Topical Cluster D2: Complex Numbers (Solution)

1
i −1 i −1 2 1
z = = = =
( )
2 2
3 +i 3 +i 4 2 2

 
i −1 
arg ( z ) = arg  2 
= arg ( i − 1) − 2 arg ( 3 +i )
 3 +i 
  ( )
3 2 5
= − = (shown)
4 6 12

z 3 = e a + ib
3
 1 i  512  
 e    = e a  e ib
2 2 
 
 5 
1 i 
e 4 
= e a  e ib
16 2
 3 
1 i − 
e 4 
= e a  e ib
16 2
Comparing the modulus and the argument,

1 1 3
ea =  a = ln ; b=−
16 2 16 2 4

2(i) z = ei  = cos  + i sin 

1
 = ei ( −) = cos(−) + i sin(−) = cos  − i sin 
z
(ii) z n = ( ei ) = ein = cos n + i sin n
n

= z − n = ( ei ) = e−in = cos(−n) + i sin(−n) = cos n − i sin n

1 −n
n
z
1
 z n + n = ( cos n + i sin n ) + ( cos n − i sin n ) = 2cos n
z
3
 1 3 1  3 1  1
 z +  = z + 3z + + 3 =  z + 3  + 3  z + 
3

 z z z  z   z
 ( 2 cos  ) = 2 cos 3 + 3 ( 2 cos  )
3

1 3
 cos3  = cos 3 + cos 
4 4
1 3
 p= and q =
4 4

1
3 w w 4
= = =2
(1 − i) 2
1− i
2
2
 w 
arg  2 
= arg( w*) − 2 arg(1 − i)
 (1 − i) 
π  π  2π
= − 2 −  =
6  4 3
2πi
p = 2e 3

2 nπi
  2nπ   2nπ  
p n = 2n e = 2n cos 
3
 + i sin  
  3   3 
p n is real  Im( p n ) = 0
 2nπ 
 2n sin  =0
 3 
 2nπ 
 sin  =0
 3 
2nπ
 = k π where k 
3
2
 n = 0,   ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 ,  5 ,  6 ,......
3
3 9 15
n = 0,  ,  3,  ,  6,  ,  9,......
2 2 2
+
Since n  , n = 3, 6, 9,

2
4 Let f ( z ) = z 4 − 2 z 3 + 14 z 2 + az + b
Consider z 4 − 2 z 3 + 14 z 2 + az + b = 0 ---- (1)
Sub z = 1 + 2i into (1), using GC
( −7 − 24i) − 2( −11 − 2i) + 14( −3 + 4i) + a(1 + 2i) + b = 0
( −7 + 22 − 42 + a + b) + ( −24 + 4 + 56 + 2a)i = 0
( −27 + a + b) + (36 + 2a )i = 0 + 0i

Comparing the real and imaginary coefficients

 −27 + a + b = 0 ----(2)

 36 + 2a = 0 ----(3)
Solving (2) and (3),
a = −18 and b = 45

Therefore f ( z ) = z 4 − 2 z 3 + 14 z 2 − 18 z + 45
Using GC to solve f ( z ) = z 4 − 2 z 3 + 14 z 2 − 18 z + 45 = 0 ,
z = 1 + 2i , z = 1 − 2i , z = 3i , z = −3i

z 4 + 2iz 3 − 14 z 2 − 18iz + 45 = 0
( iz ) − 2 ( iz ) + 14 ( iz ) − 18 ( iz ) + 45 = 0
4 3 2

Replace z with iz in the previous answers

iz = 1 + 2i , iz = 1 − 2i , iz = 3i , iz = −3i
z = 2 − i , z = −2 − i , z = 3 , z = −3

3
5 z 2 + az + b = 0
Sub z1 = 1 − 2i into the equation and simplify with GC,
(1 − 2i ) 2 + a(1 − 2i) + b = 0
−3 − 4i + a − 2ai + b = 0
(a + b − 3) + (−4 − 2a)i = 0
−4 − 2a = 0  a = −2
Comparing coefficient,
a +b−3= 0 b =5

Alternatively Since it is a polynomial with all real coefficients and z1 = 1 − 2i is a root,

z2 = 1 + 2i is also a root.
( z − (1 + 2i) )( z − (1 − 2i) ) = 0
z2 − 2z + 5 = 0
Comparing coefficient, a = −2, b = 5

Note : P3 enclosed the

2 ∙ P1 origin, hence on the
negative x – axis.
P3
x
O 1

-2 ∙ P2

P1 and P 2 are conjugates of each other and P3 is on the real axis,

P1P 2 ⊥ x − axis ,
Base of triangle P1P 2 P3 is P1P 2 = 4 units.
Height of triangle P1P 2 P3 is ( P3O +1 ) units.
1
 Area of triangle P1P 2 P3 is (4) ( P3O +1 ) = 8
2
P3O = 3
 z3 = −3.
Cubic Equation:
( z 2 − 2 z + 5 = 0 )( z + 3 ) = 0
z 3 + z 2 − z + 15 = 0

4
6 (
w = −2 + 2 3 i )
w =4
2
arg ( w ) =
3
2 n
  2n 
i  2n  
wn = 4 n e = 4n cos 
3
 + i sin  
  3   3 
 2n 
wn is real  sin  =0
 3 
2n
 = 2 , 4 , 6 ...... n is positive integer
3
3 3 3
 n = (2), (4), (6), ......
2 2 2
3
 n = m, m even, m  + or n = 3k , k  +
2

w50 − ( w *)
50

= w50 − ( w50 )
*

  100   100   50   100   100  

= 450 cos   + i sin    − 4 cos   − i sin  
  3   3    3   3 
  2 
= 2100  2i sin  − 
  3 
  3 
= 2100  2i  −  
  2  

(
= 2100 − 3 i )
 k = −2100 ( 3)

5
7 Method 1:
(i) 2  56 i 
2

 − 3 +i   2e  13
i

i
w =   = =e 6
= e6
 − i

 2 − 2i   2e 4 
 

 w = 1 and arg w =
6

Method 2:
2
− 3+i
2
− 3+i 4
w= = = =1
2 − 2i
2
2 − 2i 4
2
 − 3 +i 
arg w = arg  
 2 − 2i 
(
= 2 arg − 3 + i − arg
 ) ( 2 −i 2 
 )
 5    
= 2  −  −   − 2
 6  4 

=
6
Method 3:
2
 − 3 +i 
w =  
 2 − 2i 
3 − 2 3i − 1
=
2 − 4i − 2
2 − 2 3i
=
4i
3 1
= + i
2 2

 w = 1 and arg w =
6
(ii) 
arg wn w* = n arg w − arg w = ( n − 1)
6
n *
Since w w is a real number, and n is a positive integer,

( n − 1) = 0,  , 2 , 3 , 4 ......
6
n − 1 = 0, 6, 12, 18, 24,......
n = 1, 7,13,19, 24,......
+
n = 6k − 5, k 

6
8 1− i 1− i 2
p = *
= * =
w w 3
 1− i    3  
arg( p ) = arg  *  = arg(1 − i ) − arg( w* ) = − −  − =
 w  4  4  2
n n
 2  i n2   2   n n 
p = 
n
 e =    cos + i sin 
 3   3   2 2 
n
For p n to be purely imaginary, cos =0
2
n  3 5 7
 = ,  ,  , , 
2 2 2 2 2
 n = 1,  3,  5,  7,  = 2k + 1, k 