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The document discusses heat transfer and changes of state. It defines key terms like heat, calorie, specific heat capacity, latent heat of fusion and vaporization. It provides equations to calculate heat transfer involved in temperature changes and phase changes. Several examples are given to demonstrate using the equations to solve heat transfer problems involving mixtures of substances at different initial temperatures and states.

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79 views20 pages

Rooot

The document discusses heat transfer and changes of state. It defines key terms like heat, calorie, specific heat capacity, latent heat of fusion and vaporization. It provides equations to calculate heat transfer involved in temperature changes and phase changes. Several examples are given to demonstrate using the equations to solve heat transfer problems involving mixtures of substances at different initial temperatures and states.

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czds6594
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© © All Rights Reserved
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THE QUANTITY OF HEAT

The thermal energy lost or gained by


objects is called heat.

One calorie (cal) is the quantity of heat


required to change the temperature of one
gram of water through one Celsius degree.

The mechanical equivalent of heat is given


by: 1 cal = 4.186 J
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY

The amount of thermal energy required to raise the


temperature of a substance varies for different materials.

The specific heat capacity of a material is the quantity of


heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass
through one degree.

Q = m c T

Units: Q in J (cal)
m in kg (g),
T in K (ºC),
c in J/kg.K (cal/g ºC)
Specific Heat Capacity

Same heat is absorbed.

Iron's ability to store heat is less than water's.

Iron's temperature rises more than does the water's.


14.1 How much heat is required to raise the temperature of
200 g of Hg from 20C to 100C?
m = 200 g
to = 20C, tf = 100C
c = 0.033 cal/gC

Q = m c T
Q = 200 (0.033) (100 - 20) = 528 cal
MEASUREMENT OF HEAT

The principle of thermal equilibrium is the result of a transfer


of thermal energy from the warmer bodies to the cooler bodies.
If energy is to be conserved we say that the heat lost by the
warm bodies must equal the heat gained by the cool bodies.
14. 2 A handful of copper shot is heated to 90C and then
dropped into 80 g of water at 10C. The final temperature of
the mixture is 18C. What was the mass of the shot?
mw = 80 g, cw = 1 cal/gC, tw= 10C
teq = 18C
tCu = 90C, cCu = 0.093 cal/gC Q LOST(Cu) = Q GAINED (water)

mCu cCu (tCu – teq ) = mw cw (teq – tw )

mw cw (t eq  t w ) (80)(1)(18  10)
mCu  mCu 
cCu (tCu  t eq ) (0.093)(90  18)

= 95.5 g
In this example we have neglected two important facts:
o the water must have a container which will absorb heat
from the shot
o the entire system must be insulated from external
temperatures otherwise, the equilibrium temperature
will always be room temperature
A laboratory device called a calorimeter is used to control these
difficulties.
14.3 80 g of dry iron shot is placed in a cup and heated to a
temperature of 95C. The mass of the inner aluminum cup and
of the aluminum stirrer is 60 g. The calorimeter is partially
filled with 150 g of water at 18C. The final temperature of the
system is 22C. Find the specific heat capacity of iron.
mFe = 80 g, tFe = 95C
mAl = 60 g, cAl = 0.22 cal/gC
mw = 150 g, cw = 1 cal/gC, tw= 18C
teq = 22C
Q LOST(Fe) = Q GAINED (water) + Q GAINED (Al)

QGAINED:
Qw = (150)(1)(22-18) = 600 cal
QAl = (60)(0.22)(22-18) = 52.8 cal
Q G(w+Al) = 652.8 cal = Q L(Fe) = mFe cFe T

QGAINED
cFe 
mFe t

652.8
cFe  = 0.11 cal/gC
(80)(95  22)
CHANGE OF PHASE

The change of phase from a solid to a liquid is called fusion,


and the temperature at which this change occurs is called the
melting point of the substance.
The latent heat of fusion Lf of a substance is the heat per unit
mass required to change the substance from the solid to the
liquid phase at its melting temperature.

Q = m Lf
The change of phase from a liquid to a vapor is called
vaporization, and the temperature at which this change occurs
is called the boiling point of the substance.
The latent heat of vaporization Lv of a substance is the heat per
unit mass required to change the substance from a liquid to a
vapor phase at its boiling temperature.

Q = m Lv
The change of phase from a vapor to a liquid is called
condensation.
heat of condensation = heat of vaporization

The change of phase from liquid to solid is called freezing or


solidification.
heat of solidification = heat of fusion

The change of phase from solid to gas without passing


through the liquid state is called sublimation.
CHANGES OF PHASE
TEMPERATURE vs. QUANTITY OF HEAT
14.4 What quantity of heat is required to change 20 g of ice at
-12C to steam at 100C?
mice = 20 g, cice = 0.5 cal/gC, tice = - 12C
cw = 1 cal/gC
tsteam = 100C
Lf = 80 cal/g, Lv = 540 cal/g

Q1: heat needed to raise the tice to its melting point


Q1 = m c T =20(0.5)(0-(-12)) = 120 cal

Q2: heat needed to completely melt the ice


Q2 = m Lf = 20(80) = 1600 cal
mice = 20 g, cice = 0.5 cal/gC, tice = - 12C
cw = 1 cal/gC
tsteam = 100C
Lf = 80 cal/g, Lv = 540 cal/g
Q1: heat needed to raise the tice to its melting point
Q1 = m c T =20(0.5)(0-(-12)) = 120 cal
Q2: heat needed to completely melt the ice
Q2 = m Lf = 20(80) = 1600 cal
Q3: heat needed to raise the tw to its boiling point
Q3 = m c T =20(1)(100-0) = 2000 cal
Q4: heat needed to completely vaporize the water
Q4 = m Lv = 20(540) = 10,800 cal
QTOTAL = 120 + 1600 + 2000 + 10800
= 14,520 cal
14.5 After 12 g of crushed ice at -10C is dropped into a 50 g
aluminum calorimeter cup containing 100 g of water at 50C,
the system is sealed and allowed to reach thermal equilibrium.
What is the resulting temperature?
mice = 120 g , cice = 0.5 cal/gC
mAl = 50 g, cAl = 0.22 cal/gC
mw = 100 g, cw = 1 cal/gC
tice = - 10C, tw = 50C
Lf = 80 cal/g

Q LOST = Q GAINED
Q LOST = Q (water) + Q (Al)
Q GAINED = Q (ice) + Q (fusion) + Q (water)
mice = 120 g , cice = 0.5 cal/gC
mAl = 50 g, cAl = 0.22 cal/gC
mw = 100 g, cw = 1 cal/gC
tice = - 10C, tw = 50C
Lf = 80 cal/g

Q LOST = mw cw T + mAl cAl T


100(1)(50- teq ) + 50(0.22)(50- teq) = 5550 - 111 teq

Q GAINED = mice cice T + mice Lf + mw cw T


12(0.5)(0 - (-10)) + 12(80) + 12(1) (teq - 0) = 1020 + 12 teq

5550 - 111 teq = 1020 + 12 teq


teq = 36.8C
14.6 If 10 g of steam at 100C is introduced into a mixture of
200 g of water and 120 g of ice, find the final temperature and
composition of the mixture.
mice = 120 g, cice = 0.5 cal/gC
mw = 200 g, cw = 1 cal/gC
msteaml = 10 g, tsteam = 100C
Lf = 80 cal/g, Lv = 540 cal/g

Heat needed to melt the ice:


Q1 = mice Lf
= 120(80) = 9600 cal
Heat given off by steam :
Q2 + Q3 = msteam Lv + mw cw T
= 10(540) + 10(1)(100 - 0) = 6400 cal
mice = 120 g, cice = 0.5 cal/gC
mw = 200 g, cw = 1 cal/gC
msteaml = 10 g, tsteam = 100C
Lf = 80 cal/g, Lv = 540 cal/g

Heat available = 9600 - 6400 = 3200 cal

mice Lf = 3200 cal


mice = 3200/80 = 40 g

mw = initial mass + melted ice + condensed steam


mw = 200 + (120 - 40) + 10 = 290 g

Final temperature must be 0C

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