ESSTONMeENT —O2 name & ArGounepor Branch ¢- ODS +4 _pownto® oreaiaaciq _—__Seabect i pet poet—6 | O pelfre the Relation * | | B® let O ard B be two Geis: Then a velatjon P| | {oor Ht Bs Thus, 2% aA Velaklon fiom to BS c OxB- | RE OXB- Te gabsets io derfved by decertbing ae] | velatfons ip between the fret Cement and gecond | | _ ekement Ff ordered PANS fo Hxg | fr Ha-9 125} Be fay¥y dhe axe Ore = £052) Cum) (2,9) (2,4) (5,9) C5149} f) Relation aey eB = 107), Cr) , (2,9 FP (err tony H) pelatton wey P= fey} | peffoe ate functtton + Go Set theory \ o function (SA sektHon betwee two Sets that assign each element of 4he frgt Sed “C demain) to exactly One element OF Re Second Set (ee -domatn) Reae oe =. ne | Aherxe ave Gome types of fancions Seach as $ | VY) Iefective tone —to-one) functtoo | Hi) Serfective (onto) fanctoo i) Bijective funtion 8) prove +hat (608) -C = (6-clu(p—c tee “LE (evB)-C | nese & age LES or xeg kudec reo kw afc or xep hk xfc xe(A-d ov xe(B-o) ae (acvip-o (eve) -c ec (a-c) ulB<) 4B Let ye (o-OvlB-c oe ee Ome a-c deer oe es hee Yeo oT qeB & y fe %€ (608) 4& yee 4e(6UB) ac (ere) v (e-c) ¢ (au8)-- >@ Pon OKO (ave)-c=(A-Jv (8-9 4 petermine wheather each of hese Statemerts8) Vo, Ee ov false (a) a @ fx} (by fap hr} ta ae {x} True ® fayehy Tacte f. Every Set %S gubset of Ftgeie he ,pc0 & pefine poset ecet ‘es together wrth a partial order elation A 4 called a porttatiy ordered get oy a poser . ig denoted by (iY) and also denoted a partially ordered ova pOsET $5 (8,£) or (sg, 2) or d5,e5 peffre the Hasse Pfagracn * * Ik S used for the vepeesentation ofa pare] ode 2 Wager: + Elements of x are ‘vepresented by Veadice.s . + Gf x, 4e xaod 4Y % ao temedtate guctessoy OF x, Fheo yf placed of a bigher fevel than a. # akg ow Joined by a lne. Be (f2 8,45 6h/) tas Peftyy, 19,09 018) Cus) (2,4) Ca,6) (3,679aE ar rr all ¥} tpefine Bijective feenction + | & bijective Fanctton {5 a fanelfon -}pat % bots | one-to-one [fofective) and onlo Courfective) | 2g - AC a) = actt Pom 4p, Set 2,3 t0 23,4 Pe bigectd . %) peffne Composition of two Leancttons » | let &,8,C be Sets- | let PB % the Yelatton fom AH tp B Fre ReAxXB | eke 16 dR aelotFon Prog, — 40 Chee @C Bro The com posittoo of 2 aod by denoted by Rog , ae hove pos = Stage S¥c 5 for Some beg (HHWER and Ce.cdes} 2 = let B20 1,2,3} B 24Pia 7} yc = fnay,29 Be FO PPO) Co, pla,2)4 | & = § (pid) (21 l21y) Cr,29} | Compute Pos eiven Be § LHP), Liye) 2p) (2199) =4Cri2lee jylny} pos = FU) nz) , ayy), C2, 9} pefiine ePuSvalerce fefadlon & welattoo vo a Seta Fe called e9ekvatence Peloton ie te fsa - _ | D Refterive Te (aN ep yaco | %) Gqonmetafe Fre {mb er Cooyer ,Vasbes Ai) Granstttve tee (aber ard (biOeP 5) (adery a,b ,cety Eqe O= (1171 84} 1 efedvalerce Pelation BR =f Oy) Cy ta, 00% (34) Cy, 3) Crit} te) peftre the elation fom dhe Set Sto g - Seappose RP 4S the relation from 6 8 Subset of Xe - | YB fo athe Set oF ordered patr (a,b) where AEB bes. 9) Every Such ordered pat 1S unten as a&b and mead 050’ Sy aelated to b by R. 2) QR % called Binoy Peloton %) fotal Member of deettnct eciaton between -froro eet to a SetB fg oP? coher (6) =e ard 8) =n- pert -—B @ prove +hat 80(B 9) = (808) 0 (600) St Leb be any orbitarY clenvert of spe sed &v (BCC) Then xe Hulgoc) ) EO OY KE(ANC)Sok we ) xehorv (xes and ~xCcc) =) [aem ov KCB) ad (KOO ow KEC) 2 xe(OvB) and weave 2D czePvs) o (600) Thus Hol pee)-c (evn) (pve) —5 © commonly , let x be ang arbitary eleroent of Get (608) 0 (AUC) Theo re (Aum) Oo (Ave) + LXE vB) and LEe}Ld) =) (xem ov KEB) ard aEH ov KEC) 5 ze or («eg and mec) =) “ES v( Boo) Jrus » (v8) 9 (PPD © 8 v(BEC) Pa Sroeo D&E) we get {82 Bo9 = (evn) ol605) SF ve $2 31,415) 84 ,eet 1,234 ond Be {3,3,4] vertfq Ahot 4 (pve)! =6lo8? (a08)'= 6'08’ Gaven 0 = 9121 3/3184 Shura} Be fa,a,4} 3@) © 90— = 42.3.4}a... wer —_= Cavey! 0 Cour) eh BrHrseh~ 4B 47 ‘ {5,6} ce “loen)'- ioc}] =a) OY evo © § 918 FBG} {023} BS {4 518} | = {415 6} and gle o-B = $5964 » oloB!. {ues} 0 41,5465 858) t-[Pe! = {s4}] —o (ber ‘e Calas'y from D&O @ HoB = § 2734 ° $9.304} | = foray (oo9)! = o-fangy =f u73it 4) ~ 4n8} | = frikees—@ | dled = fy ,516) wh J | = {1478} —® fret Go MO gs &. (o08)'=9lvg) | let ©,B,¢ c 1? where d= (tayyly = eH} Be { cayp/y = 32h and—S—E—— cxf Cay faq = 9} Pelerrine each of che followFng Y 906 @ Boc 9 Bue @ Bot sok eve 9 = (aout), B= (a13%) ) Ce (xe) ) 0 Hd G08, we have etl = Soe a=1 then Yed%=3 908 -(1,3) %) fend Bec, we have Qx2n-9 4) (Bvt) = aoc by pe-Morgan's foo fod BO¢ ) we hove axed} =x gone SE Then qe ant = 8-4 = 16 ‘ $0 Sue =(- 8-5) W) We prow Bot = Bet feo Boe = (2 ,- i 3 AY) f BUC = Boe 7 Ll), a= 3 eB}@ vac, Mader and (aayes f. Band » fs e%e®Valence Pefaton Hence y aee, (aid) € ROS Hence pos 16 pePlextve ® able eoe =} (aber acd Cables D(b~VER and Cb) Es a. Rod ¢ ts Stnometvtc = (b,WerRos Hence Pos FS SYymmehic FY (appe 208 , Lb EROS (ayber Co Oep (ay bjes ,(b, VES Ca,depand (ages =a (adepos Mence oS Is -ransittve Chas ROS FS eGuvalence pelocfon - Fox 0 xed Foteger nel] , Prove Rat “ Congreent modafo nv 85 an equivalence *latfon ©9 4Re Set of all Fol egeré- let 2% fe an element a-% 20 whch tS a maolttple lo (~) 9 eR Thus the petotfoo RP *S Peflexive"ae — BSP pacd & are e2eSvalerce aelattons On fhe cete - | prove that ) © 85 a0 eguivalence Pelatton i) pos 75 an egakvalence Pelatton ye 45 an egaivalence Pelatfon ) peltextve + ¥ace > (aya Cf'S (aa) ep ta ner + Co,nep™' & PGS peflextve BH) Gymmetiic + ae (abe #! Gince (Hb) ek (KaER (orb) er OS RIS Synomedrle S (bie eg! pl 4s @ Symmetric HY) Monsitt re ee fas) € and (boepr! 2 ld ef! ss (a,b) (ber (b,O) Cab) er => Cob) (by) ER =| (cER as BIS Frasfve » (aoep! Oe Fen RQ, Gat Hence g' FS an e9cSvalence Pelatton 25 6D> Vek.) y be to» a “folegens ler [ayyyer aD u-yekr Ye-FDATY = OD (ys WER Tes The Peloton P Fo Eyromedtic Leto V1? be fhe three fntegers Such fhot tRey are makiples of n+ (414) ER OS KY = ben ty) ER 0% y-2=sn (u-y) + (y-B = bN+ho g-2e(Et)o g-Lemn (k+)=n0 Hz ee Thus the Peladfon %S a transitive vrelotfon. let x = 412121 F156} be obGerd ered by fie. relactfoo ‘afy’ tre @ dfagres divides > Prow the Hesse Bagram - ee fo , Uj)? On Cu) C8) Cy e),t2, 4) (2,6) (8) (8.8) LH) (9 (619) CY (69 (6,893 & 3 2 ¥ Show thot £2p32R deffred as ffx) = 8X1 fr bifecttyd- awe fod foq and got a FtR2 ap, qrr oR deffned by 4a) = ett acd ged =x for atl cep and abeo xcheck tf foq = gor - °°" pee) ACY) 2 ex} ones Gis 3x gap = HA ae Bt = DY Therefore 3 ogven that HtRDEe {cy = 20 Jo prove athe Gives fuoctton Fs by fective they Shou be poth -Dne -one and) onto fanctoo to prove One~ 3g. one one fenton Oe yer fo , co domain g. There extet preimage Gt ep fr bomen a °, G4 % a on-to-functon so 4(44) 947 = 4tt-1 Se co-domain fs The faction Fs biedive functor =) Ctven 4 =x YO = 2 Low al) REP fog = (qe)? got = gla) = L(x) = gH) = (eH) = (at) = Sax Le 2. Fog for2) ter &= 41,93) J see fab} ard ce ey tq 2} adth $2 ©P8 and 92 Bc given by 42 {ya Caja) | (3,6) CHO} 9 = Sb bd) (o2) f¥od goe - got =9T tio) 4 bas dhe Forlocsing outputs a,0;b,c 4 pos the following Fopets ab )c | god = IPO Jex, gHe@I=4 , qWle)-z got = [LU V@VlAY CHa 8) concider he functions ‘p and 9! deftned by $l) = 2? and gtr) =aP41 find get fog Gaven L(x) = ab gm = eH | gor = gh) | = 92 | = (Oy 4 | = x84 tog = (Gey | = F(a) | = (atin? aC wye + 32)? Ww +3(2) Cy? +t? hy gate ant] e gor a x5t] foq exbraxtagcty(a) let fhe aclation g be pa £ty2)l0) (3) )} onthe ger & = LmBY cwhat fe she twansitlve closure of 4 | | tet R= 0,9 CB) BV aod 0= 4 1,73} C&ven P= 80,2 (213), (8) Vand a={1,2,3} = pop = (ty 9(1H BVP o (9935 =f ua Gy PF | PP = Por 2 {UV@VCaD}o {% (2,3) v4 = LO) (2p (2, 9} phe Pog = LUA) (29)la,3) F049 (2,3) (097 = § (4% (2,3) Cs, UD} =p Go gl = pu Pups = LOVAVOSV}o (4, y@V@VZ v(avew (3,3)} = £9 ED Gi) 0:2) Cry VOW (2 (3,39) GP o= $ G5, 8°) B= [y 97 c= 8114 16,9} then very Ben 60 (BH) = (eon) u (ood) Obven © = (y,5,4,8,10} Be § 4,619} c= Fi 0.99 Lys = 0 (gue) Boe = fy 9} of HA} we— 294,416 1693 ee yer ok 415 16,94 =hys} —O pre = (e08) v (a0¢) 606 = {4 5,8, lo} 0 §435193 = ty 15} Boe = 44 159) 8110} 0 15 416,9} = &J (e0R) eWod) = Qys}ody} eM) @ Foo OFS Us epys és \e0 (Buc) = (90e)¥ let = $r,21 344 and B be dhe rwekaton ong Aelfoed by * Py Fh Vac divides Y” & a) wrtte down p ag oa Set of mdered potet pairs b) prow TRe Graph of PR ©) pefermine Re 4 dequees and out degrees of fhe Nevt{ces fo fhe graph a) pejerine eadyie of fhe teladton « | © he velotlon p on get 6 = 42314} deftned by (ta Afides q7 cao be represented as a get of ordered pases 2 §ium3i4}i ee Hx0= $0) 193) WY GID (29) (3) a (a) (2 (35) CH Deg» (HH GY (3:3)} B 2) Cua) 018) C4) Ca, C24) C33) Fs 1) 3 ® lets dvaw the divected qroph for thts vefactton | 39) So +85 disected Graph ; each | | > of 6 fs represented as a Vertex j& () ¢3) Ahere fg a dfvected edge rom x 40 ae x divides Y © the to degrees and out — degrees for each verter Fothe Qeaph ave as follows > verter 41 fo—deguee =2 , out degree = lo iverae 2 80) degree = 2 » Oot dequee =2 5 verter 3 ¢ I -deqree =2 » out degrees) =) verter Fs Gn -deqree =% youd degree op | @ « be 642344 | 2 = Fj) G2) CHVCuHG,V Gry (313) CHO} oO. oh 2 \ \ \ 3) Uae Ore Or) Opal 8, t Co] # NG C2) C13) Cy) i | } |