SALALEUNI

VERSI
TY

COLLEAGUEOFBUSI
NESSANDECONOMI
C

DEPARTMENTOFACCOUNTI
NGANDFI
NANCE

Cont
empor
aryBusi
nesscommuni
cat
ion
I
ndi
vi
dual
Assi
gnment(
10%)
Name. I
DNo.
1.
RegasaGet
uma.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
RU2708/
14-
0

Submi
tt
edt
o:Mul
uwer
ke123@gmai
l
.com

Submi
ssi
ondat
e:21-
02-
2016

1.
Thecommuni
cat
ionModel
andFunct
ions.
Whati
scommuni
cat
ionmodel
?Funct
ionsofcommuni
cat
ionmodel

Whati
scommuni
cat
ionmodel
?

Amodel canbedef i
nedasav i
sualpr
esentati
ont hati denti
fies,
classif
iesanddescr
ibes
vari
ouspartsofapr ocess.Inthecommuni cati
onpr ocess,sender,message, medi
aand
recei
verareassoci
at ed.Communi cat
ionprocessst artswiththetransmissi
onof
messagebycommuni catorandendwi t
hreceiver’sf eedback.Whent hiscommunicati
on
processisrepr
esentedt hroughali
neorpicture,itiscal l
edcommuni cati
onmodel.I
n
otherwords,pi
ctor
ial pr
esentati
onofcommuni cationpr ocessisknownas

1
communi
cat
ionmodel
.

Thesi
mplemodelofcommunicat
ionconsi
stsofasender
,messageandrecei
ver.
However
,thi
ssi
mplemodeli
gnoresmanyotherpar
tsofcommunicati
onprocess.

Incommunicat
ionmodel,
vari
ouspar
tsofcommuni
cat
ionpr
ocessar
edepi
ctedi
na
sequent
ial
andrati
onal
way .

Whatar
ethe8Model
sofCommuni
cat
ion?

Modelsofcommuni cat
ionareessentialf
ramewor kswhichdefi
nehowpeopl einteract
toachiev
especif
icgoals.Communi cati
onismorecompl exthanmostpeopl ereali
ze.I
t
caninvol
vevari
ousformsofi nf
ormat i
on(fr
om writt
entexttodi
agrams),aswel las
multi
plepeopl
ewithdif
ferentcommuni cati
onsty
les.Overtheyears,
li
nguistsand
sci
enti
stshavedefi
ned8model sofcommuni cat
ioncommonl ypresenti
nt hemoder n
worl
d.

Eachoft
hesemodel
sar
edi
vi
dedi
nto3cat
egor
ies:

Li
nearmodel
s:One-
waycommuni
cat
ionmet
hods

I
nter
act
ivemodel
s:Two-
waycommuni
cat
ionmet
hods

Transact
ionalmodel
s:Two-wayconv
ersati
onswher
eint
hemessagebecomesmor
e
complexast heev
ent(di
scussi
on)pr
ogresses.

Inanyorganizat
ion,thesuccessofthebusinessdependsont hestr
engthof
communi cati
onbet weenthepeopleinit
,andthosetheyint
eractwit
h( cl
i
entsor
customers).Understandi
ngcommuni cati
onmodelsmeansi ndivi
dualscanmakebet t
er
deci
sionsaboutwhi chstrat
egiest
ousewhensendi ngmessagest ocol l
eagues,
fri
ends
andcustomer s.

Let
’st
akealookateachoft
hemaj
ormodel
sofcommuni
cat
ion,
int
hei
rrespect
ive
cat
egori
es.

Li
nearModel
sofCommuni
cat
ion

Li
nearcommuni
cat
ionmodel
sref
ert
ocommuni
cat
iont
hathappensi
nasi
ngl
e
di
rect
ion.

Fori
nstance,thebroadcastsyousendtoyourent
ireteam thr
oughyourencrypted
messagingappsar eaform ofli
nearcommunicat
ion.Theymayel i
citaresponse,but
two-
waydi scussi
onsaren’tal
waysnecessary
.Inalinearcommunicati
onmodel ,t
here

2
ar
ethr
eecor
ecomponent
s:t
hesender
,thechannel
andt
her
ecei
ver
.

Thesendert
ransmitscommunicati
onv i
aachannel
,suchasamessagingappli
cati
on.
Thechanneldi
ctat
esthemedium ofthemessage(voi
ce,vi
sual
,text
,et
c).Ther
ecei
ver
i
sthepersonwhoget sthemessage,andtakesmeani
ngfrom i
t.

Li
nearfor
msofcommuni cati
onaremostcommonl
yusedforbusi
nessannouncement
s,
suchasbroadcast
s,pr
essrel
easest
atement
sandmarket
ingcampaigns.Themost
commonl i
nearmodelsar
e:

1.Ar
ist
otl
e’
sModel
ofCommuni
cat
ion

Arist
otl
e’
smodel ofcommuni cat
ionisperhapstheol
destcommunicati
onmodelmost
peoplearefamil
i
arwith.Dat
ingbackt o300BC, t
hemodel exami
neshowpeople
presentmessagesinapersuasiv
e,impactfulmanner
.Arist
otl
esai
dinordert
o
communi cateef
fect
ivel
y,weneedtoconsi dert
hese5elementswit
hinany
communi cati
onevent
:

TheSpeaker
:Theper
sondel
i
ver
ingt
hemessage

TheSpeech:
Thei
nfor
mat
ionandhowi
t’
spor
tray
ed

TheOccasi
on:
Thecont
extsur
roundi
ngt
hecommuni
cat
ion

TheTar
getaudi
ence:
Whowi
l
lber
ecei
vi
ngt
hemessage

TheEf
fect
:Thegoal
oft
hecommuni
cat
ion

Healsodefi
nedt hr
eecoreelementswhichimprovecommuni cation.Ethos,orthe
credi
bil
i
tyofthespeakerandtheauthor
itytheyhavei
nt hei
rspace, i
sthef i
rstelement.
Pathos,whi
chconnectsthespeakertotheaudiencethr
oughdifferentemot i
onsi sthe
second.Fi
nal
ly,Logos,
whichsigni
fi
eslogicisimport
anttoensuret hemessagei s
decodedcorr
ectly.

2.Lasswel
l
’sModel
ofCommuni
cat
ion

Lasswell
’
smodelofcommuni cati
on,l
ikeArist
otle’
smodel,
revol
vesaround5key
el
ements.Howev
er,theseel
ement sarepresentedasquesti
onsthespeakerneedst
o
ask.Thecor
ecomponentsoft heLasswel
l model i
ncl
ude:

Who:
Whowasr
esponsi
blef
orsendi
ngt
hemessage?

What
:Whati
nfor
mat
ionneedst
obepor
tray
edi
nthemessage?

3
Whi
chchannel
:Whi
chmet
hoddoest
hespeakerusef
orcommuni
cat
ion?

ToWhom:
Whoi
srecei
vi
ngt
hemessage?

WhatEf
fect
:Whati
mpacti
sthemessagei
ntendedt
ohav
e?

Themodel suggeststhateveryaspectofthecommuni cat

ionpr ocesscanimpactthe
resul
ti
ng“ eff
ect”.Fori
nstance,abroadcastaboutpr oducti
vi
t ysentthrougha
product
ivi
tyappbyabusi nessleaderisli
kelytohav emoreofani mpactthanthesame
messagement ionedinpassingbyacol l
eague.Si mil
artoAristotl
e,Lasswell
also
beli
evedeachspeakershoul dalway sconsidertheiraudi
encebef oretheybegin
communi cating,totai
l
orthemessaget otheirneeds.

3.TheShannon-
Weav
erModel
ofCommuni
cat
ion

Oneoft hemostpopularmodelsofcommunicati
oni nthemoder nworld,t
heShannon-
Weav ermodelwasoneoft hefi
rstt
oaddresstheinfl
uenceof“noise”i
ncommuni cati
on,
whichcandisruptamessage.ShannonandWeav erdev el
opedtheirworkduri
ngthe
secondwor l
dwar ,
aimingt
of i
ndoutwhichchannelswer emosteffect
ivefor
communi cat
ion.

Themodel,li
kemanylinearcommuni cat
ionmet hods,
looksatfi
vekeypar t
swi t
hinan
i
nstanceofcommuni cati
on:thesender,encoder,
channel,
decoderandreceiver
.This
model emphasi
zestheimportanceofencodingamessage, bytur
ningiti
ntowr i
tten
words,voi
ce,vi
deoorvisual
s.Ital
sohighli
ghtstheimport
anceofar eci
pientbei
ngable
tomakesenseoft hemessaget hr
oughdecodi ng.

ShannonandWeav ersuggestthatcommoni ssues,suchasnoiseorstati

conar adi
o
broadcast
,misspell
ingi nanemailandot herprobl
emscansi gni
fi
cantl
yinfluencethe
quali
tyofcommuni cation.Anewerv er
sionoftheShannon- Weavermodel adds
“f
eedback”ast hesixt
hcomponentoft heframewor k,whi
chmakest hemodel more
coll
aborat
ive,
ratherthansimplyli
near.

4.Ber
lo’
sS-
M-C-
RModel
ofCommuni
cat
ion

Berlo’
smodel ofcommunicati
onisali
ttl
emor edet
ail
edthansomeoftheotherl
i
near
framewor kswe’v
elookedatsofar
.Thisapproachbr
eakscommunicat
iondowninto
foursteps,wit
hcorecomponentsincl
udedineachofthem:

S:Source:Thecommuni
cat
ionski
l
ls,
att
it
udes,
knowl
edge,
soci
etal
syst
em andcul
tur
e
ofthepersonsendi
ngt
hemessage.

M:
Message:
Thest
ruct
ure,
element
s,cont
ent
,andmanagementoft
hemessage,
as

4
wel
lasanycode,
jar
gonorspeci
fi
clanguaget
hatmaybeused.

C:Channel
:Howthemessageist
ransmi
tt
ed,
andhowi
taf
fect
sthesensesofsi
ght
,
hear
ing,t
ouch,
smell
andtast
e.

R:Receiv
er :
Whoencounter
sthemessage,
thei
rat
ti
tude,
knowl
edge,
communi
cat
ion
ski
ll
s,societal
syst
em andcul
tur
e.

I
nter
act
iveModel
sofCommuni
cat
ion

Asy oumayimagine,int
eracti
vemodelsofcommunicati
onarefarmorecoll
abor
ati
ve
thantheli
nearfr
amewor ks.Rathert
hanfocusi
ngononepersonsendingamessage,
i
nteract
ivemodelslookattheconnecti
onbetweendi
ffer
entpeople,
shari
nga
communi cat
ionevent.

I
ninteracti
vemodels,feedbackandr esponsesareconsi dered,
aswell aswhatal eader
orindi
vidualsaysduri
ngtheiri
nit
ialmessage.Interacti
vemodel sofcommuni cati
onare
usedmostcommonl yinabusinessenv ir
onmentf orcollaborat
ivework,team
di
scussionsandt wo-wayconversati
onswi t
hclients.Let’
stakeacloserlookatt hecore
modelsofi nt
eract
ivecommuni cati
on.

5.TheOsgood-
Schr
amm Model

Int
roducedbyOsgoodandSchr amm,thi
smodel detail
sacircularmodelof
communi cati
on,wher
eeveryoneinvol
vedinaninteract
ionistreatedequal
ly.Thesender
andreceiveri
nthismodelar
en’tdif
fer
enti
ated,
instead,they
’resimplydefi
nedastwo
part
sofav al
uabl
econver
sation.

TheOsgood-
Schramm model i
susual
l
yusedtodescr
ibesy
nchr
onous,
int
erper
sonal
communicat
ion.Thepr
inci
plesoft
hemodeli
ncl
ude:

Communicat
ioninci
rcul
ar:
Indi
vidual
sinthecommuni cat
ionpr
ocessar
econst
ant
ly
swi
tchi
ngbetweenrol
esof“encoder”and“decoder
”.

Communicat
ionshoul
dbeequal
andreci
procal
:Ev
erypar
tyi
nvol
vedi
nthedi
scussi
oni
s
equal
l
yengagedandablet
osharet
hei
rvoice.

I
nter
pretati
oniscrucial
:Messagesneedt
obepresentedi
nawayt
hati
seasyt
o
i
nter
pretforbothsidesofthepart
ytobeunder
stood.

6.TheWest
leyandMacl
eanModel
Ty
pical
l
yusedwhendescr
ibi
ngmasscommuni
cat
ionbet
weengr
oups,
theWest
leyand

5
Macleanmodel i
ntr
oducesv ari
ousaddi
ti
onalfact
orstodiscussions,
suchas
envir
onmentalandcul
turalelement
s.Accor
dingtot hi
smodel,thecommunicati
on
processbegi
nswithenvi
r onmental
fact
ors,
ratherthanasenderorsourceproduci
ng
i
nformati
on.

Asoneoft hemostcompl excommunicat

ionmodel
s,thisfr
ameworkconsistsofnine
el
ement s,i
ncludi
ngtheenv i
ronment,
sensor
yexper
ience,sour
ceorsender,obj
ector
ori
ent
ationoft hesource,
receiv
er,
theori
ent
ati
onofthereceiv
er,
feedback,gat
ekeepers
andopinionleaders.

TheWest leyandMacl eanmodelarguesthathowwecommuni cat

eandthethi
ngswe
sayaredirectl
yinf
luencedbyourperspecti
ve,backgr
oundandwhoweare.Themodel
alsotakesint
oaccountt hecul
tur
e,backgroundandbeli
efsoft
heper
sonsendingand
recei
vingeachmessage.

Accordingtothismodel,“gatekeepers”andsensoryexper i
encescanalsobeimpor t
ant
i
ndepi cti
nghowamessagei sportrayed.Thewaywer ecei
vemessagescani nf
luence
howwef eelaboutfut
ureinteract
ionswi thaperson.Forinstance,i
fsomeonesendsa
rel
ati
velystr
eaml i
nedmessaget oust hroughachattool,we’reli
kelyt
oconsumet he
i
nformat i
onquickl
yandr espondappr opr i
atel
y.

Tr
ansact
ional
Model
sofCommuni
cat
ion

Transact
ional
modelsar
eamongt hemostdynamicmodesofcommuni cat
ion.They
i
nv ol
vedecodi
ngandencodingelement
s,si
milart
ointer
act
ivemodels,
aswel lasa
consider
ati
onofcommunicator
s,messages,
channelsandpotent
ial
noiseordisrupt
ors.

Whatmakest ransact
ionalmodelsofcommuni cat
ioni
nterest
ingisthatt
heyvieweach
discussi
onorinter
act
ionasa“ tr
ansact
ion”
.Inotherwords,communi cat
ioni
sa
cooperati
veprocesswherebytwopeopleareresponsi
bleforinf
luenci
ngtheoutcomeof
theconversat
ion.

Transact
ionalmodel
salsohi
ghli
ghtthatwedon’
tjustshareinf
ormationt
hrough
communi cati
on,
butal
soform bonds,unl
ockval
ueandcr eat
erelat
ionshi
ps.Thecor
e
tr
ansacti
onalmodelsofcommunicati
onincl
ude:

7.Bar
nlund’
sTr
ansact
ional
Model

Barnl
und’
smodel oftr
ansacti
onalcommuni cat
ionexplor
esimmedi ate-
feedback(real
ti
me)communicationbetweenpeople.Themul t
i-
lay
eredapproachsuggest svari
ous
aspect
sarecr
ucialtodeter
mininghowef f
ectiv
eaconv ersati
onis.Fori
nstance,cues,
suchaspri
vat
ecues( aperson’
sbackground),publi
ccues( envi
ronmentalcontext)and

6
sooncani
nfl
uencehowwespeak.

I
nt heBar nl
undtr
ansacti
onalmodel,boththerecei
verandsenderofthemessagear e
responsiblef
orensur
ingtheconversati
onleadstotheri
ghtoutcome.Addit
ional
ly
,thi
s
model suggestsnoi
se,suchasexternaldi
srupti
onsandchannelissuescancause
diff
erencesinhowweper cei
vethings.

8.Dance’
sHel
i
cal
Model

TheDanceHelicalmodelsuggeststhatcommuni cati
onisaci rcul
arpr ocess,wherei
n
conver
sat
ionsbecomemor ecompl exaswedi v
edeeperi ntotheinteracti
on.I t
’sof
ten
repr
esent
edv i
suall
ybyahelicalspir
al.Themodel i
ndicatesthatwegr aduallyimprove
howwecommuni cateovert
ime, byrespondi
ngtothef eedbackprov i
dedbyt hepeopl
e
wecommuni catewith.

Dance’
sHeli
calmodelalsosuggeststhatcommunicati
onisconst
antl
yevol
v i
ng.Aswe
l
earnanddevel
opalongsideourteam members,ourunderst
andi
ngofthem andthe
worl
dinwhichwe’
reoper at
ingconti
nuestoevol
ve,al
lowingustoachi
evegoalsmore
ef
fecti
vel
y.

Funct
ionsofcommuni
cat
ionmodel
Communicati
onmodelref
erstothev
isualrepr
esentat
ionofcommunicat
ionprocess.
Communicati
onmodelperf
ormscert
ainfuncti
onsindevel
opingcommunicat
ionskill
s
andef
fi
ciency
.Someimportantf
unct
ionsofcommuni cati
onsmodelarementioned
bel
ow:

Teachi
ngt heel
ement sofcommunicati
onprocess:Communi cat
ionmodelrepr
esents
var
iouselementsinvol
vedinsendi
ngandreceivi
ngmessage.Sof r
om communicat
ion
model,onecanlearnvari
ousaspect
sofcommuni cat
ionpr
ocess.Forthisr
eason,i
tis
sai
dthatcommuni cati
onmodel t
eachescommuni cati
onprocess.

1.Conductingresearch:Thesecondimport
antfunct
ionofcommuni cati
onmodel i
s
tohelpinconduct i
ngresear
chinthefi
eldofcommunicati
on.Communi cat
ion
model present
sv ari
ousaspectsofcommunicati
onlogi
call
ythathelpthe
resear
cher sar
ein

2.under
standingt hepatt
ernofcommunicat
ion.Sowit
hthehelpofcommunicat
ion
models,theresearcher
scanunder
takecommuni cat
ionr
esearchprogr
ammers
andperformt hoseeffi
cient
ly.

3. Pr
edi
cti
ngt
hesuccessorf
ail
ureofcommuni
cat
ionpr
ocess:
Anot
herf
unct
ionof

7
 communi cat
ionmodeli
stopredictorf
orecastthesuccessorf
ail
ureofa
part
icul
arcommunicat
ionprocess.Thr
ought hi
smodel ,
onecanascert
aint
he
causesofsuccessorf
ail
ureofcommuni cati
on.

I
mpor
tanceorobj
ect
ivesofcommuni
cat
ionmodel

Communi cat
ionmodel hasevolv
edtounderst
andthecommunicat
ionprocess.Ithel
ps
tounderst
andtheimpor t
antaspect
sofcommunicati
on.Somepointshi
ghli
ghtingthe
i
mpor t
anceorobject
ivesofcommuni cat
ionmodelar
egivenbel
ow:

Easyunderst
andi
ngofcommunicati
onprocess:
Communi
cat
ionmodel
hel
pst
o
under
standthecommunicat
ionpr
ocesseasil
yandl
ogi
cal
l
y.

Showi
nginf
ormati
onfl
ow:Communicati
onmodel
showshowi
nfor
mat
ionf
lowsf
orm
oneper
sontoanot
heri
ntheorgani
zat
ion.

I
ntr
oducingthepartsofcommuni
cat
ionprocess:Communicati
onmodel
isal
sohel
pful
t
oorientthevar
iouspart
sofcommunicat
ionprocesst
oit
sr eader
s.

Easypresent
ati
onofcommunicat
ionprocess:
Communicati
onprocessi
sacompl
ex
i
ssue.Throughamodel,
thi
scompl exi
ssuecanbepr
esentedeasil
y.

Under
standi
ngthecommunicat
ioncompl exi
ti
es:
Complexissuesofcommutat
ion
pr
ocesscannotbeshowinthecommuni cati
onmodel
.Compar ingt
hesecompl
exiti
es
wit
hthemodel,onecanmeasurethedegreeofcompl
exit
iesinagivencommunicat
ion
i
ssue.

2.Communi
cat
ionTheor
ies
Communi cat
iontheor
iesaref
rameworksthatattemptt
oexplai
nhowcommuni cat
ion
works,t
heprocessesi
nvolv
ed,andtheeff
ectsithasonindi
vi
dualsandsoci
ety
.Here
ar
eaf ewprominentcommunicati
ontheor
ies:

1.Soci
alLear
ningTheor y
:Thistheoryposit
sthatindi
vidual
slearnbehavi
orsthrough
observ
ati
on,i
mitat
ion,andmodel ing.I
temphasizesther ol
eofobservat
ionall
earningi
n
shapi
ngSobyi ncorporati
ngallpartsofcommuni cat
ionprocess,acomprehensive
communicati
onmodel ispresentedbelow:

Sobyincorporat
ingal
lpar
tsofcommunicat
ionpr
ocess,
acompr
ehensi
ve
communicati
onmodel i
spresent
edbel
ow:

.
communi
cat
ionpat
ter
nsandbehav
ior
.

8
2.Symboli
cInteractioni
sm:Symbol
icinter
actioni
sm focusesonhowindi
vi
dualscreat
e
shar
edmeani ngst hroughcommunicati
on.Itexamineshowsy mbol
s,l
anguage,and
soci
ali
nter
actionsi nfl
uencet
heconstruct
ionofreali
ty.

3.Cult
ivat
ionTheory:Culti
vat
iont
heorysuggeststhatlong-
ter
m exposur
etomedia
shapesindiv
idual
s'percepti
onsofreal
it
yandcul t
ivat
essharedassumpti
onsandbeli
efs
aboutthewor l
d.I
texploreshowmedi ainf
luenceatti
tudes,
val
ues,andbehav
ior
s.

4.Agenda-Sett
ingTheory
:Thistheor
ysuggeststhatt
hemedi a'
sabi
li
tytoselectand
pri
ori
ti
zecertai
nnewst opicsi
nfl
uencesthepubl
ic'
spercept
ionandpriori
ti
es.Itar
gues
thatmediahast hepowertoshapepubli
copini
onbydeterminingwhatissuesgain
prominence.

5.UsesandGrat
if
icati
onsTheory:Thi
stheoryemphasi
zesthati
ndi
vidual
sacti
vely
chooseandusemedi atoful
fi
ll
specif
icneedsandgrat
if
ydesir
es.I
tfocusesontherol
e
ofaudi
encemoti
vationsandhowmedi afulf
il
lst
hoseneeds.

6.Diff
usionofInnovati
onTheory:Thi
stheoryexamineshowandwhynewi deas,
technol
ogies,orproduct
sspreadandareadoptedbyi ndiv
idual
sandsoci
ety.I
texpl
ores
thefactorst
hatinfl
uencetherat
eandpr ocessofadoptionanddif
fusi
on.

3.For
m ofgr
apev
ine
Thegr apevineisaninf
ormal f
orm ofcommuni cati
onwi t
hinanorganization.I
tref
erst
o
theunof fi
cial
networkofcommuni cati
onthatexistsamongempl oyees, outsi
deof
for
mal channelssuchasoffi
cial
announcement sorcompanymemos.Thegr apevi
nei
s
characteri
zedbyi t
sspontaneousandunst r
ucturednature,
asinfor
mat ionispassed
betweeni ndivi
dualst
hroughconversat
ions,r
umor s,orgossip.

Thegr
apev
inecant
akev
ari
ousf
orms,
incl
udi
ng:

1.Si
ngleSt
rand:I
nthisf
orm,i
nfor
mationi
spassedl
i
nearl
yfr
om onepersont
oanother
.
Forexampl
e,employeeAhear
sar umorandshar
esi
twit
hemployeeB,whothenshar
es
i
twithemployeeC,andsoon.

2.Gossip:Gossi
pisaform ofgr
apevinecommunicat
ionwhereper
sonalorsensi
ti
ve
i
nformationabouti
ndi
vidual
soreventsisshar
ed.I
tofteni
nvol
vesspecul
ati
onandcan
spreadquickl
ythr
oughinfor
malint
eracti
ons.

3.Probabi
l
ityChain:
Thisfor
minvol
vespassingi
nfor
mati
ont
hroughaspeci
fi
c
sequenceorchainofindi
vi
dual
s.I
tmaystartwit
honeper
sonandmakeitswayt
hrough

9
agr
oupordepar
tmentunt
ili
treachest
hei
ntendedr
eci
pient
.

4.Clust
erChain:I
nacl ust
erchai
n,i
nfor
mat i
onissharedi
nvar
iousdirect
ionswithi
n
closel
yconnectedgroupsordepart
ments.Thiscanleadt
omulti
pleconversat
ionsand
versi
onsoftheinfor
mat i
oncir
cul
ati
ngsimultaneousl
y.

5.I
solat
edPager:I
nt hi
sfor
m, oneindiv
idualpossessesuni
queinf
ormat
ionbutshar
es
i
twithonlyasel
ectfew,makingitdif
fi
cultfort
heinformati
ont
ospreadwidel
y.

It
'si
mport anttonotet hatwhi l
ethegrapevi
necanbeasourceofi nf
ormati
onand
camarader i
e,itcanalsocr eatemisunderst
andi
ngs,r
umors,andinaccur
aci
es.
Organi
zationsshoul dstri
v etomaintai
nopenandt r
anspar
entcommuni cat
ionchannel
s
tomini
mi zet henegativeef f
ectsofthegrapevi
newhil
eacknowledgingi
tsexi
stenceas
anatural
par tofinformal communi cat
ion.

4.Communi
cat
ionst
yles
Communi cati
onst y
lesarepersonali
tytr
aitsthati
nf l
uencehowwei nteractwit
hother
people.Eachpersonhasadomi nantsty
le,andourper sonali
tyinf
luencesourprefer
red
wayofcommuni cati
ng.Basedont helevelofdomi nance(Iwin)andsoci abi
li
ty(y
ouwin)
ther
ear e4basiccommuni cat
ionst yl
es:passive,
aggr essi
ve,passive-
aggressi
ve,
asserti
ve FourCommuni cati
onSt yl
es

1.Passi
ve(
Ilose,
youwi
n)

Thepassiv
est yl
eischaract
eri
zedbyalackofemot i
onorenergy
.Iti
ncludespeoplewho
don'
tfeell
iketheyhaveanysayinhowthingstur
nout.Apersonwiththistypeof
communicationmayseem calm onthesurf
ace,buti
nsi
deheorshemi ghtbefeel
ing
fr
ust
ratedorangry.

Thistypeofcommunicationcani ncludesil
ence, deni
al,
av oidance,procr
ast i
nati
onand
non-commitment.I
ngener al,
they'r
enotv erygoodatexpr essingt hemselvesv erbal
l
y.
Thepassiveindi
vi
dualwillrar
elyini
tiateconversati
ons.Instead,you'l
lfi
ndt hattheywai
t
forother
stospeakfir
st.Theyal soav oi
dconf l
i
ct.

2.Aggr
essi
ve(
Iwi
n,y
oul
ose)

Peoplewiththi
sstyleofper sonal
it
ytendt otakechar
geandmaket hei
rowndeci si
ons.
Aggressiv
ecommuni cat­or saremorelikelytoar
guefortheirr
ight
sandopinions.
Whent heyencounterproblems, t
heytendt oblameother
sr at
herthanaccept
responsi
bil
it
yfortheiracti
ons.Aggressiv
emaybecomeangr ywhensomeoneel se

10
t
akescont
rol
ofani
nter
act
ion.

3.Passi
ve-
aggr
essi
ve(
Ilose,
youl
ose)

Peoplewi ththistypeofpersonali
tytendt owardmani pulati
onanddecept i
on.Theycan
appearfr i
endlybutactual
ly,meansomet hingdiff
erentbehindcloseddoors.These
ty
pesofi ndiv
idual
swi l
latt
emptt ogetwhatt heywantt hroughi
ndirectmeans.Theycan
bechar mi ngandv er
ypersuasive,butit
'
snotal wayseasyt otel
lift
hey'r
etell
i
ngthetrut
h.
Passi
v e-aggressiv
ear eabl
et ohidetheirtrueemot i
onsf rom ot
herpeople.

4.Asser
ti
ve(
Iwi
n,y
ouwi
n)

Thisstyleinvol
vesexpressi
ngy ourf
eeli
ngsclearl
yanddirect
ly,
eventhoughyoumi ght
feeluncomf ort
abl
edoingso.Asser t
ivecommuni cat
orsusual
lydon'
thesit
atetospeak
upwhent heyfeelst
ronglyaboutsomething.Thi
sstyl
etendstoleadtobetter
rel
ationships.

St
andar
dPhr
ases
Her
ear
esomecommonphr
asest
hatr
elat
etoeachoft
hef
ourcommuni
cat
ionst
yles.

1.Passi
veCommuni
cat
or(
Ilose,
youwi
n)

"
I'
m sor
ryi
fIof
fendedy
ou.
"

"
Cany
ouf
orgi
veme?
"

2.Aggr
essi
veCommuni
cat
or(
Iwi
n,y
oul
ose)

"
Weneedt
otal
k."

"
Thatwasuncal
l
edf
or.
"

"
Let
'sagr
eet
odi
sagr
ee.
"

3.Passi
ve-
aggr
essi
veCommuni
cat
or(
Ilose,
youl
ose)

"
Iunder
standhowy
ouf
eel
,but
..
."

"
Younev
erl
i
stent
ome.
"

4.Asser
ti
veCommuni
cat
or(
Iwi
n,y
ouwi
n)

"
Canwet
ryt
ofi
ndasol
uti
on?
"

11
"
Irespecty
ouropi
nion.
"

"
Iappr
eci
atey
ouri
nput
."

5.Ty
peofcommuni
cat
ioni
nor
gani
zat
ion
Organizat
ionalcommunicati
onisat
ypeofcommuni cati
onthatencompasseschannel
s
andformsofcommuni cat
ioninwhi
chorgani
zat
ions(corpor
ati
ons,non-pr
ofi
ts,
governmentalbodies,
etc.
)engagei
n.I
tincl
udesbothint
ernalandexter
nal
communi cati
on.

Asasubf
iel
dofcommunicati
onstudi
es,
organi
zational
communi
cat
iondeal
swi
tht
he
communi
cati
onwit
hinanorgani
zati
onvi
adiff
erentchannel
s.

Thepar
ti
cipant
sint
hecommuni
cat
ion,
i.
e.empl
oyees,
wor
ktowar
dasetofcommon
goal
s.

Whatar
eor
gani
zat
ional
communi
cat
ionexampl
es?

Someoft
heexampl
esofor
gani
zat
ional
communi
cat
ionar
ethef
oll
owi
ng:

Team meetings—Fort heteamstocommuni cateeff

ecti
vel
y,it
’si
mportantthatthey
meetonar egularbasis(weekly,mont
hly,
etc.
),discusswhatthey’r
ecurr
entlyworking
on, andprovi
dehel ptooneanot heri
fneeded.Ifyourteam hasregul
armeetings,you
arepr act
ici
ngor gani
zati
onalcommuni cat
ion,alt
houghy oumightnotknowt hatorcalli
t
that.

Onboardi
ng—Whet heryou’rewel
cominganewemployeevir
tuall
yorinper
son,
att
he
of
fi
ce,int
roducinganewcol leaguet
oateam oracompanyisanotherexampl
eof
or
ganizat
ionalcommuni cat
ion.

Feedback—Equall
yimport
ant,butsomet
imesel
usi
ve,
const
ruct
ivef
eedbacki
s
anotherexampl
eoforgani
zat
ionalcommuni
cati
on.

Soci
alev
ents—Althoughnotal
way
sdesi
rabl
e,team bondi
ngandsimil
arevent
salso
bel
ongtotheor
ganizat
ional
communi
cat
ion,
albeit
,inf
ormal
,butmoreonthatl
ater
.

Whatar
ethet
ypesofor
gani
zat
ional
communi
cat
ion?

Wecandi
vi
deor
gani
zat
ional
communi
cat
ioni
ntof
ourcat
egor
ies:

For
mal
andi
nfor
mal
communi
cat
ion

12
Di
rect
ional
communi
cat
ion

I
nter
nal
andext
ernal
communi
cat
ion

Or
alandwr
it
tencommuni
cat
ion

Let
’sbr
ief
lyconsi
deral
lfourt
ypesofor
gani
zat
ional
communi
cat
ion.

For
mal
andi
nfor
mal
communi
cat
ion

For
mal communicat
ionr
efer
stocommuni
cat
iondonev
iaemai
l
s,meet
ings,
conf
erence
cal
l
s,speeches,
memos,etc.

I
tfol
l
owsst
ri
ctr
ules,
int
ermsofst
ruct
ure,
spel
l
ing,
andt
one.

I
nformal
communi
cat
ionorgr
apev
inecommuni
cat
iondoesn’
tinv
olv
east
ri
ctsetof
r
ules.

Thi
stypeofcommunicat
ioni
ncl
udeschi
t-
chat
,messagi
ngv
iabusi
nessmessagi
ng
pl
atf
orms,phonecal
l
s,et
c.

Di
rect
ional
communi
cat
ion

Speaki
ngofdir
ecti
onsi
nwhi
chcommuni
cat
iont
akespl
ace,
organi
zat
ional
communicat
ioncanbe:

Ver
ti
cal
,

Hor
izont
al,
and

Di
agonal
communi
cat
ion.

Ver
ti
cal
communi cat
iont
hatt
akespl
acef
rom t
het
opdowni
scal
l
eddownwar
d
communicat
ion.

I
not herwor
ds,
whenev
eraper
soni
nchargecommunicat
eswit
ht hosel
oweri
nthe
hi
erarchyt
hant
hem,wehav
eacaseofdownwardcommunicat
ion.

Asopposedtothat,
upwar
dcommunicati
onref
erst
ocommuni
cat
iondi
rect
edf
rom
l
ower-
level
workerstot
hei
rsuper
ordi
nat
es.

Whenwecommunicat
ewi
thourpeer
s,wepar
ti
cipat
einso-
cal
l
edhor
izont
alorl
ater
al
communi
cat
ion.

Fi
nal
l
y,di
agonal
communi
cat
ioni
nvol
vesmember
sofdi
ff
erentt
eamsanddepar
tment
s

13
i
nter
act
ingt
oget
her
,notf
oll
owi
ngst
ri
cthi
erar
chi
cal
rul
esbydoi
ngso.

I
nter
nal
andext
ernal
communi
cat
ion

Organi
zati
onalcommuni
cat
ioncanal
sobei
nter
nal
andext
ernal
,dependi
ngonwho
employeesaretal
ki
ngt
o.

I
femployeesarei
nter
acti
ngwithoneanother,wit
hintheorganizati
on,it
’sacaseof
i
nter
nalcommunicati
on.Thi
sincl
udesprofessi
onal communicationandcollabor
ati
on,
t
hroughvari
ouschannel
sofcommuni cat
ion(inperson,v
ideo,emai l
,chat)
.

Whent heor
ganizat
ioncommunicateswithsomeoneout si
detheorgani
zat
ion,from t
he
ext
ernalwor
ld,wespeakaboutexternal
communi cat
ion.Thisi
ncl
udesPR
announcement
s, j
obposts,
marketi
ngmat eri
als,
andcommuni cat
ionwithstakehol
ders.

Or
alandwr
it
tencommuni
cat
ion

Last
ly,
wehav eoral
andwritt
encommunicati
on,whichar
ebothusedi
nor
gani
zat
ions,
andarether
efor
eani nt
egr
alpar
tofor
ganizat
ionalcommuni
cati
on.

Oralorspokencommuni cat
ionisface-
to-
facecommunicati
ont hattakesplacebet
ween
coll
eagues,orbetweenemployeesandcustomers.I
tsi
mpor t
ancei nbuildi
ng
rel
ati
onships,bot
hprofessi
onalandpersonal
,i
sunquesti
onable.

Wri
tt
encommuni cati
on,
bot hf
ormalandi
nfor
mal
, occur
svi
aemails,
inst
antmessages,
andsocial
media.I
ncontrastt
ooral
communicat
ion,iti
smorest
ruct
uredbutmaybe
l
esspersonal
.

Nowt hatwe’ veseenwhatt hemai ntypesoforgani

zati
onal
communicati
onare,
let
’s
consi
dert heimportanceofor gani
zati
onal communicat
ioni
nthe
workplace.communi cati
ontheory,gotustot hi
nki
ngaboutt
heelementofnoi
seand
howmanyt y
pesofnoi secanaf f
ecttransmissi
onofthemessage.

Concl
usi
on
Theuseofanycommuni cationmodel i
si nitselfnotasoluti
ont otheor ganizati
onal
communi cationneeds.Properunder standingandi mplementati
onf acil
i
t atethesuccess
ofanycommuni cat
ionmodel thatacompanydeci dest ouse.Mor eover,the
organi
zational modelal
soplay sacr i
ti
cal rol
ei ndecidi
ngt hesuccessoft he
model.communi cat
iont
heor y,
gotust ot hinkingaboutt heelementofnoi seandhow
manyt ypesofnoi secanaffecttransmi ssi
onoft hemessage. Grapevi
neCommuni cati
on
i
sat ypeofi nformalcommuni cationthatoper atesthroughbot hinter
nal andexternal

14
channel sofanor ganizat
ion.Wheny ouunder standy ourowncommuni cati
onst yle,
y ou
candev el
opmor eef f
ectiveway stocommuni catewi thother
s.communi cationisav ery
i
mpor tantfactorinanor ganisati
on.Itisv eryessent i
al t
oknowt hewaypeopl e
communi cateasi t
simpact sonot hersissi gnif
icantindev el
opingsuccessf ul
relati
onshipsandsuccess.Ef f
ecti
v eandi neffectiv
eway sofcommuni cati
onhav ebeen
discussedwi t
ht hehel pofrealli
feexampl es.Organisationalcommuni cationcanbe
i
mpr ovedandmademor eef f
ectiv
ebyal ter i
ngt hei
rf eel
ingandt houghtsfort hei
rco-
wor kers.Thisist heonlywaypeopl ecannotj ustst opcommuni cati
onhur dles,butint hi
s
wayt heycanbui ldverystrongandl ongt ermr elati
ons.

Thenend!

15