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CA Lesson 3 Periodic Trends

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94 views22 pages

CA Lesson 3 Periodic Trends

Book

Uploaded by

kuran5797
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lesson 3

Periodic Trends
Focus Question

How can you use the periodic table to predict


an element's properties?
New Vocabulary

ion
ionization energy
octet rule
electronegativity
Review Vocabulary

principal energy level: the major energy level of


an atom
Atomic Radius

• Atomic size is a periodic trend influenced by


electron configuration.
Atomic Radius

• Atomic radius
generally
decreases
from left to
right within a
period.
• Atomic radius
generally
increases as
you move
down a group.
Interpret Trends in Atomic Radii

Use with Example Problem 2.


SOLVE FOR THE UNKNOWN
Problem
Which has the largest atomic radius: carbon • Determine the periods.
(C), fluorine (F), beryllium (Be), or lithium From the periodic table, all the elements are
(Li)? Answer without referring to Figure 12 found to be in period 2.
(slide 6). Explain your answer in terms of • Apply the trend of decreasing radii across a
trends in atomic radii. period.
Ordering the elements from left-to-right
Response across the period yields: Li, Be, C, and F.
ANALYZE THE PROBLEM
The first element in period 2, lithium, has the
You are given four elements. First, largest radius.
determine the groups and periods the
elements occupy. Then apply the general EVALUATE THE ANSWER
trends in atomic radii to determine which
has the largest atomic radius. The period trend in atomic radii has been
correctly applied. Checking radii values in
Figure 12 (slide 6) verifies the answer.
Ionic Radius

• An ion is an
atom or bonded
group of atoms
with a positive
or negative
charge.
• When atoms
form ions, they
become
charged, and
their radius
changes.
Ionic Radius

• When atoms lose electrons and form positively


charged ions, they become smaller, for two reasons:
• The loss of a valence electron can leave an empty
outer orbital, resulting in a smaller radius.
• Electrostatic repulsion decreases, allowing the
electrons to be pulled closer to the nucleus.
• When atoms gain electrons, they can become larger,
because the addition of an electron increases
electrostatic repulsion.
Ionic Radius
Ionic Radius
• The ionic radii of
positive ions generally
decrease from left to
right.
• The ionic radii of
negative ions generally
decrease from left to
right, beginning with
group 15 or 16.
• Both positive and
negative ions increase
in size moving down a
group.
Ionization Energy

• Ionization energy is defined as the energy


required to remove an electron from a gaseous
atom.
• The energy required to remove the first electron
is called the first ionization energy.
• Removing the second electron requires more
energy, which is called the second ionization
energy.
• Each successive ionization requires more
energy, but it is not a steady increase.
Ionization Energy
Ionization Energy

• First ionization energy


increases from left to
right across a period.
• First ionization energy
decreases down a
group because atomic
size increases, and
less energy is
required to remove
an electron farther
from the nucleus.
Ionization Energy

• The octet rule states that atoms tend to gain,


lose, or share electrons in order to acquire a full
set of eight valence electrons.
• The first-period elements and the second-period
metals are an exception to the rule. They are
stable when they have just 2 valence electrons, in
the 1s orbital.
Electronegativity

• The electronegativity of an element indicates


its relative ability to attract electrons in a
chemical bond.
• Electronegativity decreases down a group and
increases left to right across a period.
Electronegativity
Quiz

1. How is the radius of a metal atom measured?

A the distance between two adjacent atoms


in a crystal lattice
B the distance between two identical atoms
in a molecule
C one-half the distance between two CORRECT
adjacent atoms in a crystal lattice
D one-half the distance between two
identical atoms in a molecule
Quiz

2. Moving left to right within a period, atomic


radius generally ______.

A stays the same

B increases

C decreases CORRECT

D increases, then decreases


Quiz

3. Moving down within a group, atomic radius


generally ______.

A stays the same

B increases CORRECT

C decreases

D increases, then decreases


Quiz

4. Moving left to right within a period, first


ionization energy ______.

A stays the same

B increases

C decreases CORRECT

D increases, then decreases


Quiz

5. Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons in


order to acquire how many valence electrons?

A 0

B 6

C 8 CORRECT

D 18

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