IPE 431

Machine Tools

Zahin Ar Rafi
Lecturer, Department of IPE, BUET

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Hydraulic Drive System

Reference
Elements of Machine Tools by M. Anwarul Azim
Machine Tools by N. Chernov

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 Hydraulic Drive System
Hydraulic systems are now widely used in machine tools as:
• principle and feed movement drives
• Speed-changing devices
• Braking mechanisms
• Clamping Devices
• Automatic Control of machining cycle, etc.

Hydraulic systems become the main type of drive in machine

tools like grinders, shapers, copying millers, broaching
machines, etc.

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 Hydraulic Drive System
• The function of a pump is to convert mechanical energy into hydraulic energy
• Used pressurized oil to transmit energy
• Higher the viscosity index, better the oil
• Thinner the oil higher the leakage problem but lower energy loss in pipelines
and valves
• Viscosity index 90 is most suited
• Hydraulic Systems operate at an oil pressure of up to 20 MPa
• Other fluid properties:
• Compressibility
• Stable chemical composition
• Low moisture content
• Low coefficient of thermal expansion
• Low air inclusion

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Hydraulic Drive System

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 Hydraulic Drive System
Advantages:
➢Relatively small (e.g. aeronautical industry)
➢Simple and smooth speed reversion (e.g. Grinding m/c
table)
➢Infinitely variable speed and feed
➢Programmed control and overload protection
➢ Self-lubricating effect
Disadvantages:
➢High production cost
➢Leakage reduces the efficiency
➢Not easy to repair
➢Ingress of air into fluid
➢Effects of temperature and time on fluid properties
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Points to Study

1. Type of Pump
2. Symbol
3. Diagram
4. Working Principle
5. Advantages
6. Disadvantages
7. Application

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Hydraulic Pumps Classification

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Gear Pump

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 Gear Pump
 Direction of the delivery depends on rotation
 Having two three or more gears
 Oil fills up the tooth gap and is squeezed out of the tooth
gap
 Backlash, a clearance between mating gear teeth, is built
into speed reducers to let the gears mesh without binding
and to provide space for a film of lubricating oil between
the teeth.
 Having no backlash and good fitting minimize leakage
 Rough running caused by sealing of tooth gap during
meshing
 Quieter running attained by helical and herringbone gear

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External Gear Pump

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMmwb3JmL00

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Internal Gear Pump

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y7_AtJoUY6g

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Gear Pump (External)

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 Screw Pump
• Pump all types of fluids and slurries
• Consists of 2,3 or 5 right and left hand threaded shafts
• Oil moves in the axial direction
• No turbulence because of no squeezing of oil
• Well balanced and noiseless
• long service life
• The radial forces balance resulting in higher efficiency
• Axial load is balanced by action of pressurized oil on the
head of the screw
• Manufacturing cost of precision screw is high.
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Screw Pump

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8mY7vfOzWeU
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 Screw Pump
General specification:
 Supply rate varies from
3-5000 l/min
 Speed 1500-300 rpm
 Working pressure
› 10-15 x 10^5 Pascal
(low pressure)
› 30-60 x 10^5 Pascal
(medium pressure)
› 60-175 x 10^5 Pascal
(high pressure)

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Vane Pump

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L30JpM8Lv_A

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Vane Pump

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 Vane Pump
 Rotor having a fixed axis placed eccentrically
 Vanes reciprocate along radial slots
 Increase of space between two successive vanes cause suction
 Oil squeezed out due to decrease of space between vanes
 Distance between the inlet and outlet of the pump should
cover at least two vanes to avoid direct communication
between suction and delivery
 Volume of supply depends on eccentricity
 If there is no eccentricity of the rotor in the bore, the suction
and discharge cannot take place as there is no volume change

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 Vane Pump
Advantages:

• They are light in weight and compact.

• Volumetric and overall efficiencies are high.
• Discharge is less sensitive to changes in viscosity and
pressure variations
• Their vanes are self-compensating for wear and vanes can be
replaced easily.

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 Vane Pump
Limitations:

 Vanes are subjected to side-wise thrust. To keep the leakage

minimum, high accuracy is required to manufacture vanes and
the slots in the rotor
 Frictional loss due to relative motion of the loaded vanes in
the slots and along the housing (Efficiency= 0.7-0.75)
 They are not suitable for abrasive liquids

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Radial Piston Pump

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2T-6jDm_ebI 25
 Radial Piston Pump
The cylinders are arranged radially in a rotor (cylinder
block) which is mounted eccentrically within a circular
outer casing. As the rotor moves round, the pistons
reciprocate in and out in the cylinders, their stroke being
determined by the eccentricity. One-half of the central
stationary opening acts as the fluid inlet whereas the
other half constitutes the outlet.

Such pumps are not suitable for high pressures because of

excessive leakage and, hence, experience a considerable
drop in volumetric efficiency.

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 Axial Piston Pump

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mj1GB61cI74&t=3s

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 Axial Piston Pump
An alternative arrangement for a radial piston pump is to
have a stationary cylinder block and the pistons operated
by an eccentrically mounted shaft. Since in both cases it
is possible to design these pumps in such a way that the
eccentricity may be varied, they then become variable
discharge pumps. In a swash-plate type of pump, the
cylinders and pistons are arranged axially in a circle of a
stationary casing. The driving shaft rotates an inclined
swash plate, which actuates the pistons.

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 Piston Pump
Advantages:

• The manufacturing of pistons is easier than vanes

• Leakage losses in piston pumps are smaller ven in higher
working pressure
• Theoretically there is no side pressure. Hence the friction
loss is also less

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Hydraulic Motor

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