Traverse and

Traversing
Computation
LESSON 6
 Table of contents
01 02 03
Interior Angle Traverse Angle to the Right Traverse computations
Deflection Angle Traverse Traverse Latitudes and Departures
Azimuth Traverse Error of Closure

04 05 06
Traverse Adjustments Transit Rule Graphical Method
Arbitrary Method Least Squares Method Rectangular Coordinates
Compass Rule Crandall Method Coordinate Method
Adjusted lengths and Directions
Interior
Angle
Traverse
Deflection 34-1 Interior Angle Traverse
34-2 Deflection Angle Traverse

Angle Illustrative problems

1. Interior Angle traverse
2. Interior Angle traverse
Traverse 3. Deflection Angle Traverse
INTERIOR ANGLE
TRAVERSE
The interior angle traverse is used
principally in land surveying.
WE MEASURE OUR
ANGLES COCKWISE
Example:
A: B-F
B: C-A
C: D-B
And so on.
INTERIOR ANGLE
TRAVERSE
To run an interior angle traverse, the instrument is set up at each
station. The horizontal circle is set to 0 and a sight to the station in the
left is taken. The Instrument is then turned on it's upper motion until the
station on the right is sighted, then the interior angle is observed and
recorded
INTERIOR ANGLE
TRAVERSE
Interior angles should be
measured with sufficient
repetitions to obtain the desired
precision.

For any number of repetitions, half

should be observed with the
telescope in direct position and the
other half in reversed positions.
INTERIOR ANGLE
TRAVERSE
The interior angles of any closed
traverse may be checked by the
geometrical relation that in any
polygon having n sides, the sum of
the interior angles must equal to:
(n-2)(180 degrees)
INTERIOR ANGLE
TRAVERSE
To test the internal angular closure,
the observed interior angles are
added, and their sum is compared
with (n-2)(100deg).
INTERIOR ANGLE
TRAVERSE
An angular error exists if the two
quantities are not equal.

Should there be ang angular error,

the observed angles are adjusted
by assuming that the error is of the
same amount at each station.

The adjusted angles should always

be added to check whether their
sum is already the expected value.
INTERIOR ANGLE
TRAVERSE
Should there be a need to determine the bearing azimuth of a
succeeding lines in a traverse, a sketch using the known data at the
succeeding stations should each be made.

From these sketches, the required calculations will be obvious.

DEFLECTION
ANGLE TRAVERSE
The deflection angle traverse is used frequently for the location survey
of roads, rail roads, pipelines, transmission lines, canals, and other
similar types of survey. It is employed to a lesser extent in land surveys
and in establishing controls for hydrographic and topographic surveys.
DEFLECTION
ANGLE TRAVERSE
A deflection angle, as shown in figure 34-2, is a horizontal angle
measured clockwise from the prolongation of the preceding line to the
succeeding line. Such angles vary from 0 - 180 degrees and must be
designated as right (R) or left (L).
DEFLECTION
ANGLE TRAVERSE
A deflection angle traverse is run by occupying successive traverse
stations.

in the figure, the transit may first be

set up at station A. A backsight is
taken on Station E, with the telescope
in direct position and the circle
reading set to 0"'00'.
DEFLECTION
ANGLE TRAVERSE
this figure (34-5) illustrates the field notes for a deflection angle
traverse.
DEFLECTION
ANGLE TRAVERSE
For any closed traverse in which the sides do not cross one another, the
summation of the deflection angles, considering those turned to the left
as being opposite in sign to those turned to the right, should equal to
360 degrees.

If however, the lines cross once, or any odd number of times, the sum of
the right deflection angles should equal the sum of the left deflection
angles.
ILLUSTRATIVE
PROBLEMS
INTERIOR ANGLE
TRAVERSE
INTERIOR ANGLE
TRAVERSE
INTERIOR ANGLE
TRAVERSE
INTERIOR ANGLE
TRAVERSE
INTERIOR ANGLE
TRAVERSE
INTERIOR ANGLE
TRAVERSE
INTERIOR ANGLE
TRAVERSE
DEFLECTED ANGLE
TRAVERSE
DEFLECTED ANGLE
TRAVERSE
DEFLECTED ANGLE
TRAVERSE
 LESSON 35

02
Angle to the Right Traverse
Azimuth Traverse
 Angle to the Right Traverse
● Employed when numerous details are to be located from the
traverse stations
● An open or a closed traverse can be executed by this method.

● It is commonly used in:

City Survey Mining Survey

Tunnel Survey Locating details for

topographic map
Angle to the Right Traverse

In this figure (Figure 35-1),

a traverse is run from
station A through stations
B,C,D,E, then back to
station A.
Angle to the Right Traverse
● The angles for this type of
traverse is measured
CLOCKWISE from the
backsight on the back
line to a forward line
● Angles may lie anywhere
between 0° and 360°
● Field data for this type is
recorded in a form similar
to that used for an
interior angle traverse.
 Angle to the Right Traverse
Steps in running an 1 Take a backsight on the preceding station with the
horizontal circle set to read 0°00'.

Angle to the Right

Traverse 2 The instrument is then turned clockwise on the upper
motion.

NOTE: These angles are

usually doubled by 3 A foresight is taken to the succeeding station.

repetition. ONCE with the

telescope in DIRECT
POSITION and ONCE in 4 The angle is read and recorded.

REVERSED POSITION.

5 At each station along the traverse, a similar procedure is

repeated.
 Angle to the Right Traverse
for Closed Traverse:

Succeeding Azimuth from a

Clockwise Counter Clockwise Traverse Line whose Azimuth
Direction Direction is FIXED
S N = (n+2) * 180° S N = (n-2) * 180° Add the recorded angle to the
right to the known azimuth of
the preceding line.
Angle to the Right Traverse
AZIMUTH TRAVERSE
Measurement of Azimuth angles are by far one
of the quickest and most satisfactory method.

Azimuths are measured CLOCKWISE either

from the north or south end of a selected
reference meridian to the line.

These angles may lie anywhere between 0° and 360°

Extensively used in topographic and other surveys where a

large number of details are to be located by angular and
linear measurements from traverse stations.
AZIMUTH TRAVERSE

This figure (Figure 35-2) shows a closed traverse run by

azimuth method in which the azimuth angles have been
measure clock wise from the NORTH end of the meridian.
AZIMUTH TRAVERSE

In this figure (Figure 35-3) is another azimuth where the

azimuth angles are reckoned from the SOUTH end of the
meridian.
AZIMUTH TRAVERSE
To run an azimuth traverse, it is necessary to have a
reference meridian - either magnetic, grid, assumed, or true.

Important ! Less Important

! Surveys Surveys
Reference Direction to Reference Direction to
measure Azimuth Angles is measure Azimuth Angles is

TRUE TRUE MAGNETIC MAGNETIC

NORTH SOUTH NORTH SOUTH
AZIMUTH TRAVERSE
In performing the azimuth traverse, successive stations are
occupied, beginning with the line of known or the assumed
azimuth.

If the Traverse is to be run on

Magnetic Azimuths

The initial setup determines the specific magnetic meridian to

which all other lines are referred.
AZIMUTH TRAVERSE
Orientation of the Transit on the Magnetic Meridian
Turn the transit until the
Set the outer circle
1 to read zero 4 compass needle is aligned
with the north point of the
compass box

Release the Tighten the lower

2 compass needle 5 clamp

Set the needle exactly by

Loosen the lower
3 clamp 6 using the lower tangent
screw
AZIMUTH TRAVERSE
Orientation of the Transit by setting the A-Vernier

1 2 3
The instrument is the Foresight is made
The lower motion
turned on the upper on the following
is clamped
motion traverse station

The reading indicated by the A-Vernier on the outer circle is the azimuth of the
FORWARD line.

Both verniers should be should be read to avoid blunders and small errors.
AZIMUTH TRAVERSE
Leaving the Vernier setting unchanged
It is another method that can be done where you can leave the vernier
setting unchanged between a foresight and the following backsight and
plunging the telescope between each backsight and the corresponding
foresight.

A foresight is then made by turning on the upper motion such that

corresponding reading on th A-Vernier gives the azimuth of the forward
line.
AZIMUTH TRAVERSE
For a Closed Azimuth Traverse

Angular Error

● Set up the starting point and note the difference between the initial
and final azimuth readings taken along line of the traverse.

Necessary to observe the magnetic bearing of each line in an

azimuth traverse

A comparison between the observed bearings and the bearing

calculated from the observed azimuths should serve as a check
against possible blunders
AZIMUTH TRAVERSE
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
I. Angle to the Right Traverse
A five-sided closed traverse (Fig. 35-5) proceeds in a clockwise
direction and the angle to the right of each station were observed as
follows:

Determine the error of closure and adjust the observed values on the
assumption that the error is the same for each angle. Tabulate
values accordingly.
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
I. Angle to the Right
Traverse

Figure 35-5
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
I. Angle to the Right Traverse
Solution: Error of Closure
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
I. Angle to the Right Traverse
Solution: Adjusting the Observed Angles and Checking
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
I. Angle to the Right Traverse
Solution: Tabulated Solution
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
II. Azimuth Traverse
Given in the accompanying tabulation are the observed data for a
closed traverse (Fig. 35-6). Determine the bearing and Azimuth from
north of all traverse lines, and the angle to the right at each station
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
II. Azimuth Traverse

Figure 35-6
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
II. Azimuth Traverse
Solution: Determining Bearing and Azimuth (from North) of all
traverse lines
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
II. Azimuth Traverse
Solution: Determining Bearing and Azimuth (from North) of all
traverse lines
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
II. Azimuth Traverse
Solution: Determining Bearing and Azimuth (from North) of all
traverse lines
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
II. Azimuth Traverse
Solution: Determining Bearing and Azimuth (from North) of all
traverse lines
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
II. Azimuth Traverse
Solution: Determining Bearing and Azimuth (from North) of all
traverse lines
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
II. Azimuth Traverse
Solution: Determining the angle to the Right at each station
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
II. Azimuth Traverse
Solution: Determining the angle to the Right at each station
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
II. Azimuth Traverse
Solution: Determining the angle to the Right at each station and Checking
 LESSON 36

03
Traverse Computation
Latitudes and Departure
Error of Closure
 FOR ANY CLOSED TRAVERSE
SURVEYORS SHOULD ALWAYS:

Check if the observed angles fulfill the geometric

conditions of the figure.
Should there be an angular error of closure it must be
corrected to give a series of preliminary adjusted
directions.
All linear distances should then be corrected since errors
in measured lengths will alter the shape of the traverse.
COMPUTATIONS AND ADJUSTMENTS
REQUIRED FOR A CLOSED TRAVERSE
Determining the latitudes and departures and their
respective algebraic sums,
Calculating the total error of closure, balancing the survey,
Determining the adjusted position of each traverse station,
Computing the area, and in some instances
Dividing a surveyed tract into smaller parts.
 N

KEY TERMS:

LATITUDE
REFERENCE
PARALLEL

LATITUDE OF A LINE is its projection onto the DEPARTURE

reference meridian or a north-south line. W DEPARTURE
E

LATITUDES = NOTHINGS OR SOUTHINGS

LATITUDE
REFERENCE
MERIDIAN

DEPARTURE OF A LINE is its projection onto

NORTH SOUTH the reference parallel or an east-west line.
EAST WEST
DEPARTURE = EASTINGS OR WESTINGS
to remember

MAGNITUDE OF THE LATITUDE = LENGTH

OF A LINE MULTIPLIED BY THE COSINE OF
ITS BEARING ANGLE
LATITUDE = L cos a

MAGNITUDE OF THE DEPARTURE = LENGTH

OF A LINE MULTIPLIED BY THE SINE OF ITS
BEARING ANGLE
DEPARTURE = L sin a
 ERROR OF CLOSURE
In all probability, a surveyed closed traverse would not satisfy the geometric
requirements of a closed polygon. Until adjustments are made to these observed
quantities it will always be expected that the traverse will not mathematically close.

KEY TERMS:
C = CLOSURE IN LATITUDE (difference between north and south latitude)
L
C = CLOSURE IN DEPARTURE (difference between north and south departure)
D
LEC = LINEAR ERROR OF CLOSURE (short line of unknown length and direction
connecting the initial and final stations of the
traverse)
 THE LENGTH OF THE LINEAR ERROR OF CLOSURE AND THE ANGLE THAT THIS
LINE MAKES WITH THE MERIDIAN IS DETERMINED BY THESE EQUATION.

-CD
LEC= C +C2
L
2
D tan = -CL
WHERE:
LEC= linear error of closure
CL= closure in latitude or the algebraic sum of north and south latitude
CD= closure in departure or the algebraic sum of the east and west departure.
= bearing angle of the side of error
 LEC WHERE:

RP= RP = relative precision

D LEC= linear error of closure

D= total length of the perimeter of the traverse

All terms in the above equation, except RP, should

be expressed in the same unit of linear measure.
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
Latitude and Departure
Given in the tabulation below are notes for an open traverse. determine the latitude and
departure of each course and tabulate observed and computed values accordingly.

COURSE DISTANCE BEARING COURSE DISTANCE BEARING

AB 550.30m N 28° 10'E DE 631.22m N 50°00'E

BC 395.48 S 69°35'E EF 340.05 S 25°05'E

CD 462.70 S 27°50'E FG 275.86 DUE EAST

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
Latitude and Departure
Lat = d cos a Dep = d sin a
SOLUTION SOLUTION
a) Determining latitudes: b) Determining departures:
Lat ab = 550.30 cos 28° 10' = +485.13m Dep ab = 550.30 sin 28° 10' = 259.76m
Lat bc = 395.48 cos 69°35' =-137.96m Dep bc = 395.48 sin 69°35' = +370.64m
Lat cd = 462.70 cos 27°50' = -409.17m Dep cd = 462.70 sin 27°50' = 216.04m
Lat de= 631.22 cos 50°00' = +405.74m Dep de= 631.22 sin 50°00' = 483.54m
Lat ef = 340.05 cos 25°05' = -307.98m Dep ef = 340.05 sin 25°05' = 144.16m
Lat fg = 275.86 cos 90°00' = 0.00m Dep fg = 275.86 sin 90°00' = 275.86m
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
Latitude and Departure
LATITUDE DEPARTURE

COURSE DISTANCE BEARING +N -S +E -W

AB 550.30m N 28° 10'E 485.13 259.76

BC 395.48 S 69°35'E 137.96 370.64

CD 462.70 S 27°50'E 409.17 216.04

DE 631.22m N 50°00'E 405.74 483.54

EF 340.05 S 25°05'E 307.98 114.16

FG 275.86 DUE EAST - 275.86

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
ERROR OF CLOSURE
Given in the accompanying tabulation are the observed data for a closed traverse obtained from a
transit-tape survey. Determine the following quantities: latitude and departure of each course linear
error of closure, bearing of the side error, and the precision of the measurements. tabulate observed
and computed values according the usual format..

AZIMUTH AZIMUTH
LINE LENGTH (d) FROM LINE LENGTH (d) FROM
NORTH NORTH

AB 233.10m 122° 30' DE 234.46m 333°35'

BC 242.05 85°15' EF 270.65 254°08

CD 191.50 20°00' FA 252.38 213°00

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
Latitude and Departure
Lat = d cos a Dep = d sin a
SOLUTION SOLUTION
a) Determining Course latitudes: b) Determining Course Departures:
Lat ab = 233.10m cos 122° 30' = -125.24m Depab = 233.10m sin 122° 30' = +196.59m
Lat bc = 242.05 cos 85°15' = =20.04m Depbc = 242.05 sin 85°15' = +241.22m
Lat cd = 191.50 cos 20°00' = +179.95m Depcd = 191.50 sin 20°00' = =+65.50m
Lat de= 234.46 cos 333°35' = +209.98m Depde= 234.46 sin 333°35' = -104.31m
Lat ef = 270.65 cos 254°08 = -74.00m Dep ef = 270.65 sin 254°08 = -260.34m
Lat fa = 252.38 cos 213°00 = -211.66m Depfa = 252.38 sin 213°00 = -137.46m
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
ERROR OF CLOSURE
SOLUTION
c) Determining the Precision of the measurements.
D = d a b + d b c + d c d + d d e+ d e f + df a
= 233.10 + 242.05 + 191.50 + 234.46 + 270.65 + 252.38
= 1424.14m (perimeter of total length of the traverse)

ΣNL = Lat b c +Lat c d + Lat d e = 20.04 + 179.95 + 209.98

= +409.97(summation of north latitudes)
ΣSL= Lat a b + Lat b c + Lat c d = -125.24 -74.00 -211.66
= -410.90m(summation of south latitudes)
ΣED = Dep a b+ Dep b c+ Depc d = 195.59 + 241.22 + 65.50
= +503.31(summation of east departures)
ΣWD = Depd e+ Dep e f + Dep f a = -104.31 - 260.34 -137.46
= -502.11m(summation of west departures)
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
ERROR OF CLOSURE
SOLUTION
c) Determining the Precision of the measurements.
C = ΣNL + ΣSL = +409.97m + (-410.90m)
= -0.93m (total correction in latitude)
C = ΣED + ΣWD = +503.31 + (-502.11)
= +1.20m(total correction in departure)

LEC= (C L)+(CD)
= (-0.93) + (1.20)

= (linear error of closure)

1.52m
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
ERROR OF CLOSURE
SOLUTION
a) Determining Course Departures:

-CD -(+1.20) -1.20

tan = -CL
tan = -(-0.93) = 0.93
=-1.290323
=52°13' (therefore, the bearing of the side
of error is N52°13'W)

LEC 1.52 1 1
RP= RP= = say
D 1 424.14 936.93 900
(precision of the measurements)
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
ERROR OF CLOSURE
SOLUTION
d) Tabulated solution
AZIMUTH FROM LATITUDE DEPAARTURE
LINE LENGTH (d)
NORTH (+)N (-)S (+)E (-)W

AB 233.10m 122° 30' -125.24 196.59

BC 242.05 85°15' 20.04 241.22
CD 191.50 20°00' 179.95 65.50
DE 234.46m 333°35' 209.98 -104.31
EF 270.65 254°08 -74.00 -260.34
FA 252.38 213°00 -211.66 -137.46
SUMS 1 424.14m 409.97 -410.90 503.31 -502.11
ΣNL ΣSL ΣED ΣWD
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
ERROR OF CLOSURE
In a given closed traverse the sum of the north latitudes exceeds the sum of the
south latitudes by 2.74m and the sum of the west departures exceeds the sum of
the east departure by 3.66m. Determine the linear error of closure and the bearing
of the side error.

CL= ΣNL + ΣSL = +2.74m

CD= ΣED + ΣWD = - 3.66m
-CD
LEC= (CL )+(CD) tan = -CL
= (2.74) + (-3.66)
-(-3.66) 3.66
= -(+2.74) = -2.74 = -1.335766
= 4.57m (linear error of closure)
= 53°11' (therefore, the bearing of
the side of error is S 53°11' E)
 LESSON 37

04 Traverse Adjustments
Arbitrary Method
Compass Rule
Adjusted lengths and
Directions
Traverse Adjustment
Traverse Adjustment is the procedure of computing the linear error of
closure and applying corrections to the individual latitudes and
departures for the purpose of providing a mathematically closed figure. It
it necessary that the traverse is geometrically consistent before
coordinates or areas are determined, or prior to determining the location
of lines from the traverse stations.
Arbitrary Method
In arbitrary method, the latitudes and departures are adjusted in a
discretionary manner according to the surveyor's assessment f the
condition surrounding the survey. It is the simplest to perform,. This
method does not conform to established rules or mathematical equations
since the surveyor simply relies on how own estimation and personal
judgement.
Compass Rule
The compass or the Bowditch rule which was named after the
distinguished American navigator Nathaniel Bowditch (1773 - 1838), is a
very popular rule for adjusting a closed traverse. Of the several methods
used for balancing latitudes and departures, perhaps the most commonly
time used is this rule. It is simple to apply and at the same time theortically
sound.

The compass rule may be stated as follows: Th correction to b applied to

the latitude (or departures) of any course is equal to the total closure in
latitude (or departure) multiplied by the ratio of the length of the course to
th total length or perimeter of the traverse
Compass Rule
These corrections are given by the following equations:
Adjusted Lengths and Directions
The courses and their lengths should also be adjusted to correspond to
the adjusted latitudes and departures. The following are the equations
used for this purpose.
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
Compass Rule
Given in the accompanying tabulation are the observed data for a traverse
obtained from a transit-tape survey. Determine the latitudes and departures of
each course and balance these quantities by employing the compass rul. Also
determine the linear error of closure, bearing of the side of error, and the relative
error of closure. Tabulate values accordingly.
COURSE DISTANCE BEARING COURSE DISTANCE BEARING

AB 495.85 m N 05° 30' E DE 1,020.87 m S 12° 25; E

BC 850.62 m N 46° 02' E EF 1,117.26 m S 83° 44' W

CD 855.45 m S 67° 38' E FA 660.08 m N 55° 09' W

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
Compass Rule
Solution:
a.) Computing Latitudes: Lat = length x Cos α
Lat ab = 496.858 * Cos 05° 30' = + 493.57 m
Lat bc = 850.62 * Cos 46° 02' = + 590.53 m
Lat cd = 855.45 * Cos 67° 38' = - 325.53 m
Lat de = 1,020.87 * Cos 12° 25' = - 996.99 m
Lat ef = 1,117.26 * Cos 83° 44' = - 121.96 m
Lat fa = 660.08 * Cos 55° 09' = + 377.19 m
b.) Computing Departures: Dep = length x Sin α
Dep ab = 496.858 * Sin 05° 30' = + 47.53 m
Dep bc = 850.62 * Sin 46° 02' = + 612.23 m
Dep cd = 855.45 * Sin 67° 38' = + 791.09 m
Dep de = 1,020.87 * Sin 12° 21' = + 219.51 m
Dep ef = 1,117.26 * Sin 83° 44' = - 1,110.58 m
Dep fa = 660.08 * Sin 55° 09 = - 542.70 m
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
Compass Rule
Solution:
c.)Tabulated Solution
DISTANCE COMPUTED LATITUDES COMPUTED DEPARTURES
COURSE BEARING
(m) (+) N (-) S (+) E (-) W
AB 495.85 N 05° 30' E 493.57 47.53
BC 850.62 N 46° 02' E 590.53 612.23
CD 855.45 S 67° 38' E -325.53 791.09
DE 1,020.87 S 12° 25; E -996.99 219.51
EF 1,117.26 S 83° 44' W -121.96 -1110.58
FA 660.08 N 55° 09' W 377.29 -541.7
SUMS 5000.13 1461.39 -1444.48 1670.36 -1652.28
(Σ NL) (Σ SL) (Σ ED) (ΣWD)
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
Compass Rule
Solution:
d.)Determining Total Closure in Latitude and Departure:

Σ NL = + 493.57 + 590.53 + 377

= + 1, 461.29 m (summation of north latitudes)

Σ SL = - 325.53 - 996.99 - 121.96

= - 1,444.48 m (summation of south latitudes)

Σ ED = + 47.53 + 612.23 + 791.09 + 219.51

= +1,670.36 m (summation of east departures)

Σ WD = - 1,110.58 - 541.70
= - 1,652.28 m (summation of west departures)
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
Compass Rule
Solution:
d.)Determining Total Closure in Latitude and Departure:

C sub L = Σ NL + Σ SL = +1,461.29 + (-1,444.48)

= +16.81 m (Total closure in latitude)

C sub D = Σ ED + Σ WD = + 1,60.36 + (-1,652.28)

= +18.08 m (Total Closure in Departure)

D = d1 + d2 + d3 + d4 + d5 + d6
= 495.85 + 850.62 + 855.45 + 1,020.87 + 1,117.26 + 660.08
= 5,000.13 ,M (Length of the traverse)
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
Compass Rule
Solution:
e.)Determining Corrections for Latitude: Kl = CL/D ; cl = dKl

Kl = 16.81 / 5000.13 = 0.00336

c ab = 495.85 x 0.00336 = 1.67 m

c bc = 850.62 x 0.00336 = 2.86 m
c cd = 855.45 x 0.00336 = 2.88 m
c de = 1,020.87 x 0.00336 = 3.43 m
c ef = 1,117.26 x 0.00336= 3.75 m
c fa =660.08 x 0.00336 = 2.22 m

Solution Check: Sum of Latitude Corrections = CL

1.67 + 2.86 + 2.88 + 3.43 + 3.75 + 2.22 = 16.1
16.81 = 16.81 (checks)
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
Compass Rule
Solution:
f.) Determining Corrections for Departure: K2 = CD/D ; cd = dK2

K2 = 18.08 / 5000.13 = 0.00362

c ab = 495.85 x 0.00362 = 1.79 m

c bc = 850.62 x 0.00362 = 3.08 m
c cd = 855.45 x 0.00362 = 3.09 m
c de = 1,020.87 x 0.00362 = 3.69 m
c ef = 1,117.26 x 0.00362 = 4.04 m
c fa =660.08 x 0.00362 = 2.39 m

Solution Check: Sum of Latitude Corrections = CD

1.79 + 3.08 + 3.09 + 3.69 + 4.04 + 2.39 = 18..08
18.08 = 18.08 (checks)
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
Compass Rule
Solution:
g.) Adjusting the Latitudes: Adj Lat = Computed Lat ± CL

Adj Lat ab = +(493.57-1.67) = + 491.90 m

Adj Lat bc = +(590.53-2.86) = 587.67 m
Adj Lat cd = -(325.53+2.88) = -328.41m
Adj Lat de = -(1,000.42+3.43) = -1000.42m
Adj Lat ef = -(121.96 + 3.75) = -125.71m
Adj Lat fa = +(377.19-2.22) = +374.97m

Solution Check: Algebraic Sum of adjusted latitude=0.00

491.90+587.67-328.42-1000.42-125.71=374.97=0.00
0.00 = 0.00 (checks)
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
Compass Rule
Solution:
h.) Adjusting the Departures: Adj Dep = Computed Dep ± CD

Adj Dep ab = + (47.53 - 1.79) = +45.74m

Adj Dep bc = + (612.23 - 3.08)= + 609.15m
Adj Dep cd = + ( 791.51-3.09) = +788.00m
Adj Dep de = + (219.51 - 3.69) = +2.15.82m
Adj Dep ef = - (1,110.58 + 4.04) = -1,114.62
Adj Dep fa = - (541.70 + 2.39) = -544.09m

Solution Check: Algebraic Sum of adjusted = 0.00

+45.74 + 609.15 + 788.00 + 215.82 - 1114.62 - 544.09 = 0.00
0.00=0.00 (checks)
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
Compass Rule
Solution:
i.) Tabulated Solution
CORRECTION ADJUSTED LATITUDE ADJUSTED DEPARTURES
COURSE
LAT DEP (+)N (-)S (+)E (-)W
AB 1.67 1.79 491.9 45.74
BC 2.86 3.08 587.67 609.15
CD 2.88 3.09 -328.41 788
DE 3.43 3.69 -1,000.42 215.82
EF 3.75 4.04 -125.71 -1,114.62
FA 2.22 2.39 374.97 -544.09
SUMS 16.81 18.08 1454.54 -1454.54 1658.71 -1658.71
Σ NL + Σ SL = 0.00 Σ ED + Σ WD = 0.00
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
Compass Rule
Solution:
j.) Determining Linear Error of Closure, Bearing of the side of error, and Relative
Error of Closure

LEC = √[(CL)^2 + (CD)^2]

= √[(+16.81)^2 + (+18.08)^2 = 24.69m (Linear error of closure)

Tan β = -CD / - CL = -(+18.08) / -(+16.81)

-18,08
= ------- = + 1.075550
-16.81
β = 47°05' = (Bearing of Side of Error = S 47°05' W )
RP = LEC/D
= 24.69 / 5,000.13
= 1/ 202.52
` = say 1/200 (relative precision)
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
Adjustment of Lengths and Bearings
Given the observed and calculated data in Problem 1, Determine the adjusted
lenght and adjusted bearing of each course and tabulate values accordingly.
Solution:
a.) Determining Adjusted Length of Each Course. L' = √[(Lat')² + (Dep')²]

L' ab = √[(+491.20)² + (+45.74)²] = 494.02 m (adjusted length of course AB)

L' bc = √[(+587.67)² + (+609.15)² = 846.42 m (adjusted length of course BC)

L' cd = √[(-328.4)² + (+788.00)² = 853.70 m (adjusted length of course CD)

L' de = √[(-1,000.42)² + (215.82)² = 1,023.43 m (adjusted length of course DE)

L' ef = √[(-125.71)² + (-1,114.62)² = 1,121.69 m (adjusted length of course EF)

L' fa = √[(+374.97)² + (-544.09)² = 660.78 m ((adjusted length of course FA)

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
Adjustment of Lengths and Bearings
Solution:
B.) Determining Adjusted Bearing of each course. Tan α = Dep' / Lat'

Tan α ab = +45.74/ +491.90 = +0.09286 and α= 5°19'

(therefore, bearing of course AB is N 5°19' E)
Tan α bc = +609.15 / + 587.67 = +1.036551 and α = 46°02'
(therefore, bearing of course BC is N 46°02' E)
Tan α cd = +788.00/ -328.41 = -2.399440 and α = 67°23'
(therefore, bearing of course CD is S 67°23 E)
Tan α de = +215.82/ -1,000.42 = -0.215729 and α = 12° 10'
(therefore, bearing of course DE is S 12° 10' E)
Tan α ef = -1,114.62/ -125.71 = +8.866598 and α = 83°34'
(therefore, bearing of course EF is S 83°34' W)
Tan α fa = -544.09/ +374.97 = -1.451023 and α = 55°26'
(therefore, bearing of course FA is N 83°34' W)
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
Adjustment of Lengths and Bearings
Solution:
c.) Tabulated Solutions
COURSE ADJUSTED LENGTH (m) ADJUSTED BEARING

AB 494.02 N 05°19' E

BC 846.42 N 46°02' E

CD 853.7 S 67°23' E

DE 1,023.43 S 12°10' E

EF 1,121.69 S 83°34' W

FA 660.78 N 55°26' W
 05
LESSON 38

Transit Rule
Least Squares Method
Crandall Method
Transit Rule
The method of adjusting a traverse by the transit rule is similar to the
method of using the compass rule. The main difference is that with the
transit rule, the latitude and departure corrections depend on the length of
the latitude and departure of the course respectively instead of both
depending on the leght of the course.
Transit Rule
The transit rule may be stated as follows: The correction to be applied to the
latitude (or departure) of any course is equal to the latitude (or departure) of
the course multiplied by the ratio of the total closure in latitude (or departure) to
the arithmetical sum of all the latitudes (or deperture) of the traverse. These
corrections are given by the following equations.
Least Squares Method
The method of least squares is a mathematically exact method. It is the
best way of adjusting survey data particularly very precise
measurements. This method of adjustment is well suited for traverse and
traverse nets regarless of the relative precision of linear and angular
measurements. It is useful for the determination of the best value which is
possible to obtain from a given set of measurements, and for estimating
the relative worth of different determinations.
Crandall Method
The Crandall method of adjusting a traverse is an application of the theory
of least squares. It was introduced by Prof. C.L. Crandall and is suitable for
use when the linear measurements made are less precise than the
angukar measurements.

In this method of adjustment, the angular misclosure is first distributed

equally to the measured angles. The adjusted angles are then held fixed
and all reamining corrections applied on the linear measurements by a
weighted least squares procedure. A convenient check is provided after
the computations if the sum of the seperate corrections equals the total
error but with opposite sign.
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
I. Transit Rule

Formulas:

a. Lat = Lenght
× Cos oC
b. Dep =
Lenght × Sin
oC
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
I. Transit Rule
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
I. Transit Rule
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
I. Transit Rule
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
I. Transit Rule
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
I. Transit Rule
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
I. Transit Rule
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
II. Adjustment of Lenghts and Azimuths
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
II. Adjustment of Lenghts and Azimuths
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS

II. Adjustment of Lenghts and

Azimuths
 06 LESSON 39

Graphical Method
Rectangular Coordinates
Coordinate Method
 06 LESSON 39

Graphical Method
GRAPHICAL
METHOD
GRAPHICAL
METHOD
 RECTANGULAR METHOD
Two horizontal distances measured to a point
from a pair of mutually perpendicular axes.

Coordinate locations are given by two quantities, the X

and Y coordinates.

When the rectangular coordinates of a points are known, relative

positions are explicitly defined.

The origin of coordinates is located far enough south and west of

the traverse points to make the coordinates of all points positive.

Coordinates are commonly used in different kinds of traverse

related computations.
RECTANGULAR METHOD
 Coordinate Method
d= (X₂-X₁)² + (Y₂-Y₁)²
d = distance between any two stations whose x and y coordinates are known
X₂ = coordinate along the x-axis of a succeeding station
Y₂ = coordinate along the y-axis of a succeeding station
X₁ = coondinate along the x-axis of a preceding station
Y₁= coordinate along the y-axis of a preceding station

Cₓ= Xₖ -X c
Cₓ = error of closure along the x-axis
Xₖ = known coordinate along the x-axis of the distant terminal station
x = computed coordinate along the x-axis of the distant terminal station
 c

Coordinate Method
C = error of closure along the y-axis

Cy= Yₖ -Yc
Yₖ = known coordinate along the y-axis of the
distant terminal station
Y c= computed coordinate along the y-axis of the
distant terminal station

RP = relative precision of closure

D = total length or perimeter of the
(Cₓ)² + (C y )² traverse from the initial station to the
RP= distant terminal station
D C = error of closure along the x-axis
C = error of closure along the y-axis
Coordinate Method
Cy
y= d( )
D
Cx d = distance between any two stations whose x and y
x= d( ) coordinates are known
D x = coordinate correction along the x-axis
y = coordintaae correction along the y-axis
X¹ = adjusted X coordinate of a station
X¹=X ± x Y¹ = adjusted Y coordinaet of a station

Y¹=Y ± y
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
RECTANGULAR COORDINATES
Given in the accompanying tabulation are the adjusted latitudes and adjusted
departures of a closed traverse. Calculate the coordinates of each station along
the traverse if the coordinates of station A are X = 3,000.00m and Y = 4,000.00m.
tabulate values accordingly.
ADJUSTED LATITUDES ADJUSTED DEPARTURES
LINE
(+)N (-)S (+)E (-)W

AB 405.5 202.25

BC 218.13 175.64

CD 71.08 415.36

DE 325.67 355.62

EF 389.7 58.51

FA 488.52 739.08

SUMS 949.3 949.3 973.23 973.23

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
RECTANGULAR COORDINATES
Solution:
a.) Calculating the X- coordinates
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
RECTANGULAR COORDINATES
Solution:
b.) Calculating the Y- coordinates
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
RECTANGULAR COORDINATES
Solution:
c.) Tabulated Solution
COORDINATES
STA
X Y

A 3,000.00 4,000.00

B 3,202.25 4,405.50

C 3,026.62 4,623.63

D 3,441.97 4,552.55

E 3,797.59 4,878.22

F 3,739.08 4,488.52

A 3,000.00 4,000.00
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
RECTANGULAR COORDINATES
Solution:
D.) Plot of the Traverse
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
COORDINATE METHOD
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
COORDINATE METHOD
a.)
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
COORDINATE METHOD
a.)
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
COORDINATE METHOD
b.)
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
COORDINATE METHOD
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
COORDINATE METHOD
c.)
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
COORDINATE METHOD
c.)
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
COORDINATE METHOD
Thank
you!