THERMAL PHYSICS

SCI 404: Physics 2

 Introduction to
Phase Change Heat Transfer
Thermodynamics
 Changes of Phase

• A phase is a distinctive form of a substance, and matter can

change among the phases

Solids Liquid Gas Plasma

 PHASE CHANGE

GAS

Freezing

Melting
LIQUID SOLID
 PHASE CHANGE

• Energy is required to melt a solid and

vaporize a liquid.
• It is released as thermal energy during
freezing and condensation.
 PHASE CHANGE

The heat required to change the phase of a sample of mass is

given by
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿𝑓 (melting/freezing)
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿𝑣 (vaporization/condensation)

where latent heat of fusion (Lf) and latent heat of

vaporization (Lv) are material constants that are determined
experimentally.
 PHASE CHANGE

• energy absorbed or released by a substance during a change in its

physical state (phase) that occurs without changing its
temperature
• Unit: J/kg

• They are latent, or hidden, because in phase changes, energy

enters or leaves a system without causing a temperature
change in the system; so, in effect, the energy is hidden.
• Latent heat of fusion (Lf) and Latent heat of vaporization (Lv)
are collectively called latent heat coefficients
(a) Energy is required to
partially overcome the
attractive forces between
molecules in a solid to
form a liquid. That same
energy must be removed
for freezing to take place.
(b) Molecules are separated by
large distances when going
from liquid to vapor, requiring
significant energy to overcome
molecular attraction. The same
energy must be removed for
condensation to take place.
There is no temperature
change until a phase change is
complete.
 Sample Problem

The specific heat for water is 4186 J/kg °C. The specific
heat for ice is 2100 J/kg °C and the specific heat for
steam (water vapor) is 2010 J/kg °C. So how much heat
is required to raise a 1 kg block of ice from -40°C to
120°C?
 Sample Problem

Given:
𝑚 = 1 𝑘𝑔
𝑇1 = −40℃
𝑇2 = 120℃

𝑱 𝑱
Substance Specific Heat, Cp ( ) Latent Heat of Water ( )
𝒌𝒈 ℃ 𝒌𝒈

Water 4186 Latent Heat of Fusion (Lf) 3.34 × 105

Ice 2100
Latent Heat of Vaporization
Steam 2010 2.256 × 106
(Lv)
 Sample Problem

Ice Water Steam

−40℃ (ice)  0℃ (ice)  0℃ (water)  100℃ (water)  100℃ (steam) 120℃ (steam)

𝑸 = 𝒎𝑪𝒑𝒊𝒄𝒆 ∆𝑻 + 𝒎𝑳𝒇 + 𝒎𝑪𝒑𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 ∆𝑻 + 𝒎𝑳𝒗 + 𝒎𝑪𝒑𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒎 ∆𝑻

𝐽 𝐽
𝑄 = 1 𝑘𝑔 2100 0℃ − −40℃ + 1𝑘𝑔 3.34 × 105 +
𝑘𝑔 ℃ 𝑘𝑔
𝐽 𝐽 𝐽
1 𝑘𝑔 4186 100℃ − 0℃ + 1𝑘𝑔 2.256 × 106 + 1 𝑘𝑔 2010 120℃ − 100℃
𝑘𝑔 ℃ 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 ℃

Answer: 𝟑. 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑱

 Sample Problem

Three ice cubes are used to chill a soda at 20 °C with

mass of 0.25 kg. The ice is at 0 °C and each ice cube
has a mass of 6.0 g. Assume that the soda is kept in a
foam container so that heat loss can be ignored.
Assume the soda has the same heat capacity as water.
Find the final temperature when all ice has melted.
 Sample Problem

Given:
𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 6 𝑔 𝑜𝑟 0.006 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑠𝑜𝑑𝑎 = 0.25 𝑘𝑔
𝑇𝑖 𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 0℃
𝑇𝑖 𝑠𝑜𝑑𝑎 = 20℃
𝐽
Cp = 4186
𝑘𝑔 ℃
5 𝐽
Lf = 3.34 × 10
𝑘𝑔
 Sample Problem

𝑄𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 + 𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 0
In the system, the heat is transferred from soda to ice, thus
𝑄𝑖𝑐𝑒 = − 𝑄𝑠𝑜𝑑𝑎
The heat transferred to the ice is
𝑄𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝐶𝑝∆𝑇 + 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝐿𝑓
The heat given off by the soda is
𝑄𝑠𝑜𝑑𝑎 = 𝑚𝑠𝑜𝑑𝑎 𝐶𝑝∆𝑇
Therefore, the working equation is
𝒎𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝑪𝒑∆𝑻 + 𝒎𝑳𝒇 = - 𝒎𝒔𝒐𝒅𝒂 𝑪𝒑∆𝑻
 Sample Problem

𝒎𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝑪𝒑∆𝑻 + 𝒎𝑳𝒇 = - 𝒎𝒔𝒐𝒅𝒂 𝑪𝒑∆𝑻

(0.006 ∗ 3)(4186)(𝑇𝑓 − 0℃) + (0.006 ∗ 3)(3.34𝑥105) = -
(0.25)(4186)(𝑇𝑓 − 20℃)

You can shift solve from here,

Answer: 𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟎 ℃
 Sample Problem

What mass of steam at 130 °C must be condensed onto

a 0.100 kg glass cup to warm the cup and the 0.200 kg
of water it contains from 20.0 °C to 50.0 °C?
 Sample Problem

Given:
𝑚𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 0.100 𝑘𝑔 𝑱
Substance Specific Heat, Cp ( )
𝒌𝒈 ℃
𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.200 𝑘𝑔
Water 4186
𝑇𝑖 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 20℃ Steam 2010
𝑇𝑓 = 50℃ Glass 837
6 𝐽
Lv = −2.26 × 10
𝑘𝑔
 Sample Problem

𝑄𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 + 𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 0
𝑄𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠+𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = − 𝑄𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝐽
𝑄𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠+𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.200 𝑘𝑔 4186 50℃ − 20℃ +
𝑘𝑔 ℃
𝐽
0.100 𝑘𝑔 837 (50℃ − 20℃)
𝑘𝑔 ℃

𝑄𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠+𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 2.7627 × 104 J

 Sample Problem
130℃ (steam)  100℃ (steam) 100℃ (water)  50℃ (water)

−27627= 𝑚𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝐶𝑝∆𝑇 + 𝑚𝐿𝑣 + 𝑚𝐶𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∆𝑇

𝐽
−27627= 𝑚𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 2010 100℃ − 130℃ +
𝑘𝑔 ℃
6 𝐽
𝑚𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 −2.26 × 10 + (𝑚𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 )(4186)(50℃ −
𝑘𝑔
100℃)
𝑚𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 0.0109 kg
Answer: 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝒌𝒈 𝒐𝒓 𝟏𝟎. 𝟗 𝒈
 Sample Problem

How many joules are required to boil 150

grams of water?
 Sample Problem

𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿𝑣
6 𝐽
𝑄 = 0.150 𝑘𝑔 (2.256 × 10 )
𝑘𝑔

Answer: 𝟑𝟑𝟖𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝑱
 Sample Problem

How many joules are required to heat 75 grams

of water from -85 °C to 185 °C?
 Sample Problem

𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑖𝑐𝑒 ∆𝑇 + 𝑚𝐿𝑓 + 𝑚𝐶𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∆𝑇 + 𝑚𝐿𝑣 + 𝑚𝐶𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎, ∆𝑇

𝐽
Q = 0. 075𝑘𝑔 2100 0℃ − −85℃ +
𝑘𝑔 ℃
5 𝐽 𝐽
(100℃ −
0.075 𝑘𝑔 3.34 × 10 + 0. 075𝑘𝑔 4186
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 ℃

Answer: 𝟐𝟓𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟔. 𝟐𝟓 𝑱
 Sample Problem

A certain amount of heat is added to a mass of aluminum

𝑐𝑎𝑙
(specific heat C=0.21 ) and its temperature is raised by 57 °C.
𝑔℃
If (suppose that) the same amount of heat is added to the equal
𝑐𝑎𝑙
mass of copper (C=0.093 ). How much does the temperature
𝑔℃
of the copper rise?
 Sample Problem

Given: 𝑄𝐴𝑙 = 𝑄𝐶𝑢

𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝐴𝑙 𝐶𝑝𝐴𝑙 ∆𝑇𝐴𝑙 = 𝑚𝐶𝑢 𝐶𝑝𝐶𝑢 ∆𝑇𝐶𝑢
𝐶𝑝𝐴𝑙 = 0.21
𝑔℃ 𝑚𝐴𝑙 𝐶𝑝𝐴𝑙 ∆𝑇𝐴𝑙 = 𝑚𝐶𝑢 𝐶𝑝𝐶𝑢 ∆𝑇𝐶𝑢
𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝐶𝑝𝐶𝑢 = 0.093 0.21 57℃ = 0.093 ∆𝑇𝐶𝑢
𝑔℃ 𝑔℃ 𝑔℃

∆𝑇𝐴𝑙 = 57℃
Answer: 𝟏𝟐𝟖. 𝟕𝟏℃
 Sample Problem

A well-insulated bottle contains 150 grams of water at 4 degrees

Celsius. Suppose 90 grams of metal at 100 degrees Celsius is
added to the water. The temperature of the water and the metal
is 21 degrees Celsius after thermal equilibrium is reached. What
is the specific heat capacity of the metal?
 Sample Problem

Given: 𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑄𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0

𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 150 𝑔 𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = − 𝑄𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑇𝑖 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 4℃ 𝑚𝑤 𝐶𝑝𝑤 ∆𝑇𝑤 = 𝑚𝑚 𝐶𝑝𝑚 ∆𝑇𝑚
𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 90 𝑔 (150)(4186)(21-4)= -(90)C(21-100)
𝑇𝑖 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 100℃
𝑇𝑓 = 21℃
𝑱
Answer:1501.31
𝒈℃
 Sample Problem

Exactly 3.0 g of carbon was burned to CO2 ​in copper

calorimeter. The mass of calorimeter is 1.5kg and the mass of
water in calorimeter is 2kg. The initial temperature was 20 °C
and the final temperature was 31.3 °C. If specific heat of copper
is 0.0826 cal/g−K, the heat value of carbon in kcal/g is
 Sample Problem

Given:
𝑚𝐶 = 3 𝑔
𝒄𝒂𝒍
𝑚𝐶𝑢 = 1.5 𝑘𝑔 Substance Specific Heat, Cp (
𝒈𝑲
)

𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 2 𝑘𝑔 Copper 0.0826

𝑇𝑖 = 20℃ Water 1.00

𝑇𝑓 = 31.3℃
 Sample Problem

𝑄𝐶 + 𝑄𝐶𝑢 + 𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0
−𝑄𝐶 = 𝑄𝐶𝑢 + 𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
−𝑄𝐶 = 𝑚𝐶𝑢 𝐶𝑝𝐶𝑢 ∆𝑇 + 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∆𝑇
𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑙
−𝑄𝐶 = 1500 𝑔 0.0826 31.3℃ − 20℃ + 2000 𝑔 (1 ) 31.3℃ − 20℃
𝑔𝐾 𝑔𝐾
𝑄𝐶 = -24000.07 𝑐𝑎𝑙= -24.00007 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙
The heat given off per gram of carbon is,
24.00007 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑄𝐶 = 3𝑔

𝒌𝒄𝒂𝒍
Answer: 𝟖
𝒈
 Sample Problem

A ‘coffee-cup’ calorimeter contains 150g of water at 24.6 °C. A

110 g block of molybdenum metal is heated to 100 °C and then
placed in the water in the calorimeter. The contents of the
calorimeter come to an average temperature of 28.0 °C. What is
the specific heat capacity of the molybdenum metal if the
specific heat capacity of water is assumed to be
4.184 J/°Cg?
 Sample Problem

Given:
𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 150 𝑔
𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑄𝑀𝑜 = 0
𝑇𝑖 (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟) = 24.6℃
𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∆𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = −𝑚𝑀𝑜 𝐶𝑝𝑀𝑜 ∆𝑇𝑀𝑜
𝑚𝑀𝑜 = 110 𝑔 𝐽
(150𝑔)(4.184 𝑔 ℃)(28-24.6 ℃) = -(110𝑔)C(28-100 ℃)
𝑇𝑖 𝑀𝑜 = 100℃
𝑇𝑓 = 28℃
𝐽 𝑱
𝐶𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 4.184 Answer: 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟔𝟒
𝑔℃ 𝒈℃
 Sample Problem

A thermos bottle contains 500 g of coffee at 85°C. To this is

added 55g of milk at 3°C. After equilibrium is established, what
is the temperature of the liquid? Assume no heat loss to the
thermos bottle.
 Sample Problem

Specific heat capacity of coffee is equal to milk is equal to

4200 joules per kilogram degree Celsius

𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒 + 𝑄𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑘 = 0
𝑚𝑐(∆𝑇)𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒 + 𝑚𝑐(∆𝑇)𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑘 = 0
500𝑔 𝑇𝑓 − 85℃ + 55𝑔 𝑇𝑓 − 3℃ = 0

Answer: 𝟕𝟔. 𝟖𝟕℃