Liquid Solution

Solution : -

'

mix two
Homogeneous of or more

components .

> Solute ( one or more than one )

f
Solution -

→ Solvent ( only one

)
⑨ Component having same
physical
state that solution
as
of
③
Bf there are more than one

components having same physical

state that Solh than the one
as
of ,

which is present in excess amount

( by mole ) is solvent .

Liquid Sdn : -

physical State
of solution should be

liquid .

⑨ Solution
of liquid in liquid
⑥ Solution of solid in liquid
② Solution
of gas
in
liquid

volatile and Non Volatile substance : .

#
Substance having tendency to form vapour and have

some vapour pressure .

Wider Alcohols Benzene toluene, Acetone etc

ej .
,
,

camphor
÷ ↳ enneroky liquids are volatile .
#
Substance having to
no
tendency form vapour
and have Nonvolatile
zero
vapour pressure are

KU NaCl Glucose Sucrose ( Salts and

Sugars)
eye , , ,

Urea
,
Ltg
Generally solids are Non -
Volatile

Vapour Pressure CI.PL : -

tf

ED V. P ( at Eguib )
Mf
.

↳
# Egnib Pressure developed by vapours
T TTT
ne
of volah substance .

Ace , # Acy )
P = V. P
.
at Epuib .

Kp =P

log
÷p )=IrH ,
- ⇐

bicep ) ,

when Pz P are V. P at Tz ,T,

"
.

OH =
Enthalpy of vaporization

factors : -

① Tempe ) : .

I v.
pg
 ② Intermolecular force CE ) : .

Fa v.
pl
X

H2o K CHGOH CUP )

③
Molecular mass m) : .

mi UH ,

EI CIBOH ) GHSOH CUP)

ft H2O & Colts Cup )

he

at
Epuib he =9c IT
A A here
, tip
FCT ) FCP ) 9C

→
time
he accent T T at cont T
liq

#
p, Pz B
¥711 E TH

P, = Pz =
B
 V. P
. is independent of Shape and Size
of vessel .

Raoult in Law : .

's
# Valid for ideal Sol

volatile som
# V. P .

of component in is
directly
fraction
proportional to Thole of that component
in Sdn

⑨ Solution
of liquid liquid in : -

Pure
Vapour
V. p Xlignid press Yvapows .
A t B → Vap

A
Pf XA PA Ya
(solute ) TT TT
o
At B
B PB XB PB XB
Colvert)
I
Partial Dress .

Acc to Raoult in Law

PA d XA PA = Pf Xa

PB =
PIX .

Partial Dress
Using Dalton 's Law
of .

tf = PA t
PB
#

Pt = PEX at POBXB

# YA x Pt =
PA
ya =
POAXA Xp = I -

Ya
;

Poa XA t PG Xp
 Pa = POAXA

p°
A
A p°
A

p pg .
Pa
AT Ppp
PB

° ' $
→
o
XA →

xp
I XB O

Pt =
PL Xa tpggxp
PE > Prsoctiven )
A- = Pbt ( PS ppg ) xp
-

Note :

at Eguib he =
Gc

Ged Xa he =KeXn .
-

had Pa tic -
Kc Pa -
no

at
Epnrb Kc Pa = Ke XA

Pa -
-

(E) Xa
Df XA =L
Pa =P 'd

⇐ P£
Pa =
Pf XA
 ②
Solution solid light d
of
in : -

B rap
Pure
Vapour
con Xnss.
#
A -
XA -

(Non volatile
solid )
TTT
o A t B
B PB XB PB
(Solvent

V. P
of Pure Pg
Pf
. =

solvent OP = Decrease in v. P -

-
-

PB

V. P
of
Sdn =
PB --
op =
Pg -

Pfs XB =
PIC -

xp )

op =
Pf Xp =

Lowering in v. P .

④÷ ) =
Xp =
P°B-PB_
Pf
= Relative lowering in v. P

# RLVP
I ⇐ Xa
)
Note ①
for dilute Sol 's
very
Solvents > Solute

NB X NA ha this =
NB

xn
TIENE
-

op = hot
peg NB
②
PEPSI PBpg-PI.ae
⇐
-

II =

IT .

P5pjPB= Chaz )
⑦ hole fraction solute
Xp =

of
ht =/
Sf
=×Ahp=Xa
molality
C -

Xa x M

@ Xa)
-

NB =

( 000

molality
LOOOXAC
=

)
-

XA m

where molar solvent

M mass
of
=
Ostwald Walker method
B solvent
}
-

PB=0
-

A -
-
solute
→
Poo pB=PB B→=Pf

↳ Wsolvent
Solution -_ wt Hoss in W = WE
gain in
=wt Hoss solution Solvent Calla
of ,

=
Wsopntw solvent

(PB - o
) L W
solution
-
①

Cpg
}
-

PB ) d w
solvent - ④
Em ④I
Cpg -
o
) L W -
④

(Pbp-gPB ) =

wsdventwsolventt Wsop
Van’t hoff factor :-& ) this is used to calculate

effective Solute solution which

of particles affect
No in ,

some properties of
Sol ?

=
EPI
⇐ hi
⇐
¥)

Where N salute
=
No
of particle
M = Molar mass

c. p .
= Colligate've properties

Dissociation
of solute "

i > ,

Att
"

(
Ax # B-
By x t
y Nf > Ni
p
Mfs Mi

C- a ) 2cL Yd
EPH > Emi

i. C d) -
too tyg
I

⑨ Mace i -

2
⇐
-

i =3
③ Cause

② Co Hh Of i =
I

⑧ CHSCOOH €-0.2 )
Cltzcoo t Itt
-

CHS COOH

I
i Cta ) -

I -2

(1-2) L L
-
-
-
Association solute
of
"

is ,
n A ⇐ An

:&:!:c
Nfl Mi
p

a- a ÷
.si
i -_

C- a
ten )

Cltgcoolt in Benzene has 2=02

⇐ .

2 CHS COOH ⇐ COOH )z

l
l -
L 42

i I
LTE I
I OI
-
= -

=
=

d A
+ I

⑦④
 po - o
-

058 We
=
-

Thsolvent
tnsohrte
°j- Msolventmsolute
"

Nnsoevent
✓
Tmsdvent
⇐ ¥×O -3=5.7

=mTaii⇐ )
9×10=90
Msolnte --

if
 PS
1-
Ybx Pt X ①
= -

B
-

* x
Pf =P't Xt -

x
✓
Fai '÷×¥=i
=L
Xb 2

Pon xtz PI
I =
.
+
XI
Pao t
PS = 2 -

①
O -

I
PS
p =
Phx to t to
-84¥
PI t 3 Pfs = 4.8 -

zpgg = 2.8

{
pg =L U .

if Poa =
Of
 Colligate 've Properties
:#
Properties solution which depend solute
of and of
on No

particles independent solute taken

of
one

called as
colligate properties .

No
of solute Particle
T Colligate Property
Type colligate Rropesties
of 've : .

① Relative lowering in V. P .

② Elevation in B. P .
Lots )
③ Depression in F P -
( Otr )

④ Osmotic Bussum Ct )

Relative lowering in v. P .
: .

PB PB
opto !nA#
-

=
= Xa =

PoB that 2B

Elevation in B. P . @ Tb ) : .

=# Temp at which V. P
.

of liquid become equal to

external
pressure ( or I atm ) is called as BP .

v.
Af ,
B.PT
EI CHZOH ¢ CZHSOH CBP ) .

H2o ) Colts BCP )

 when we add a non volatile solute into
volatile solvent then decrease in v. P .
take place ,

due to the BP .
increases .
this increase in BP .

is called elevation in BP @ Tb )
.

( atm =
. -
- - - - - - - - - •
-

'

FI ITI
→

85

Cb Tb )
'

Otb =
-

= Elevation in BP .

"

Tb = BP
of Solution

pure solvent
Ty = BP
of

OTB 4 No solute Particle L M

of
Otb L m
where
OTB kb.tn molal elevation
=
Kb = cont

or
molal ebullioscopic Cont

tha
molality
=
m =

WB
#
when solute is
dissociating / associating
male Solute i na
No
of of
=

'

m =
inn =
i - M

WB leg )

Otb =
i Kb m
Note :

f 'T
-

① No solute particle otb Tb

of
② Kb = R Tbh

ftp.vap)
1000

where R = Gas cont

Tb B. P Solvent
= .

J
ottvap =
Enthalpy of vaporization of Solvent

M Molar Solvent
=
mass
of

# Kb depend only on solvent nature not salute .

Write
e done the
following som in
decreasing
order of B. P .

② o -
l M Nau D 0.1M Go HIZOG

⑤ 0.2M Nay § o -
IM Caya
H H

o-U@ oomf

② GHI 206
Or IM to -2M Mace
& 02M Cacez
H
,
I *

o y,
O Um
-

O.5M①
 Depression in F. p Gtf ) : .

# Temp at which liquid and Solid one at

Epuib@V.P of liquid and Solid become

equal )
off
'

=
Tf -

Tf =
Depression in PF

Bl ① where
c
⑤ F. P Solvent
Tf =

g
°
'

Tf = Erp
of Solution

A off
→ off 2 No
of
solute Particle
⑥
'
L m
Tf Tf

off =
Uf m

where
up = Molal depression cont

or
Cnyoscopic cont

when dissociation / association of Salute is taking Place

off =
i
Uf . hs

Hotel
① No
og
solute
partial oTfT Tf 'd ,

② Rtf
Kf =

1000

fumsion )
x

where Tf FP Solvent
of of
=

# fusion
Enthalpy fusion of
°
Solvent
of
=

M Molar
of
=
mass solvent
 P = 254 -

1192A

}
P =P 'S 254
9J Xp =
=o
,

P pop 135
Y xp
=
=L
-
-

"
P =P: t
@of -

BE )Xa
A I AM t 2B
-

,Ba
1 I -
L L 22

i =
(1+22) = 2.6

i Kb 2.6×0-5×1
Otb = . hs =

✓ Tb
'
-
look =
1.3
'

Tb 01.3°C = 374-3 K
-

OTB i Kb th

3×0.52×(344,1134-4)
.
=

✓ = O
-
-

156

0-52=1 X O -
52 x m

g H2O
m =L
= 1000 pm
molal
=

Solute = I mole Xvneae

18
to -018

it
 Depression in F. p Gtf ) : .

# Temp at which liquid and Solid one at

Epuib@V.P of liquid and Solid become

equal )
off
'

=
Tf -

Tf =
Depression in PF

Bl ① where
c
⑤ F. P Solvent
Tf =

g
°
'

Tf = Erp
of Solution

A off
→ off 2 No
of
solute Particle
⑥
'
L m
Tf Tf

off =
Uf m

where
up = Molal depression cont

or
Cnyoscopic cont

when dissociation / association of Salute is taking Place

off =
i
Uf . hs

Hotel
① No
og
solute
partial oTfT Tf 'd ,

② Rtf
Kf =

1000

fumsion )
x

where Tf FP Solvent
of of
=

# fusion
Enthalpy fusion of
°
Solvent
of
=

M Molar
of
=
mass solvent
Osmotic Pressure Ct ) : .

SPM ① 5PM
(
IT
allow transfer of
- -
-
I - - -

y
. . . - - . . . .

Only solvent particles

through it because
; of
solution ; Solvent small pore size
.

{
i

Po C po
B
p

② Osmosis : When
pure solvent is rseparated from
.

Sam through SPM than transfer

of
solvent take
place from solvent to
particles pure
solution ,
this is called osmosis .

③ Osmotic Pressure 3

Min
pressure required on Solh side to
stop
osmosis is called osmotic
pressure .

④ Reverse osmosis : -

do ) : .

When more then osmotic Pressure is

pressure
applied on som side than transfer solvent
ofdirection
take this
particle place in reverse ,

is called reverse osmosis .

ITB)
CTA
-

SP '
#
- - -
y
- - - -
f) -

f
- n - - - - - . A
po

.no ⑤
"
som

y B
I
>
u x x

PA depend
CA > Cp pi@ →
on

depend ITB
Pa C PB ⇐ on
ITA

when two sols than

are
separated using Spm
solvent place from Sorn
transfer of particle take of
lower conch to both
of higher conc?

To prevent this transfer a

pressure equal to

of both should
diff .
in osmotic
pressure sons
 of higher
the son
be
applied on Conon
.

②
If ITA > ttb

A Solh
=
Hypertonic
B Som
=
Hypotonic
⑥ Sf ITA =
ITB
A 4 B om isotonic

tI when
÷
IT =
Pgh
÷
.
h
som
e -

Density of
'T
.
..

a
.

h height of liquid in
i ← =
i #

Ttsolvent
Solution tube

Law Osmosis
#
of
i .

IT L C -
①
Where
IT L T -

④
solute
From Epm ① & ④
C-
Molarity of
R = Cont for som
H L C. T (similar to
gas cont
)
T
IT =
C RT =

Temp of Salm

If Solute is dissociating ( associating

i C RT
IT =

Rob "
Calculate osmotic pressure at som
of Im
O -

←
of CHZCOOH at 300k
, if pH of Solh is 3 .

R= 0.08 lit
(
atm
given
)
-

Emea
Sol ?
City COOH I
Cltgcoo t Itt
-

=
o l
-
M

O - l (I -
L ) O -
IL O -
12=10-3
2=0-01

i =
Cta ) = I 01
-

IT =
I -
ol x 0.1 x O -
08×300 = 2424 atm

Robi calculate Osmotic Dress

of
Soth formed
-

by mixing loony ,
Gt -

wtlvoen of GHKOG ,

200 ml ,
5.851 .

wtlvoym of NaCl at 300k

(R= o -
08 atm -
lit (K - hole
)

⇐ =
Yoo xfojoxgo-xitkooxf.co#j-sx2
→o l lot

0-3

=
T.sc To +
YI? ] ,
= #
30×03
= I
9

3466
gI×
IT =
0.08×300 =

✓✓ It =
(tic , tizcz ) RT
Ideal and Non -

Ideal Solh : .

① Ideal solution : .

# Interaction forces
A- A = B -

B E A -

V, V2 ⑨ V =L , + Vz

•
Unix = O

v
⑥ OH mix = O

② follow Raoult 's Law

Pa = Pf Xa

PB =
PS XB
Pt =
Pf Xa t Pfs XB
 | 1/{7%1} ?
m
23 = Kf ×

I -3 =
Kf =
Y (MA t 4 MB )

Off = i Uf - th

3.72 = i × I .
86 x I

③
③
✓ ②
①
-

Heck k€It€

)
④ ③

ornament
off III
x no
.
✓
×
it
Tf
'

× v. p
 i. :

① Ideal solution : .

e) nteraction Force

# FCA -

A) =
FCB -
B) =
FCA -

B)

⑨ ✓ = V, the
V, V2 OV
mix =O

③ OH mix = O

V ⑥
follow Raoult 's Law

PA =
Pf XA

PB =
Pfs XB

Pp = PE Xp t Pf XD

diluted Soth ideal

Highly
are
d

solution .

② Component of similar nature

which have close molecular

final som wt form ideal sun

⑤ temp of ,

is same as

heptane
solution
-

initial

④ 05mi :X # ve
no
④ osseous =

-=o
⑥ OG mix =

otfmix -

T osmix
-

0 Gm ;× =
-

ve irreversible
② Non Ideal Sol ? .

① deviation from Raoult 's

Solution showing the Law : .

F- CA -
A ) F F @ -

B) 7 FCA -

B )
⑨ V 2 @Itv2)
OV
Pf
= tve
mix
-

.
.
-
-

- r
-
-
-

PT
- -

⑤ OH mix tve -
= -
-
-
←
-

② PA Pf Xa r
-

-
-

PB ) Pfs XB o l

XA →
A > ( Pon Xa t PTZXB )

⑥ when components of diff .

nature are mixed

which do not have strong interaction @ Mxn )

then nor will show tire deviation .

② OS mix = tve
# {
,

⑦ 0Gmi×=oHmi× - -
-

T . 05mi ×
b
e
+ ve -
ve

=
-
ve

⑥ osswm =
=
-
ve

② final temp of Solution is less than initial

④ Solution deviation
showing
-

ve from Raoult 's Law : -

FAC -

A ) F F @ -

B) ( FLA -

B )

② V L Itv2)
PT r

oVmi×
-

ve
-
= -
-
.

⑧
-

OH mix
-

PA
-

re
pp
= -
-
-
-

-
.
.

②
Pa L PL XA PB

PBL Pb XB O

Xa
'

PT ( (PS Xa t POBXB )

⑨ When components diff nature of are mixed which

have interaction than not

"

strong ,
will show -
ve

deviation

② osnnix = tire

⑧ oGm ; =
OH mix -
T OS mix
.

-
pyridine
, -
-

- ve
-
ve

= -

ve

④ assure It
-

=
= tue

② temp of final Solh is more than initial .

 Distillation:-
* YA ,
> Xp , ✓

#
XA , ✓
At B
Xp
*

×
-

"
> > Xp
At B
×B3
→ , ,
Vap YA As
Ypg
YAYA
,
,
. # YA ,
> YB /
,

T TTT TT # method for Depardieu of

At B A t B At B
Residue > more volatile liomponent
XA , XD , XAZXBZ ×A3 ×Bz from a mix
of
given Pf > Pb Condensate Volatile components
mum
or
distillate
Ist
m
Pt ,
=PfXA ,
+ PBOXB ,

YA PFAXA
Ts
,
ha
=
, " - I -

,
,
A,

Indu XAz= YA , ,
XBz= YB ,
ptz-poaxn.at PBX Bc

Yaz =
PIX Az ;
XBEI Yaz -

Az

Isothermal Curve Curve

mhm
liquid Isobaric

mm
I PA
BP.cm# curve
,
t
-

I TD
p
I #e .
i
,
Vap
Vap Tp
- - - - - -

PT poB
Tf
"

g TA
YA , Taz Ya , Yaz h
't
• •

O
OXA , XAL XA , XAZ XA M
XAz I
,
XA →
Yaar
 Pt
④ v.P
Bubbled ,
t
pf

Pexe
Pe*@
is Vap µ
pops
-

④ Dew Pt
④
*0

XA
T
\
a
I
° -

XA →
composition of Vapour
at bubble Pt
Bubble Point
Composition of big at Dew Pt Pt : at which

formation of Ist vapour

BP Curve bubble take place is

.

Called bubble Pt
④
.

=
[
DW !!p Denton .

Point at which

*
'

¥÷.ru#:.s:n:::m-m .

Bubble T
PE
liq
o
'
② O
XA XA I
XA

]
 Pt
④ v.P
Bubbled ,
t
pf

Pexe
Pa
is Vap µ
pops
-

④ Dew Pt
④
*0

Xp
T
\
a
I
° -

XA →
composition of Vapour
at bubble Pt
Bubble Point
Composition of dig at Dew Pt Pt : at which

formation of Ist vapour

BP Curve bubble take place is

.

Called bubble Pt
④
.

= EDWY!p Denton .

Point at which

F÷:* .in :: :* .
'

* . .

Bubble T
PE
liq
o
'
② O
XA XA I
XA

]
 Azeotropic mix:-
¥1 Mix which n how large deviation from ideal behaviour
'

form azeotnophe .
.

① Minimum Boiling Azeotropic:- constant

Boiling azeotrope hehe

I
Maximum Boiling
Azeotropic:-

q
Solution of gas in liquid:-
# Solubility of gas
in liquid is written in terms of
X ,
m
,
M - - -
etc

Acy ,
t at ⇐ Aap : OH = -
ve

① Effect of temperature:-
Tf c- Solubility f ,

=L Lez key
=
LI
k, P

¥ .
I

Aq ,
t
at ⇐ A@
g)
② Effect of pressure:-
pf → Solubility IT

Law at low Pressure

#
Henry 's : .

kit X
p x x P =
.

* I
A- Cont KH f X
¥1 / mole fraction

' of Gas in

p -
-
cont
Tf XI ,
KH
liquid
problem

P=UHXµz =
heh ×
MHz 0.987=76-48×103
N
H2O
x2
I
000MHz
0.721mmol =
10

problem

⇐m=E×%i÷÷÷fxn÷
Ruth'D
.

'
③ Nature
of Gas :
-

# interaction force
9J of
gases are more than

it will be more soluble

MHz ) NL

# liguifaction I Solubility 4
To Critical temp)
µ Solubility
#

'Ii ix.

f
'
a

0.5 XV = 5×0-0821 x T

0.3710=5×0.0821×1-16
lit

¥8-15=0 n XA
-

Xp =0 'S
-
#

I
:¥* a¥÷¥¥
f)
.
.

0.5 XV = 5×0-0821 x T

0.3710=5×0.0821×1-16
lit

¥8-15=0 n XA
-

Xp =0 'S
-

All
big Pext > V. P

① Ya =
XA =

} XB =

31g
④=P'd XA t POBXB =

④ ④ x Pt = FAXA
 0.51=0-4 x XA t 0-6×4 -

XA)

= o .
G - O -

ZXA
O -
Z XA I 0.09

XA =
0-45
-

A B

④ Vap = 2.5 mob ② →c) mon @ Stx)

liq = 2.5 mob x ⇐S - x) moh

man

C)A= -4×6.3-7 a -

c) A -

-
o a -

) -

Solve