WallBoundedShearFlows:Loglaw Wall Bounded Shear Flows: Log law velocityprofile

FlowControlLab,KAIST
AbuSeena Phd Student

Outline:
1) Loglawvelocityprofilesinsmoothwallturbulent ) g yp channelflows. 2) Laglawforturbulentflowsintransitionalroughpipe. 3) Reynoldsstressmodel(Sreenivasan 2005).

Introduction

Channel

2 u

Tw

TurbulentFlow Turbulent Flow

Osborne Reynolds : Turbulent Motion can be analyzed by regarding superimposed random fluctuations (u) on mean flow (u).

U = u ( x, y ) + u ' ( x, y , t ) V = v ( x, y ) + v ' ( x, y , t ) W = w ( x, y ) + w' ( x, y, t ) P = p ( x , y ) + p ' ( x, y , t ) Te = T ( x, y ) + T ' ( x, y, t ) Such that mean of fluctuations, u ' = v' = w' = p ' = T ' = 0 but u ' v' 0

MeanTurbulentflowinaChannel Mean Turbulent flow in a Channel

' Reynolds St R ld Stresses appears, Re

u '2 u ' v' u ' w' 2 = u ' v' v' v' w' 2 u ' w' v' w' w'
Viscous Shear stress

Fully developed h F ll d l d channel fl : l flow Mean momentum equation dp u u ' v' = dx y y Boundary Conditions : Wall : Axis : y = 0, u = v = 0, u ' v' = 0 u ' v' = 0
Reynolds Stress (unknown)

u y, =0, y

LiteratureReview Literature Review

Kolmogorov (1991) (1991) "It became clear for me that it is unrealistic to hope for the creation of a pure self-contained theory [of turbulent flows of fluids and gases]... Due to the absence of such a theory gases] we have to rely upon hypothesis obtained by processing experimental data... I did not carry out experiment work myself, but i spent a lot of energy on calculations and y f, p f gy graphical processing of data obtained by other researchers.
Closure Problem (not yet satisfactory): Hypothesis are 1) Boussinesq eddy viscosity model 2) Prandtls mixing length model 3) K- Model 4) RANS, LES etc. 5) Reynolds Stress Model K RANS etc
Present Approach: Open or under-determined equations Izakson (1937) Millikan (1939) Kolmogorov (1941) Hypothesis

TurbulentVelocityProfiles Turbulent Velocity Profiles

InnerLayer WallLaw (Prandtl,1925) y ( , ) ViscousSheardominates OuterLayer DefectLaw (vonKarman,1930) TurbulentSheardominates OverlapRegion LogLaw (Izakson1937&Millikan1939) BothtypeTurbulent&ViscousShearareimportant Both type Turbulent & Viscous Shear are important

TurbulentVelocityProfiles Turbulent Velocity Profiles

InnerLayer Inner Layer

Prandtl(1925) Prandtl (1925)
u , y Dimensional Parameters w , , , y Viscous Shear Dominates w = u = w / is friction velocity.

dimensional analysis (4 parameters, 3 independent dimensions) 1 independent dimensionaless groups

Wall Variables:

u u+ = , u

y+ =

yu

Law of the wall :

u + = u + ( y+ )

OuterLayer Outer Layer

VonKarman(1930) Von Karman (1930)
Turbulent Shear Dominates w = u ' v' Dimensional Parameters U c , y, , u dimensional analysis (4 parameters, 3 independent dimensions) 1 independent dimensionless groups Uc u y and = Y , = semi depth of channel u

Velocity Defect Law :

Uc u = F (Y ) u

where

Y=

OverlapRegion
Izakson(1937)&Millikan(1939)
Both Viscous and Turbulent Shear Dominates For sufficiently large Reynolds number u u+ ( y+ ) = U c u F (Y ) Differentiating, we get u F 1 y+ + = Y = y+ Y k or u+ F y+ = Y =k y Y +
1 1

Log Law : og a
Inner log law Outer log law
u+ = u 1 = ln y+ + B u k k = von Karman Constant

Uc u 1 = l Y +D ln u k

Skin Friction Law :

Uc 1 = ln R + B + D , u k

R =

Uniformly valid solution :

1 1 u = u u+ ( y+ ) F (Y ) + ln Y D , W (Y ) = F (Y ) + ln Y D , k k k W(Y) = wake function of Coles (1956), W (0) = 0, W (1) =1 Composite wall - wake law u = u u+ ( y+ ) + W (Y ) k Above the viscous sublayer 1 u = u ln y+ + B + W (Y ) k k

Traditional Log Region in Overlap Domain

SemilogScale

Innerloglaw
1 u+ (y+ ) = ln y+ + B k

Outer log law

1 U+ u+ (Y) = ln Y + D k

Roughness
h Lettheroughnessheightbeh Thenroughnessparameter

If

Equivalent to smooth wall Viscous sub layer destroyed Fully rough

Transitionally Rough wall

Major impact of the wall roughness is to perturb wall layer. Which leads to increase in wall shear stress accompanied by wall heat transfer and mass transfer.

LiteratureReview
Millikan(1938)proposedtwolayertheory(InnerandOuterlayer)for transitional,fullysmoothandfullyroughpipestoobtainloglawsdependenton k Karmanconstantandadditiveconstantdependingonroughness. Clauser &Hama(1954) Introducetheroughnessfunction,asan additionaltermtosmoothwallloglaw,where

itisusefuldescriptorofsurfaceroughnesseffectonmeanvelocity profileintheinnerregion fil i th i i itphysicallyrepresentroughnessdominatedshiftinvelocityprofile fromloglawofsmoothwall theshiftisdownwardduetoincreaseofdrag. h hif i d dd i fd theshiftisupwardduetoreductionofdrag.

LiteratureReview
SmoothwallLogLaw Smooth wall Log Law u 1 u+ ( Z + ) = = ln Z + + B u k
Fully Rough wall Log law

u+ ( Z + ) =

u 1 Z+ = ln +B u k h+

Log law for transitionally rough wall

u+ ( Z + ) =
Present Approach

u 1 = ln Z + U + + B u k

u+ ( ) =

u 1 = ln + B, u k

Z+

= exp (k U + )

AlternateScales
NewNondimensionalroughnessscale, N N di i l h l

RoughnesscoordinateandRoughnessvelocity R h di t dR h l it

Basedonalternateroughwallvariables,theinnervariablesaredefinedas B d l h ll i bl h i i bl d fi d

RoughnessFrictionReynoldsnoR andRoughnessReynoldsnoRe
(basedonroughnessfrictionvelocity)(basedonroughnessaveragevelocity) (based on roughness friction velocity) (based on roughness average velocity)

u dp d 2d 8 = = = 8 U dx U b 2 U b 2 b

Power law region in Overlap Domain

Innerwallvariables Velocityprofile OuterPowerLaw Velocityprofile

Reynoldsshearstress

Reynoldsshearstress

Theinnerlayerequationbecomes The inner layer equation becomes

Theouterlayerequationbecomes The outer layer equation becomes

Matching

Log Law : og a
Inner log law Outer log law

u+ ( ) =

u 1 = ln + B u k

k = vonkarman conatant

Skin Friction Law :

Composite velocity profile solutions:

W(Y) = wake function of Coles(1956), with BC W(0)=0 and W(1) = 1 and

Nikuradse Sand Grain Roughness data (inflectional roughness)

Shockling Superpipe data (with machine honed surface)

FrictionFactor:

CommercialandSandGrainRoughness
Colebrooks Equation(commercialroughness)
1 2 . 51 = 2 log D + 3 .7 f Re f

ForColebrookmonotonicroughness For Colebrook monotonic roughness

U + =

1 ln(1 + h+ ) k = exp[k ( B BF )],

B = 5.5, BF = 8.5

= 1 + h+
ForInflectionalroughness(Loselevich andPilipenko)
U + = ( B 8.5 + k 1 ln h+ ) sin (q ), q = ln (h+ / 2.25) ln (90 / 2.25)

= 1 + h+ exp p

j h+

j=0forColebrooksmonotonicroughness j=11forinflectionalroughness

Conclusion
A)Openequations Functionalapproach
1) The open momentum equation in fully developed turbulent channel flow y , y y y consists of two layers, inner layer near the wall and outer layer away from the wall. The matching of the inner and outer layer in overlap region gives velocity profiles in terms of log law. 2) Thenewparametersarethetransitionalroughwall 2) The new parameters are = Z + the transitional rough wall R = R / innervariable,theroughnessfrictionReynoldsnumber andtheroughnessReynoldsnumber. Re = Re/ 3)Thevelocityprofile,intransitionalwallroughnessinnervariable 3) The velocity profile, in transitional wall roughness inner variable ,isuniversalforalltypesofwallroughness,in = Z+ contrasttotraditionalwallvariableZ+orZ/h. 4)Thefrictionfactorvs roughnessReynoldsnumberRe isalso 4) The friction factor vs roughness Reynolds number Re is also universal,explicitlyindependentofwallroughness.

ClosureModel:
LogarithmicExpansionsforReynoldsStress g p y

ClosureModel:ReynoldsShearStress
Sreenivasan,K.R.andBershadskii(2006,JFMVol554pp477498): ProposedReynoldsShearStressModel

+ = k [1 1[ln( y / ym+ )]2 + ..........]

ym + = 1.87 (R )
1/ 2

(1)

Maxima occurs at

Reynolds momentum equation in a channel y q

du+ 1 + + = 1 R y+ dy+
Solution for l it distribution: S l ti f velocity di t ib ti

u+ = const + y+ [ g ( y+ ) ( y+ / 2 R )] where g ( y+ ) = po + p1[ln( y+ / eym + )] po = 1 k + k 1 ,

( 2) p1 = k 1

Assumption : Constants 1 and k to be independent of Reynolds number, at least when it is high enough, and k 1 as Re . It is not appropriate as shown in presented work work.

PresentAnalysisonClosureModelforReynoldsShearStress
Reynolds Shear stress: Maxima occurs at

+ = k [1 1[ln( y / ym + )]2 + ...........]

ym + = R ,

m+ = k
gives

Boundary conditions (imposed): + = 0 at y+ = R

( 1 ) 1 = [ln( R / ym + )]2 = [ln( R / )]2

Solution for velocity distribution

u+ = const + y+ [ g ( y+ ) ( y+ / 2 R )] where g ( y+ ) = po + p1[ln( y+ / eym + )] [ ( y po = 1 k + k 1 , p1 = k 1

Velocity Distribution

Conclusion
B)Closuremodellimitations B) Closure model limitations
1. 2. 2 3. TheclosuremodelofReynoldsshearstressintermsoflogarithmsofnon dimensionalverticalcoordinateappearstoworksroughlyfory+ >10. Thevelocityincoordinates(u+/ + +y+/(2R) Th l it i di t ( /y ),y+) )arealsoingoodagreement l i d t withthedataalmostallthewaytocenterline. Butvelocityprofile(u+,y+)showappreciabledepartureintheoverlapregion, whichputslimitationsonvalidityofclosuremodelofReynoldsshearstress. which puts limitations on validity of closure model of Reynolds shear stress.

ThankYou

References
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