by adjusting the motor field rheostat after closing
the supply side DPSTS.
 Excite the Generator to its rated voltage after closing the SPSTS, and observe the
readings on no load.

Page | 14
  Close the DPSTS on load side, vary the load for convenient steps of load current and
observe the meter readings.
 Note that on each loading the speed should be rated speed.
 Load the Generator up to its rated capacity.
OBSERVATION :

Sl. Measurement of Ra:

If E0
No.
Sl. No. V I Ra = V/I

Measurement of Rsh:

Sl. No. V I Rsh = V/I

Load Test:
Speed: .............. RPM; No load voltage: ............. volts

Sl. Terminal Load current

If Ia Eg = V+IaRa
No. voltage IL

Model Calculation:

O.C.C. Test:

Induced emf on no load E0  N

Hence for different speeds O.C.C. can be deduced from the O.C.C. at rated speed.

Load test:

For separate excitation I a = IL

So, induced emf on load Eg = V + IaRa

Page | 15
MODEL GRAPHS:

E0 V, Eg

Rc

A O.C.C. Line Eg vs Ia

Rsh Line
V vs IL

C If IL,Ia

Draw Rc line, so that it is tangent to the initial position of O.C.C. at rated speed and passes
through origin.
The value of critical field resistance = the slope of Rc line
Critical speed Nc = (BC / AC)  rated speed

REPORT:

Prepare a detailed report based on

 The O.C.C. and load characteristics

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

1. The four terminals of a shunt generator are not marked. How will you identify the
terminals?
2. What are the causes for the fall in the terminal voltage of a d.c. shunt generator on load?
3. Why the voltage regulation of a separately excited generator is better than that of a self
excited generator?
4. What are the conditions for voltage build up in the d.c. Shunt generator?
5. Write the uses of shunt generator?
6. What is the condition for maximum efficiency in a generator?
7. What do you mean by commutation?
8. What is armature reaction?

Page | 16
 OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF
SELF EXCITED D.C. GENERATOR

AIM :
1. To obtained the O.C.C. and load characteristics
2. To determine the critical field resistance and critical speed
3. To deduce the O.C.C. for various speed.

REFERENCE :

Electrical Technology – Vol. II – D.C. and A.C. Machines, B.L. Theraja.

KNOWLEDGE REQUIRED :

 EMF equation of Generator

 Relation between generator EMF and speed
 Critical field resistance and critical speed
 Saturation of Magnetic poles and retentivity property of magnetic materials.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

Page | 17
MEASUREMENT OF Ra

MEASUREMENT OF Rsh OF GENERATOR

SELF EXCITATION:
Motor Specification Generator Specification

Page | 18
RANGE FIXING :
Rheostats on field circuit of motor and generator:

 Their current rating is to be based on their rated field current

 Their ohmic value should be as high as possible (especially for generator side)
Af  Based on rated field current of Generator
AL  Based on rated or 120 % of rated current of Generator
V  Based on rated voltage of Generator
Fuse Ratings:

Based on 100% of rated current of motor and generator

Precautions

 The motor field rheostat should be in minimum resistance position and the generator
field rheostat should be in maximum position while switching on and switching off the
supply side DPSTS.
 Ensure that no load is connected, while switching on and switching off the supply side
DPSTS.

PROCEDURE:

 Run the M.G. set at rated speed by adjusting the motor field rheostat after closing
the supply side DPSTS.
O.C.C. Test:

 Keeping the DPSTS on load side and the SPSTS open, note the voltage induced (If
= 0).
 Close the SPSTS and observe V for uniform increase of If till the magnetic poles are
saturated.

Load test:

 Excite the Generator to its rated voltage after closing the SPSTS, and observe the
readings on no load.
 Close the DPSTS on load side, vary the load for convenient steps of load current
and observe the meter readings.
 Note that on each loading the speed should be rated speed.
 Load the Generator upto its rated capacity.

Page | 19
OBSERVATION:

Sl. Measurement of Ra:

If E0
No.
Sl. No. V I Ra = V/I

Measurement of Rsh:

Sl. No. V I Rsh = V/I

Speed: .............. RPM; No load voltage: ............. volts

Sl. Terminal Load current

If Ia Eg = V+IaRa
No. voltage IL

MODEL CALCULATION:

O.C.C.
E0  N

So, for different speeds O.C.C. can be deduced from the O.C.C. at rated speed.

Load test:

For self excitation I a = IL + If

So, induced emf on load Eg = V + IaRa

MODEL GRAPHS:

E0 V, Eg

Rc Line

A O.C.C. Line Eg vs Ia

Rsh Line V vs IL

ILIa Page | 20
C If
 Draw Rc line, so that it is tangent to the initial position of O.C.C. at rated speed and
passes through origin.

The value of critical field resistance = the slope of Rc line

Critical speed Nc = (BC / AC)  related speed

REPORT:

 Prepare a detailed report based on

 The O.C.C. and load characteristics

Page | 21
 SWINBURNE’S TEST
AIM :

1. To determine constant losses and stray losses

2. Predetermine the efficiency as motor and as generator
3. To predetermine the maximum efficiency

REFERENCE :
Electrical Technology – Vol. II – D.C. and A.C. Machines, B.L. Theraja.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

Measurement of Ra

Page | 22
PRECAUTIONS:

At the time of switching on the supply

 The field rheostat should be at the minimum resistance position

 The armature rheostat should be at the maximum resistance position

RANGE FIXING:

The current drawn by the shunt motor on no-load is 15 to 20% of full load current.
 The range of ammeter AL is (0- )A
The rated field current is _____ A
 Field circuit rheostat rating is _____  ; ____ A
(the current rating should be slightly higher than the rated current)
The no-load armature current is Iao = IL- If

Armature resistance Ra is low.

 The ohmic value of armature circuit rheostat required = 220 / Iao= ___

Select the nearest higher ohmic and current value.

 Armature circuit rheostat rating is _____  ; ____A.

PROCEDURE:

 Apply rated voltage to the armature of the motor

 Run the motor at the rated speed.
 Observe the meter readings
 Measure the armature resistance of the machine

OBSERVATIONS:

Speed : ________rpm Measurement of Ra

V= IL = If = Sl.No. V I Ra = V/I

MODEL CALCULATIONS:

Constant losses, W c = No-load input to the motor  Armature copper loss at N.L
= VIL  Iao2 Ra where Iao = IL  If

Page | 23
 Stray losses, W s = W c  Shunt field current loss.
= W c  VIf

PREDETERMINATION OF  AS GENERATOR:

Assume load current as IL Amp.

Armature current , Ia = IL + If
Variable loss, W v= Ia2 Ra
Total losses, W = Wc + W v
Output power, Po = VIL
Input power, Pi = Po + W
Efficiency,  = Po / Pi

Sl.No Assumed IL Ia Wv Total Loss W Po Pi Efficiency,

PREDETERMINATION OF  AS MOTOR:

Assume motor line current as IL Amp.

Armature current , Ia = IL  If
Variable loss, Wv = Ia2 Ra
Total losses, W = Wc + W v
Input power, Pi = VIL
Output power, Po = Pi  W
Efficiency,  = Po / Pi

Sl.No. Assumed IL Ia Wv Total Loss W Pi Po Efficiency,

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PREDETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM :

For  to be maximum, Wv = Wc
i.e. Ia2
Ia = Wc / R a

With this value of Ia, maximum efficiency can be computed as above.

MODEL GRAPH:

Generator
Motor

Po

REPORT:

Prepare a report based on

 The results obtained

 The graphs drawn.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS :

1. What are stray losses ?

2. What are constant losses?
3. What are variable losses?
4. What is the condition for maximum efficiency?
5. How eddy current losses can be minimized?

Page | 25
 LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM :

1. To determine the efficiency.

2. To find the variation of secondary terminal voltage with respect to the load current.
REFERENCE :

Electrical Technology – Vol. II – D.C. and A.C. Machines, B.L. Theraja.

KNOWLEDGE REQUIRED:

 Types of electrical loads

 Transformer theory on load condition
 Causes for drop in terminal voltages

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

PRECAUTIONS :

 The Variac should be kept in minimum position while switching on and switching off
the supply side DPSTS.
 At the time of switching on the supply there should not be any load connected.

RANGE FIXING:

Rated capacity in VA
Rated primary current, I 1 
Pr imary voltage, V1

Page | 26
 Rated capacity in VA
Rated secondary current, I 2 
Secondary voltage, V2
The load used is resistive in nature

 The range of Ap, Vp, Wp are …………, ……………, ………… respectively

The range of As, Vs, W s are ……………, ……………., ………….. respectively

PROCEDURE:

 Excite the transformer to its rated voltage on no load.

 Observe the meter readings at no load.
 Gradually load the transformer and note the meter readings for each loading.
 Load the transformer to its rated capacity i.e. till it draws rated current from the
supply.
 Note that applied voltage to the primary side should be kept at its rated voltage on
loading.
OBSERVATION:

Wp (Watt) Is Ws (Watt)
Sl. Vp Ip Vs % %
No. (Volt) Amp. Reading Power (Volt) Reading Power Efficiency Regulation
(Amp.)

MODEL CALCULATION:

Output power = W s
Input Power = W p
Ws
% =  100
Wp
Vs 0  Vs
% regulation =  100 (where Vs0 – no load secondary rated terminal voltage)
Vs 0

MODEL GRAPH:

% Vs

Page | 27

Po Is
REPORT:

 Prepare a report based on the following

 Power output Vs. Efficiency
 Drop in secondary terminal voltage on loading.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

1. Why the transformer is rated in kVA?

2. What is All day efficiency?
3. Why the efficiency of transformer is maximum?
4. Define turns ratio.

Page | 28
 OPEN CIRCUIT & SHORT CIRCUIT TESTS ON
SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
AIM :

1. To obtain the equivalent circuit of transformer referred to both primary and secondary
2. To predetermine the efficiency and regulation of transformer
3. To predetermine the maximum efficiency of transformer

REFERENCE :

Electrical Technology – Vol. II – D.C. and A.C. Machines, B.L. Theraja.

KNOWLEDGE REQUIRED:

 Concept of open and short circuit

 Equivalent circuit of transformer
 Losses, efficiency and regulation of transformer
 Condition of maximum efficiency of transformer

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

Page | 29
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

Variac Specifications Transformer Specifications

PRECAUTIONS:

 Variac must be kept in minimum position while switching on and switching off the
supply.
 LPF wattmeter for O.C. test and UPF wattmeter for short circuit test should be used.

RANGE FIXING:

O.C. Test:

Full load capacity in VA

Full load primary current I 1 
Pr imary voltage V1

Full load capacity in VA

Full load secondary current I 2 
Secondary voltage V2

Let both O.C. and S.C. test be conducted on primary side.

On O.C. test the current drawn by the transformer is about 5 – 10% of Full load Primary
current.
 Ammeter range is (0 - )A

Page | 30
The rated primary voltage will be applied.
 Voltmeter range (0 - )V

WATTMETER:

The current rating and voltage rating of Wattmeter are to be nearer to the value
calculated above.

On O.C. condition the reactive power drawn is more and the active power drawn is less.

 LPF wattmeter can be used

The range of wattmeter is ……… V, ……. A, LPF.

S.C. Test:

The voltage applied to the transformer primary to circulate rated full load current is about
5 to 10% of rated primary voltage.

 The voltmeter range is (0 - )V

Ammeter range is (0 - )A

The active power drawn by the transformer on S.C. condition is more and reactive power
drawn is less.

 UPF wattmeter can be used.

Range of wattmeter is ………V, ……….A, UPF.

PROCEDURE:

 With the help of variac apply rated voltage of transformer on O.C. test and rated current
for S.C. test.

OBSERVATION:

For O.C. Test: M.F. = For S.C. Test: M.F. =

V0 I0 W0 Vsc Isc Wsc

Reading Power Reading Power

Page | 31
MODEL CALCULATION:

Equivalent Circuit:

W0
Power factor on no load Cos 0 
V0 I 0
Working component of no load current, Iw = I0 Cos0

Magnetising component of no load current, I = I0 Sin0

V0
Resistance to account iron losses, R0 
Iw
V0
Reactance to account magnetization of the core, X 0 
I
Wsc
Equivalent resistance of the transformer referred to primary, R01  2
I sc
(assuming S.C. test is conducted on primary side)

Vsc
Equivalent impedance of the transformer referred to primary, Z 01 
I sc
2 2
Equivalent leakage reactance of the transformer referred to primary, X 01  Z 01  R01

V2
Voltage transformation ratio, K 
V1
Equivalent resistance of the transformer referred to secondary, R02 = k2R01

Equivalent leakage reactance of the transformer referred to secondary, X02 = K2X01.

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT REFERRED TO PRIMARY

Page | 32
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT REFERRED TO SECONDARY

 - PREDETERMINATION:

Let the load be x% of FLkVA and cos - load power factor

Power output, P0 = x (FLkVA) cos

Copper Losses, W c = x2 Wsc

Total Losses, W = W i + Wc (where W i is  W 0)

Power input Pi = P0 + W
P0
Efficiency,  
Pi

Copper Cos = 1 Cos = 0.8 Cos = 0.6

% of
Sl. loss T.L. = W i +
load
No. Wc = Wc Po Pi  Po Pi  Po Pi 
x
x2W sc
1 0
2 20
3 40
4 60
5 80
6 100
7 120

Page | 33
FULL LOAD REGULATION – PREDETERMINATION:

( I 2 R02 Cos  I 2 X 02 sin  )

% regulation =  100
V2
Where,
I2 - Full load secondary current.
V2 - rated secondary voltage
Cos - Load power factor
+ve sign for lagging power factor load
-ve sign for leading power factor load
% Regulation
Sl. No. Cos Sin
Lagging p.f. Leading p.f
1 0
2 0.2
3 0.4
4 0.6
5 0.8
6 1.0

MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY – PREDETERMINATION:

For maximum , copper loss = Iron loss

i.e. I22 R02 = W i

Wi
Load current corresponding to maximum efficiency I 2 
R02
Then,  can be determined for any load power factor as above which will be the
maximum efficiency of the transformer.

REPORT:

Prepare report based on calculations performed above.

Obtain maximum efficiency at 0.8, 0.6 and unity power factor.

MODEL GRAPHS:
% regulation

% UPF
0.8 p.f.
0.6 p.f.
Leading p.f. UPF Lagging p.f.

Po

Page | 34
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

1. What are the two components of transformer no load current?

2. Write the emf equation of transformer.
3. Why we are using LPF and UPF wattmeter in O.C. and S.C. test respectively?
4. Draw the no load phasor diagram for the transformer.

Page | 35
 10. HOPKINSON’S TEST

AIM :

To conduct Hopkinson’s test on a pair of dc shunt machines and hence to predetermine

the efficiencies of the motor and generator.

REFERENCE :

Electrical Technology – Vol. II – D.C. and A.C. Machines, B.L. Theraja.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Capacitor Start Capacitor Run :

PRECAUTIONS:

At the time of switching on the supply

 The motor field rheostat should be at the minimum resistance position.
 The generator field rheostat should be at the maximum resistance position.
 The SPST switch across the voltmeter V2 must be kept opened.

Page | 36
PROCEDURE:

1) Run the motor at its rated speed.

2) Excite the generator so that it develops a voltage equal to that of the bus bar
voltage. During that time the voltmeter V2 will read zero.
3) Close the SPST switch.
4) Load the generator by adjusting its field rheostat, if necessary motor field
rheostat can also be varied.
5) Observe the meter readings for each load.
6) Measure the resistances of the armature of the two machines independently.

TABULATION:

I1 I2 I3 I4
Sl.No. V1 (Volt.)
(Amp.) (Amp.) (Amp.) (Amp.)

Stray Stray loss

Arm.cu. Arm.cu. Fld.cu. Fld.cu
Power loss of of each
Sl.No. loss of Loss of loss of mr .loss of gr
I/P , Pi set, m/c
mr Pacm Gr Pacg Pfcm Pfcg
Pss Ps = Pss/2

i) Efficiency of Motor:

Input power Output power Efficiency

ii) Efficiency of Generator:

Output power Input power Efficiency

Measurement of Ra:

For motor For generator

V I Ra = V/I V I Ra = V/I

Page | 37
For Motor

Armature copper loss = (I1 + I3 – I2)2 Ra

Shunt copper loss = V1 I2

For Generator

Armature copper loss = (I3 + I4)2 Ia

Shunt copper loss = V1 I4

Total stray loss = V1 I1 - [ (I3 + I4)2 Ra + V1 I4 + (I3 + I1 – I2)2 Ra + V1 I2]

Stray loss
Total loss for generator = (I3 + I4)2 Ra + V1 I4 +
2

Stray loss
Total loss for motor = (I3 + I1 – I2)2 Ra + V1 I2 +
2

Motor input power = V1 (I1 + I3)

Motor output power = Motor input power - losses

Output Power
Efficiency of motor =  100
Input Power

Generator Output power = V1 I3

Generator Input power = Generator Output + Losses

Output power
% =  100
Input power

REQUIREMENTS:

 Determine the stray losses of each machine.

 Predetermine the efficiencies of the motor and generator at different loads.
 Draw the graph of output Vs efficiency.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

1) Why is Hopkinson’s test called as regenerative test?

2) What should be the speed of the set during the test? Why?
3) Why should compound machine be cumulatively compounded for Hopkinson’s test?
4) Write few advantages of Hopkinson’s test?
5) Explain what happens if a dc motor is connected to ac supply.

Page | 38
 SUMPNER’S TEST

AIM :

To conduct Sumpner’s test or back to back test on the given set of transformers.

REFERENCE :

Electrical Technology – Vol. II – D.C. and A.C. Machines, B.L. Theraja.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PRECAUTIONS:

At the time of switching on the supply,

a) The single phase Variac must be at the minimum potential position.

b) The SPST switch across the voltmeter V1 should be kept opened.

Page | 39
RANGE FIXING :

Rated capacity in VA
Rated primary current, I 1 
Pr imary voltage, V1
Rated capacity in VA
Rated secondary current, I 2 
Secondary voltage
As two transformers are connected back to back,
Range of Ammeter A1 is 2  10% of rated primary current.
Range of Ammeter A2 is rated secondary current.
Range of Voltmeter V1 is rated primary voltage.
Range of Voltmeter V2 is 2  10% of rated secondary voltage.
Range of Wattmeter W1 is V1 volts, A1 Amps, LPF
Range of Wattmeter W2 is V2 volts, A2 Amps, UPF

PROCEDURE :

1) Apply rated voltage to the primaries of the transformers. When the voltmeter V reads
zero, close the SPST switch across it.
2) Observe the meter readings.
3) Repeat the procedure until the rated full load current is circulated.
TABULATION :

W1 W2
V1 I2 V2 I2
Sl.No. (Watts) (Watts)
Volts Amp. Volts Amp.
Rdg Pwr Rdg Pwr

CALCULATIONS :

Rated secondary voltage = V20

Total losses for both transformers = W1 + W2
Total losses for each transformer W = W1 + W2
Power output of transformer P0 = V20 I2 cos
Power input of transformer Pi = P0 + W
P0
% Efficiency =  100
Pi

Page | 40
REQUIREMENT :

 Determine the efficiency of each transformer at unity, 0.8 and 0.6 power factors.

 Plot the efficiency curves.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

1) Can sumpner’s test be performed if the two transformers are of slightly different voltage
ratios but otherwise identical? If so how?
2) Why is it not necessary to inject rated voltage in the secondary circuit?
3) Why is it preferable to correct the copper losses to a temperature of about 75C?

Page | 41
 SEPARATION OF NO LOAD LOSSES IN SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM :

To separate the components of no load losses in single phase transformer.

REFERENCE :

Electrical Technology – Vol. II – D.C. and A.C. Machines, B.L. Theraja.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Page | 42
PRECAUTIONS :

 At the time of switching on the supply, field rheostat must be in its minimum resistance
position and armature rheostat must be in its maximum resistance position.
 For alternator, potential divider of field circuit must be in its minimum potential position.
 Keep DPSTS on alternator side open.

RANGE FIXING :

The current drawn by the shunt motor on no-load is 15 to 20% of full load current.
The rated field current is _____ A
 Field circuit rheostat rating is _____  ; ____ A (the current rating should be slightly higher
than the rated current)

The no-load armature current is Iao = IL- If

Armature resistance Ra is low.

 The ohmic value of armature circuit rheostat required = 220 / Iao = ___

Select the nearest higher ohmic and current value.

 Armature circuit rheostat rating is _____  ; ____A.

Full load capacity in VA

Full load primary current I 1 
Pr imary voltage V1

On O.C. condition the current drawn by the transformer is about 5 – 10% of Full load
Primary current.
 Ammeter range is (0 - )A
The rated primary voltage will be applied.

 Voltmeter range (0 - )V

The current rating and voltage rating of Wattmeter are to be nearer to the value
calculated above.

On O.C. condition the reactive power drawn is more and the active power drawn is less.

 LPF wattmeter can be used

The range of wattmeter is ……… V, ……. A, LPF.

Page | 43
PROCEDURE:

 Apply rated voltage to the armature of motor by adjusting its armature rheostat.
 Run the motor at rated speed by adjusting its field rheostat and this corresponds to
alternator output voltage at 50Hz.
 Adjust the field circuit of alternator till the voltmeter reads rated primary voltage (230V).
 Close DPSTS on load side of alternator and observe wattmeter and ammeter readings.
 Open the DPSTS and adjust the speed of motor for 1350 rpm..
 Adjust the field circuit of alternator till the voltmeter reads required primary voltage so
that V/f remains constant.
 Close DPSTS on load side of alternator and observe wattmeter and ammeter readings.
 Repeat the above three steps for 1200 rpm.

OBSERVATION:

Speed (N) Frequency (f) V = (f/50)230 V/f Wi Wi/f

1500
1350
1200

FORMULA USED :

Total Core loss Wi = Wh + We

Hysterisis loss Wh = Ch Bm1.6 f

Eddy current loss We = Ce Bm2 f2

Since V/f is kept constant throughout the experiment, Bm remains constant.

 Total Iron loss Wi = Af + Bf2

Wi
 A  Bf
f
PN
Frequency of induced voltage in alternator f 
120
No. of poles P = 4 for the given alternator.

Page | 44
MODEL GRAPH :

Wi/f

A{
f, Hz

MODEL CALCULATION:

Substitute the value of A obtained from model graph in the equation

Wi
 A  Bf
f
and solve A and B

Hysterisis loss = Af

Eddy current loss = Bf2

REPORT:

Prepare a report based on

 Results obtained
 Graph

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

1) Define core loss of transformer.

2) Explain factors determining core loss.
3) Give the formulas for hysterisis and eddy current loss.

Page | 45
 LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF D.C. COMPOUND GENERATOR
(Cumulative & Differential Modes)

AIM :

To determine the load characteristics of dc compound generator in both cumulative and

differential modes of operation.

REFERENCE :

Electrical Technology – Vol. II – D.C. and A.C. Machines, B.L. Theraja.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

L F A
+

+
A1 D A
A1 P
D + 
P F1 V S
220 V S
S T
D.C. F1  P
T M
A2 G
A2 S
S S
S + F2 T
F2 A S



MEASUREMENT OF Ra AND Rf

+ -
+ A

D
P +
220 V S V
A1
D.C T
S -
G

A2
-
Page | 46
PRECAUTIONS :

 The experiment should be conducted at rated speed.

 At the time of switching on the supply the motor field rheostat should be at the minimum
resistance position and the generator field rheostat at the maximum resistance position.

 Try to know the difference between minimum potential position and minimum
resistance position.

PROCEDURE:

Load Test:

 Run the motor generator set at its rated speed.

 Close the DPST switch in the generator circuit when the generator is developing rated
voltage. Switch on the VRL switches and note the ammeter and voltmeter readings.
 For each load setting keep the speed of motor-generator at its rated speed by adjusting
the field rheostat of the motor.
 Repeat the above procedure till rated current is supplied by the generator to the VRL
load.

TABULATION:

For Load Test:

Terminal Load Shunt field Armature Generated

Sl.No. Voltage V Current IL Current If Current Ia Voltage Eg
(Volt) (Amp.) (Amp.) (Amp.) (Volt.)

Page | 47
Measurement of Ra & Rse :

Sl.No. V (Volt) I (Amp.) Ra + Rse = V/I

REQUIREMENTS:

Draw the following characteristics using data available from load test
a) External characteristics (V vs IL)
b) Internal characteristics (Eg vs. Ia)

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

1. Write the uses of compound generator.

2. How can the polarities of the generated emf be reversed?
3. What do you mean by external and internal characteristics?
4. What is the purpose of commutator in a dc generator?
5. Write the expression for hysteresis loss and eddy current loss.
6. Why are pole faces curved?
7. What happens if the air gap is increased?
8. Which type of winding can be used for high current application? Why?
9. How can armature reaction be minimized?
10. What is an interpole?
11. What is the main function of interpole?

Page | 48