Understanding

Matter: The
Building Blocks
of Our World
Everything around us is made of matter. Matter is the fundamental
substance that makes up our physical world. In this presentation, we'll
explore what matter is, its smallest components, and the different
states it can exist in.

by Rajeevv Kalra
What is Matter?
Definition
Matter is anything that occupies space and has weight.

Composition
It is made up of molecules, which are further made of atoms.

Smallest Particle
The smallest particle of matter is an atom.
The Incredible Scale of Atoms

Atomic Size Molecular Composition Object Composition

Atoms are so small that more than a Molecules are made of atoms. A solid object is made up of billions
million would fit in a full stop. and billions of molecules.
Observing Matter in Our
Surroundings
1 Space Occupation
We can understand matter by observing how things occupy
space.

2 Weight
Matter has weight, which is another observable property.

3 Shape and Volume

Things have shape and volume, demonstrating the presence of
matter.
Understanding Volume
Definition Small Objects Large Objects

Volume is the amount of space that A small object occupies less space A large object occupies more space
a thing occupies. and has a smaller volume. and has a larger volume.
The Nature of Matter
Diversity
Matter can exist in different shapes and volumes.

Variability
Not all matter has a definite shape or size.

States
Matter can exist in three states: solid, liquid, and gas.
States of Matter
State Shape Volume

Solid Definite Definite

Liquid Variable Definite

Gas Variable Variable

Characteristics of Solids

Examples of Solids Molecular Arrangement

Examples of solids include book, wood, chalk, pencil, eraser, In a solid, the molecules are tightly packed with very little
etc. space between them, making solids hard and non-flowing.
Properties of Solids
1 Shape
Solids have a definite shape.

2 Volume
Solids have a definite volume.

3 Rigidity
Solids are generally rigid due to their molecular structure.
The Importance of
Understanding Matter
Foundational Knowledge
Understanding matter is crucial for grasping basic scientific
concepts.

Everyday Applications
Knowledge of matter helps us understand the world around us
better.

Scientific Progress
Studying matter leads to advancements in various fields of
science and technology.
Matter in Our Daily Lives

Food Clothing Air Water

The food we eat is made of Our clothes are solid matter The air we breathe is Water, essential for life, is
matter in various states. that protect us. matter in a gaseous state. matter in a liquid state.
The Building Blocks of
Matter
1 Atoms
The smallest particle of matter.

2 Molecules
Combinations of atoms forming specific substances.

3 Objects
Made up of billions of molecules.
Exploring Matter Through Observation
Visual Observation Tactile Observation Experimental Observation

We can see how objects take up We can feel the weight and texture Through simple experiments, we can
space and have different shapes. of objects, indicating their material observe how matter behaves in
properties. different states.
The Diversity of Matter

Material Diversity Natural Diversity

Matter exists in a wide variety of materials with different In nature, we can observe matter in all its diverse forms and
properties. states.
Conclusion: The Wonders of Matter
Ubiquity Complexity Continuous Learning
Everything around us is made of From the tiniest atom to the Understanding matter is an
matter. largest object, matter exists in ongoing journey of discovery in
fascinating complexity. science.
States of Matter:
Solids, Liquids,
and Gases
This part explores the unique properties and characteristics of the
three main states of matter: solids, liquids, and gases. We'll examine
their molecular arrangements, shapes, volumes, and other distinctive
features, as well as provide examples of each state.

by Rajeevv Kalra
Liquids: Shape and Volume
Definite Volume No Definite Shape Adaptability
Liquids have a definite volume, Liquids do not have a definite This unique property allows
meaning they occupy a specific shape; they take the shape of the liquids to flow and conform to
amount of space. container they are in. various container shapes.
Molecular Arrangement in
Liquids

Loosely Packed
In a liquid, the molecules are loosely packed with space between them.

Ability to Flow
This arrangement allows them to flow and change shape.

Flexibility
The space between molecules gives liquids their characteristic flexibility.
Containment of Liquids
1 Easy Containment 2 Adaptability 3 Practical Applications
Liquids can be easily contained This property allows liquids to The ease of containment
because they can flow and do be stored in various container makes liquids versatile for
not have a fixed shape. shapes and sizes. storage and transportation.
Examples of Liquids

Water Milk Oil Petrol and Diesel

The most common and A nutrient-rich liquid food. A common cooking Essential liquid fuels for
essential liquid on Earth. ingredient and lubricant. transportation.
Understanding Mass
Definition
Mass is the amount of matter present in a body.

Measurement
It is measured by its weight, which is the result of the force of
gravity on the object.

Importance
Mass is a fundamental property of matter, regardless of its state.
Characteristics of Gases
No Definite Shape No Definite Volume Flow

Gases have no fixed shape and can Gases do not occupy a fixed volume Gases can easily flow in any
easily spread out. and can expand or contract. direction, filling available space.
Storage of Gases
1 Containers
Gases are stored in containers, such as cylinders.

2 Examples
LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) and CNG (Compressed
Natural Gas) are common stored gases.

3 Compression
Many gases are compressed for efficient storage and
transportation.
Examples of Gases

Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon Dioxide LPG and CNG

Essential for respiration. The most abundant gas in Important for plant Common fuel gases.
Earth's atmosphere. photosynthesis.
Molecular Arrangement
in Gases
Widely Spaced
In a gas, the molecules are far apart with plenty of space.

Free Movement
This arrangement allows gas molecules to move freely.

Rapid Motion
Gas molecules move rapidly in all directions.
Compressibility of Gases

Space Between Molecules Pushing Molecules Closer Reduced Volume

Gases can be easily compressed Compression allows the molecules to This results in a significant reduction in
because there is a lot of space between be pushed closer together. the volume occupied by the gas.
the molecules.
Common Properties of
Matter States
Property Solids Liquids Gases

Takes up Yes Yes Yes

space

Has mass Yes Yes Yes

Fixed Shape in States of
Matter
1 Solids
Only solids have a fixed shape.

2 Liquids
Liquids have a fixed volume but no fixed shape; they take the
shape of their container.

3 Gases
Gases do not have a fixed shape or a fixed volume; they spread
out to fill any available space.
Volume in States of Matter
Solids Liquids Gases

Solids have a fixed volume and Liquids have a fixed volume but no Gases have neither a fixed volume
shape. fixed shape. nor a fixed shape.
Historical Perspective:
Democritus and Atoms
1 Democritus
A philosopher who lived from around 460 BC to 370 BC.

2 Proposal
First proposed that matter is made up of small particles.

3 Naming
Called these particles "atoms."
States of Matter:
From Solids to
Plasma
This part explores the fascinating world of matter and its various
states. We'll examine the characteristics of solids, liquids, gases, and
plasma, as well as the processes that allow matter to change from
one state to another. Join us on this journey through the fundamental
building blocks of our universe.

by Rajeevv Kalra
Introduction to Plasma
Definition
Plasma is the fourth state of matter, along with solid, liquid, and gas. It is formed when a
gas is heated and some of its particles become electrically charged.

Unique Properties
Plasma has more energy than the other three states of matter (solid, liquid, and gas) and
is made up of electrically charged particles.

Formation
When a gas is heated, some of its particles become electrically charged, forming plasma.

Energy Level
Plasma is considered the most energetic state of matter because it contains charged
particles with higher energy than those in solids, liquids, or gases.
Examples of Plasma in
Everyday Life
1 Fluorescent Light Bulbs
Plasma is found in fluorescent light bulbs, providing efficient
illumination through ionized gas.

2 Plasma Televisions
Plasma TVs use small cells of ionized gas to create vibrant
images on the screen.

3 Stars
Our Sun and other stars are massive balls of plasma, generating
light and heat through nuclear fusion.
Interchangeability of Matter
States
1 Solid to Liquid
When a solid changes to a liquid upon heating, it is called melting. For
example, ice cubes change to water and butter changes to oil when heated.

2 Liquid to Gas
When a liquid changes to a gas upon heating, it is called evaporation. For
example, water changes to water vapor (steam) when heated.

3 Gas to Liquid
When gas changes to a liquid upon cooling, it is called condensation. For
example, water vapor in the air turns into water droplets when it comes into
contact with a cool surface.
More State Changes
1 Liquid to Solid
When a liquid changes to a solid upon cooling, it is called
freezing. For example, water in an ice tray becomes ice cubes
when frozen.

2 Solid to Gas
When a solid changes to a gas without becoming a liquid, it is
called sublimation. For example, naphthalene balls reduce in
size or disappear when kept between clothes.

3 Interchangeability
Yes, some matter can interchange their states on heating or
cooling.
Melting in Everyday Life

Ice Cubes
An example of melting is when ice cubes left outside the refrigerator change to water.

Butter
Butter softens and melts when left at room temperature or heated.

Chocolate
Chocolate bars melt when exposed to heat or held in warm hands.
Evaporation in Everyday Life

Boiling Water
An example of evaporation is when water is heated for some time and changes to
steam.

Drying Clothes
Wet clothes dry as water evaporates from the fabric.

Puddles
Water puddles on the ground disappear as the water evaporates in the sun.
Condensation in Everyday Life

Cold Drinks Bathroom Mirror Windows

An example of condensation is when A bathroom mirror fogs up after a hot Windows become foggy on cold days
water vapor in the air forms droplets shower due to condensation. as warm indoor air condenses on the
on a cold glass surface. cool glass.
Freezing in Everyday Life

Ice Cubes
An example of freezing is when water in an ice tray becomes ice cubes in the freezer.

Popsicles
Liquid popsicle mixture freezes into solid treats in the freezer.

Frost
Water vapor in the air freezes on cold surfaces, forming frost patterns.
Molecular Arrangements in Different States
Solids Liquids Gases

Molecules in solids are tightly Molecules in liquids are close Molecules in gases are far apart and
packed and have a fixed together but can move around each move freely, causing gases to
arrangement, resulting in a definite other, allowing liquids to flow and expand to fill their container.
shape and volume. take the shape of their container.
Effects of Temperature
and Pressure on States
of Matter
State Change Temperature Pressure Effect
Effect

Melting Increase Decrease

Freezing Decrease Increase

Evaporation Increase Decrease

Condensation Decrease Increase

Sublimation: Solid to Gas
Solid State
The process begins with a solid, such as dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) or
naphthalene balls.

Energy Absorption
The solid absorbs energy from its surroundings, causing its molecules to
vibrate more intensely.

Direct Transition to Gas

Instead of melting into a liquid, the molecules break free from the solid
structure and become a gas.

Gaseous State
The substance is now in a gaseous state, skipping the liquid phase entirely.
Deposition: Gas to Solid
Gaseous State
The process starts with a substance in its gaseous form, such as water vapor
in the air.

Rapid Cooling
The gas comes into contact with a very cold surface or experiences a sudden
drop in temperature.

Direct Transition to Solid

The gas molecules lose energy quickly and bond together, forming a solid
without passing through the liquid state.

Solid Formation
The result is a solid, such as frost on a window or snow in the atmosphere.
Plasma: The Fourth State of Matter
Formation Properties Examples

Plasma is formed when a gas is Plasma has more energy than the Plasma is found in fluorescent light
heated and some of its particles other three states of matter and is bulbs, plasma televisions, and in
become electrically charged. made up of electrically charged stars, including the Sun.
particles.
Conclusion: The Dynamic
Nature of Matter
1 Interchangeability
Matter can interchange between solid, liquid, gas, and plasma states
depending on temperature and pressure conditions.

2 Energy and Structure

Each state of matter represents a different level of energy and molecular
arrangement, from tightly bound solids to high-energy plasma.

3 Everyday Relevance
Understanding the states of matter and their transitions helps explain
numerous phenomena in our daily lives and in the universe at large.
States of Matter
and Solutions
Explore the fascinating world of matter and solutions.

Discover how substances change and interact.

by Rajeevv Kalra
What is Matter?
Definition Composition States
Anything that occupies space and Made up of molecules and atoms Exists in solid, liquid, or gas form
has weight
Molecules and Atoms
Molecules Atoms

Small particles that make up matter Smallest particle of matter

Consist of two or more atoms Building blocks of all substances

Solids: Tightly Packed
Molecules

Fixed Shape
Maintain their form

Incompressible
Difficult to compress

Vibrating Molecules
Molecules vibrate in fixed positions
Liquids: Fluid Molecules

No Fixed Shape Flow Freely Incompressible

Take shape of container Molecules move past each other Maintain constant volume
Gases: Easily
Compressed
1 Expand Indefinitely
Fill entire container

2 Highly Compressible
Can be easily squeezed

3 Fast-Moving Molecules
Molecules move rapidly in all directions
Changes of State:
Evaporation
1 Liquid State
Molecules close together

2 Heat Addition
Molecules gain energy

3 Gas State
Molecules spread apart
Changes of State: Condensation
Gas State 1
Molecules spread apart

2 Heat Removal
Molecules lose energy

Liquid State 3
Molecules come closer together
Introduction to Solutions
Definition Components Examples
Homogeneous mixture of two or Solute dissolves in solvent Sugar water, salt water, lemonade
more substances
Solutes and Solvents
Solute Solvent

Substance that dissolves Substance that does the dissolving

Examples: sugar, salt, lemon juice Examples: water, milk, alcohol

Types of Solutions
Solid in Liquid Salt in water

Liquid in Liquid Lemon juice in water

Gas in Liquid Oxygen in water

Water: The Universal
Solvent
1 Polar Molecule
Attracts many substances

2 Dissolves Many Solutes

Solids, liquids, and gases

3 Crucial for Life

Facilitates biological processes
Dissolved Oxygen in Water
Oxygen Enters Water
From air or aquatic plants

Dissolved in Water
Oxygen molecules spread throughout

Utilized by Aquatic Life

Fish absorb oxygen through gills
Solutions in Everyday Life

Coffee Soda Cleaning Products

Solutes from coffee beans dissolved Sugar and carbon dioxide dissolved in Multiple chemicals dissolved in water
in water water
The Importance of Solutions

Environment
Crucial for ecosystems and climate

Science
Essential in chemical reactions and research

Industry
Used in manufacturing and production

Health
Vital for medicine and nutrition
States of Matter
and Solutions
Explore the fundamental properties of matter and solutions.

by Rajeevv Kalra
Three States of Matter

Solid
Fixed shape and volume

Liquid
Fixed volume, no fixed shape

Gas
No fixed shape or volume
Changes in States of Matter
Freezing 1
Liquid to solid

2 Melting
Solid to liquid

Evaporation 3
Liquid to gas

4 Condensation
Gas to liquid

Sublimation 5
Solid directly to gas
Properties of Matter
1 Occupies Space
All matter takes up space

2 Has Weight
All matter has mass and weight

3 Molecular Structure
Composed of tiny particles called molecules
Solutions
Solute Solvent Solution

Substance that dissolves Substance that dissolves the solute Mixture of solute and solvent
Examples of Solutions

Lemonade Sea Water Coffee

Sugar and lemon juice in water Salt dissolved in water Coffee grounds dissolved in hot water
Solubility
Temperature
Higher temperature increases solubility

Stirring
Agitation helps substances dissolve faster

Surface Area
Smaller particles dissolve more quickly
Air as a Mixture
Nitrogen 78%

Oxygen 21%

Other Gases 1%
Preparing Common Salt
1 Collection
Gather sea water

2 Evaporation
Allow water to evaporate

3 Crystallization
Salt crystals form

4 Harvesting
Collect and process salt
Preparing Potable Water
Filtration
Remove impurities through filters

Reverse Osmosis
Force water through semipermeable membrane

Disinfection
Kill harmful microorganisms

Quality Check
Ensure water meets safety standards
Water Pipelines in Winter

Freezing Expansion Pressure Bursting

Water turns to ice Ice occupies more volume Increased pressure on Pipes crack or burst
pipes
Dissolving Sugar in Water
Cold Water Hot Water

Slow dissolution due to low molecular movement Fast dissolution due to high molecular movement
Volume of Sugar Solution
1 No Change
Volume remains the same when sugar dissolves

2 Molecular Spaces
Sugar molecules fit between water molecules

3 Density Increase
Solution becomes denser, not larger
Value of Water Purification
Health Sustainability Equality
Clean water prevents waterborne Efficient use of limited water Access to clean water for all
diseases resources
Self-Improvement Analogy

Remove Impurities Add Value Benefit Society

Eliminate negative qualities Develop positive traits Contribute positively to community