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Wolfram Mathematica Code

To plot the tangent, normal, and binormal vectors

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39 views4 pages

Wolfram Mathematica Code

To plot the tangent, normal, and binormal vectors

Uploaded by

M
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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In[455]:= (* define path one *)

r1[x_] := x, x2 
(* calculate curvature, unit tangent vector *)
(* and unit normal vectors *)
fs1 = FrenetSerretSystem[r1[x], x]
2 1 2x 2x 1
Out[456]=  ,  , , - , 
3/2
1 + 4 x2  1 + 4 x2 1 + 4 x2 1 + 4 x2 1 + 4 x2

In[457]:= (* here is the curvature *)


fs1〚1, 1〛
2
Out[457]=
3/2
1 + 4 x2 

In[458]:= (* here is the unit tangent vector *)


fs1〚2, 1〛
1 2x
Out[458]=  , 
1 + 4 x2 1 + 4 x2

In[459]:= (* here is the unit normal vector *)


fs1〚2, 2〛
2x 1
Out[459]= - , 
1 + 4 x2 1 + 4 x2

In this case, the curvature at x = 0.5 is positive and the unit normal vector points toward the center of
curvature.
In[461]:= (* curvature at x=0.5 *)
fs1〚1, 1〛 /. x  0.5
Out[461]= 0.707107
2 directionOfUnitNormal.nb

In[462]:= (* here is a graph of the unit normal *)


(* evaluated at t=0.5 *)
Show
ParametricPlotx, x2 , {x, 0, 1}, ImageSize  150, PlotRange  {{- 0.5, 1}, {0, 1.5}},
AxesLabel  {"x", "y"}, Ticks  {{0, .5, 1}, {0, .5, 1, 1.5}},
Graphics[{
Red, Point[r1[.5]],
Arrow[{r1[.5], r1[.5] + nHat1}]
}]

y
1.5

Out[462]=

0.5

x
0 0.5 1

In[463]:= (* define path two *)


r2[x_] := x, x
(* calculate curvature, unit tangent vector *)
(* and unit normal vectors *)
fs1 = FrenetSerretSystem[r2[x], x]
2 2 1 1 2
Out[464]= - ,  , , - , 
1+4 x 1+4 x 1+4 x 1+4 x 1+4 x
x (1 + 4 x) x x
x x x x x

In[465]:= (* here is the curvature *)


fs2〚1, 1〛
2
Out[465]= -
1+4 x
x (1 + 4 x)
x

In[466]:= (* here is the unit tangent vector *)


fs2〚2, 1〛
2 1
Out[466]=  , 
1+4 x 1+4 x
x
x x
directionOfUnitNormal.nb 3

In[467]:= (* here is the unit normal vector *)


fs2〚2, 2〛
1 2
Out[467]= - , 
1+4 x 1+4 x
x
x x

In this case, the curvature at t = 0.5 is negative and the unit normal vector points away from the center
of curvature.
In[468]:= fs2〚1, 1〛 /. x  0.5
Out[468]= - 0.3849

In[469]:= Show[
ParametricPlot[r2[x], {x, 0, 1}, ImageSize  150,
PlotRange  {{- 0.5, 1}, {0, 1.5}}, AspectRatio  Automatic,
AxesLabel  {"x", "y"}, Ticks  {{0, .5, 1}, {0, .5, 1, 1.5}}],
Graphics[{
Red, Point[r2[.5]],
Arrow[{r2[.5], r2[.5] + nHat2}]
}]
]
y
1.5

Out[469]=

0.5

x
0 0.5 1

There is a way to deal with this using the built-in function Sign.
(* here is the curvature at t=0.5 *)
fs2〚1, 1〛 /. x  0.5
(* and here is the unit normal at t=0.5 *)
(* remember, this is the unit normal *)
(* that points away from the center of curvature *)
fs2〚2, 2〛 /. x  0.5
Out[470]= - 0.3849

Out[471]= {- 0.57735, 0.816497}

In[474]:= (* here is the sign of the curvature *)


Sign[fs2〚1, 1〛 /. x  0.5]
Out[474]= -1
4 directionOfUnitNormal.nb

Here is the unit normal taking into account of the sign of the curvature.
In[477]:= (Sign[fs2〚1, 1〛] × fs2〚2, 2〛) /. x  0.5
Out[477]= {0.57735, - 0.816497}

This unit normal vector points toward the center of curvature.

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