Name: Olugboja Opeyemi Omolara

Matric/Reg No: 230605073

Course code: MAC 109
Course Title: Introduction to ICT
Lecturer in Charge: Mrs Ajayi

CLASSES OF COMPUTER
PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANCE (PDA)
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The central processing unit (CPU) is the main and central processor in the
system’s electronic circuitry. It processes data and instructions and is responsible
for performing arithmetic and logic operations. CPU executes commands
according to the computer program. It performs fundamental arithmetic logic,
input and output operations, and control circuits that follow the program fed into
the computer.
The term CPU refers to a processor that comprises the control unit and process
unit, which differentiate the core elements of a computer from external devices
such as I/O circuitry and main memory. The trending CPU is now available as
microprocessors comprising unit metal-dioxide-semiconductor in the integrated
circuits. An integrated chip comprises a CPU, peripheral interfaces, memory chips,
microcontrollers, and other systems on the chip. Few systems employ multiple
core processors enclosed in a socket termed CPU cores.
Key Highlights
 The Central Processing Unit (CPU) provides processing power and
instructions to the computer.
 The CPU consists of two main parts ALU and CU, which performs the
operations and consist of the control signals.
 The primary function of the CPU is to fetch, process, decode, execute, and
store the input data.
Components of CPU
The CPU is the heart of any system. It is usually made of two main components
the arithmetic logic unit, or ALU, and the control unit, or CU.
The ALU involves in performing the logical and arithmetic operations of the CPU.
It consists of an arithmetic logic unit and a set of registers where registers are to
store data and instructions.
The control unit fetches, decodes, and executes the instructions. It also involves
controlling the flow of data among the several components of the CPU.
The registers can store data and instructions and are of four types. The control,
status, general-purpose, and floating-point registers. General-purpose registers
are multi-purpose, floating-point registers that hold floating-point numbers.
Control registers have control signals that command other parts of the system.
Status registers contain information about the current state of the CPU.
Features of CPU
The performance of the CPU is entirely dependent on the features it has,
 Cache Memory
The cache is the small memory inside the processor; it fetches the data from the
main memory and sends it to the CPU. It has three types, L1 or Layer 1, L2 or
Layer 2, and L3 or Layer 3. Each layer’s working, and sizes are as follows, L1 > L2 >
L3.
 Cores
Processors designed in recent days are multi-core. These cores are independent
of each other and consist of their cache memory.
They help in parallel processing to increase the efficiency of the system.
 Speed
The speed of the CPU is usually measured in GHz or MHz. A processor with more
frequency performs the task faster.
A dual-core processor with less frequency runs faster than a single-core processor
with more frequency.
 Multithreading
There are two logical cores in the physical unit that works parallelly. The entire
process speeds up with the increasing number of cores.
These are commonly used in virtualized environments, where the administrators
assign dedicated workloads to different logical cores.
 Compatibility
The processor should support the memory modules.
They should be compatible with the motherboards of the system.
 Bandwidth
The speed at which communication occurs between the main memory and USB
controllers.
The bandwidth of multi-core processors is greater than that of single-core
processors.

Types of CPU.
1. Single-core CPU
It is the oldest CPU type available and employed in most personal and official
computers. The single-core CPU can execute only one command at a time, which
is inefficient for multitasking. It signifies a markable declination in performance if
more than a single application is executed. If one operation is started, the second
process should wait until the first one is finished. But if it is fed with multiple
operations, the computer’s performance is drastically reduced. The performance
of a single-core CPU is based on its clock speed by measuring its power.
2. Dual-core CPU
It is a single CPU that comprises two strong cores and functions like a dual CPU
acting like one. Unlike CPUs with a single core, processors with dual-core must
switch back and forth within a variable array of data streams. When more threads
execute, the dual-core CPU effectively manages to multitask. To utilize the dual-
core CPU effectively, the running programs and operating system should have a
unique code called simultaneous multi-threading technology embedded in it. A
dual-core CPU is more rapid than a single-core but is less robust than a quad-core
CPU.
3. Quad-core CPU
The quad-core CPU is a refined model of multiple-core CPU features and design
with four cores on a single CPU. Like a dual-core CPU, which divides the workload
between the cores, quad-core enables effective multitasking. It doesn’t signify
any operation that is four times faster than others. Unless the applications and
program executed on it by SMT code will fasten the speed and becomes
unnoticeable. People who must execute multiple programs simultaneously, such
as gamers, use CPUs with multiple cores. The series of Supreme Commander is
optimized for multiple-core CPUs.
4. Hexa core processors
It is another multiple-core processor with six cores and can execute the task,
which works more rapidly than the quad-core and dual-core processors. For users
of a personal computer, the processors of Hexacore is simple, and now Intel
launched with Inter core i7 in 2010 with Hexa core processor. But here, the users
of smartphones use only quad-core and dual-core processors. Nowadays,
smartphones are available with hexacore processors.
5. Octa-core processors
Trending octa-core processors comprise a dual set of quad-core processors that
divides activities between the various types. The dual-core is built with two cores,
and four are built-in quad-core. Hexa comes with six cores, whereas the octal
processors are usually developed with eight independent cores to execute a more
efficient practical task and act more rapidly than quad-core processors.
Manufacturers often use minimum-powered core sets to perform advanced tasks.
The rapid four sets of cores will be kicked in if there is any emergency or
requirement. To be precise, manufacturers define octa-core processors with dual-
code cores that adjust accordingly to provide adequate performance.

Examples of Word processing software

1. Microsoft Word
Microsoft Word is the standard word processor used by many people today. It is a
simple program that is easy to use and is compatible with almost any operating
system. It is a great tool for writing papers, reports, letters, and resumes. You can
easily add pictures, tables, and charts to make your document look professional. If
you have ever written anything before, then you already know how to use this
program.
2. Open Office
Open Office is a free alternative to Microsoft Word. It is similar to Microsoft Word
in terms of functionality, but it does not require a subscription fee.
It comes with various features including spell check, grammar check, and
templates. It is also fully compatible with Microsoft products.
3. Apple Pages
Apple Pages is a word processing application developed by Apple Inc. It is
designed specifically for Mac users and is a good option if you prefer using a
Macintosh computer. It is easy to learn and offers many useful tools.
It is compatible with Microsoft products and is available for both Windows and
Mac computers.
4. Google Docs
Google Docs is a web-based word-processing application that works well on any
device. It is completely free and is compatible with Microsoft products. It is easy
to use and offers many helpful features. It is also highly secure and reliable.
5. LibreOffice
LibreOffice is a free open-source office suite that is compatible with Microsoft
products, making it easy to switch between them. It is a powerful program that
offers many different features. It is easy to install and use and offers many useful
tools for writers and students. It is also compatible with Microsoft products.
Examples of Spreadsheet Software
Spreadsheet software provides a digital grid interface that enables users to input
data, perform calculations, create charts, and generate reports. These
applications are widely used for various purposes, including budgeting, financial
analysis, project management, inventory tracking, and more.
1. Microsoft Excel
Excel is widely recognized for its powerful capabilities and extensive functionality.
It stands out as a leading spreadsheet software, offering a comprehensive set of
tools that empower users to efficiently analyze and visualize data. With features
such as formulas, macros, pivot tables, and conditional formatting, Excel provides
users with immense flexibility in managing and analyzing data.
2. Google Sheets
Google Sheets is an online spreadsheet program accessible from anywhere,
including smartphones, making it convenient for storing and accessing data. It
allows multiple users to work on a spreadsheet simultaneously, making it a
popular choice for teams and remote collaborations.
Google Sheets provides essential spreadsheet functionalities and integration with
other Google services, making it a versatile option for both personal and
professional use.
3. Apple Numbers
Apple Numbers is a spreadsheet software designed exclusively for Apple users. It
offers a user-friendly interface and seamless integration with other Apple
productivity tools.
Numbers provides a range of templates and visual customization options, making
it ideal for creating visually appealing reports, charts, and graphs.
4. LibreOffice Calc
LibreOffice Calc is a part of the free and open-source LibreOffice suite, offering a
viable alternative to commercial spreadsheet software.
Calc offers an extensive range of features, such as advanced formulas, tools for
data analysis, and compatibility with multiple file formats.
It is compatible with multiple operating systems and can be extended with
additional plugins.
5. Zoho Sheet
Zoho Sheet is a cloud-based spreadsheet software that emphasizes collaboration
and productivity. It offers real-time collaboration features, allowing users to work
together seamlessly. Zoho Sheet includes essential spreadsheet functionalities
and integrates with other Zoho applications, making it suitable for individuals and
businesses.

Examples of Database
1. Microsoft SQL Server
SQL Server, developed by Microsoft, is a Relational Database Management
System. It is built on SQL, the standard query language for Database Management
Systems.
2. Oracle Database
Developed by Oracle Corporation, Oracle Database is based on a multi-model
DBMS. It is widely used when processing online transactions.
3. MySQL
Based on Structured Query Language (SQL), MySQL is a Relational Database
Management System. It is used in e-commerce platforms, data warehousing, etc.
It is widely used as a web Database Management System.
4. IBM Db2
Db2 is a Relational Database Management System developed by IBM. It is
designed to analyze, store and retrieve data efficiently.
5. PostgreSQL
An open-source Relational Database Management System, PostgreSQL is free to
use. It is widely used for data warehousing.

Examples of Graphics Design Package

1. Corel Painter: This is a professional digital art software for the Windows
operating system (OS).
2. Adobe Photoshop: An image editing software for windows and Mac systems. It
is used to edit images, and create banners and websites.
3. Corel Photo-Paint: An image editor that comes with the CorelDraw graphics
suite. Used in photo editing and graphic designing.
4. CorelDRAW: A fully loaded professional graphic design software developed for
professionals.
5. Adobe Illustrator: A vector graphic editor and design application software for
creating gorgeous graphics everywhere.

Examples of Internet Browsers

1. Google Chrome
Google Chrome is one of the most popular web browsers, known for its speed
and simplicity. It offers a clean interface and easy navigation, making it a top
choice for many users. Chrome is also highly customizable, with a vast library of
extensions and themes available.
2. Mozilla Firefox
Firefox is another widely used web browser, known for its privacy and security
features. It offers a range of customizable settings, allowing users to adjust their
browsing experience to their preferences. Firefox also has a large community of
developers creating add-ons and extensions for added functionality.
3. Apple Safari
Safari is the default web browser on Apple devices and is known for its fast
performance and energy efficiency. It offers a clean, user-friendly interface and
includes built-in privacy features, such as Intelligent Tracking Prevention.
4. Microsoft Edge
Microsoft Edge is the default web browser for Windows 10 and is designed for
speed, security, and ease of use. It offers a range of features, including a reading
mode, built-in Cortana assistant, and integration with Microsoft’s suite of
productivity tools.
5. Opera
Opera is a lesser-known but highly capable web browser that offers a range of
features, including a built-in VPN, ad blocker, and battery saver mode. It is also
highly customizable, with a range of themes and extensions available.

Examples of Email Servers

1. Gmail
First on our list of free email service providers for 2024 is Gmail. Gmail is a
webmail application provided by Google that enables you to create and send
emails with ease. Businesses and customers alike enjoy using Gmail to send and
receive important messages.
Gmail is very versatile and provides an all-in-one platform for communicating. You
can easily chat, video chat, and share larger files with people on your email list.
You also have access to Google Calendar, making it easy to add reminders for
events or sales to your calendar so that you don’t forget.
2. Microsoft Outlook
If you’re looking for one of the best free email service providers, look no further
than Microsoft Outlook. Microsoft Outlook is an email client that provides many
similar features to the web-based Gmail.
This mail service provider offers a calendar and message filter features like Gmail.
It can also integrate with other apps, like Skype, Facebook, and PayPal, to create a
seamless experience.
3. AOL Mail
AOL Mail as a way for people to communicate with one another through their
webmail application. AOL Mail comes with all the features you need in an email
service provider. They offer spam filters and virus protection to ensure you don’t
open harmful emails. It also offers similar features to Gmail with instant
messaging options.
4. Yahoo! Mail
One of the best email accounts you can have if you need to send many
attachments is Yahoo! Mail. This webmail application offers over 1 TB of free
storage for your emails to keep all your emails in one place for a long time. Yahoo!
Mail makes it easy for you to find every attachment you’ve ever sent or received,
so you can retrieve what you need fast. It offers tabs in your inbox to quickly sift
through documents, photos, and videos to find what you need.
5. iCloud Mail
If you’re looking for one of the safest mail service providers, look no further than
iCloud Mail. iCloud Mail is Apple’s mail provider reserved exclusively for Mac and
iPhone users. They offer free accounts with 5 GB of storage for your emails, files,
and more. iCloud Mail is one of the best free email service providers because of
its ease of use. Whether you’re using it on an iPhone or desktop computer, you
can easily create, send, and receive emails without a hitch.