Chapter 5

INTEGRATION Le Thi Thanh Hai

Contents

5.1. Antidifferentiation
5.2. Area as a Limit of a Sum
5.3. Reimann Sums and the Definite Integral
5.4. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
5.5. Applications of Definite Integrals
5.6. Introduction to Differential Equations
5.7. Numerical Integration.
5.1. Antidifferentiation
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Definition

 A function F is called an antiderivative of a given function f on (a,

b) if F ' ( x)  f ( x) for all x in (a, b).

 If F is an antiderivative of f then G ( x )  F ( x )  C where C is an

arbitrary constant is also an antiderivative of f

 The family of all antiderivatives of f is called the indefinite integral

of f with respect to x. We denote

 f ( x)dx  F ( x)  C
5.1. Antidifferentiation
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Example 5.1
Find

 
x  3cos x  e 2 x dx
5.1. Antidifferentiation
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Example 5.2

The graph of a
certain F(x) has
3
slope 4x – 5 at each
point (x, y) and
contains the point
(1, 2). Find the
function F(x).
5.1. Antidifferentiation
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Example 5.3
The brakes of a
certain automobike
proceduce a constant
deceleration of
22ft/s2. Suppose the
car is traveling at 88
ft/s when the brakes
are applied.thì tài xế
đạp thắng. How far
will it travel before
coming to rest
(complete stop)?
5.2. Area as a Limit of a Sum
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Suppose f is continuous and f(x) > 0 for all x in [a, b]. Then

Area under f above the x-

The number of rectangles
axis between x = a and x = b
n
A  lim  f  a  k x  . 
 x
n 
k 1

ba
x 
n
Height of the kth Width of each
rectangle rectangle
5.2. Area as a Limit of a Sum
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Example 5.4

Find the area under

the curve
y  x 2 , x   0,1
and above x-axis when
a) n = 5
b) n = 10
c) n → ∞
5.3. Reimann Sums and Definite Integral
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Definition
Let f to be defined on [a, b]. Partition [a, b] into n arbitrary
sunintervals. Then
n

 Reimann Sum:  f  c  x
k 1
k k where ck is the kth subinterval
representative of the kth partition that has width of Δxk

 The definite integral:

b n

 f  x  dx  lim
max xk 0
 f  c  x
k 1
k k
a

 If f is continuous on [a, b] then f is integrable on [a, b].

5.3. Reimann Sums and Definite Integral
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Example 5.5

Use Reimann sum to

find
1

  2 x  1 dx
0
5.4. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
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The First Theorem Integration by Substitution

If f is continuous on the
x  x  t   dx  x '(t ).dt
interval [a, b] and F is any   f ( x)dx   f  x(t ) x ' (t )dt
antiderivative of f throughout
this interval then b u (b)

 f u( x) u '( x)dx  

a u(a)
f (u )du
b

 f ( x)dx  F (b)  F (a)

a
5.4. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
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Properties
b a
1.  f  x  dx    f  x  dx
a b

a
2.  f  x  dx  0
a
b b b
3.   f  x    g  x   dx    f  x  dx    g  x  dx
a a a

b c c
4.  f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx
a b a

5. If f ( x )  g ( x ), x   a, b  then  f  x  dx   g  x  dx
b b

a a

a  0, if f is an odd function
6.  f  x  dx   a
2 0 f  x  dx, if f is an even function
a
5.4. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
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Example 5.6

2  1 
a)  1 

x   dx
x

 xe
x2
b) dx
0

 x  dx
1
 
2 5
c) x sin
1
5.4. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
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Example 5.7

Water is flowing into

a tank at the rate
3t  1
(ft3/phút). If the tank
is initially empty,
how much water
does it contain 5 min
later?
5.4. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
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The Second Theorem

x
If f is continuous on [a, b] then the function F  x    f  t  dt is an
a

antiderivative of f, that is

dF d x
  f  t  dt  f  x 
dx dx a

Generally:

d b( x)
 f  t  dt  b '
 x  f 
 b  x  
  a '
 x  f  a  x  
dx a ( x )
5.4. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
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Example 5.8

Find

d x2 1
a)
dx 2 x 2e t
dt

b) lim
 x
t sin t dt
x 0 x3
5.5. Applications of Definite Integral
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Area as an Integral
Suppose f is continuous and f(x) ≥ 0 on the closed interval [a, b].
Then the area under the curve y = f(x) and above the x-axis on [a, b]
is given by
b
A   f  x  dx
a

b
Note: A   a f  x  dx when f(x) ≤ 0 on [a, b]
5.5. Applications of Definite Integral
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Example 5.9

Find the area of the

region that is
limited by the x-axis
and the curve
y  cos x

on 0, 3 
 2
5.5. Applications of Definite Integral
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Distance as an Integral

The total distance traveled by an object with continuous velocity v(t)

along a straight line from time t = a to t = b is

b
S   v  t  dt
a

b
Note: 
a
v(t )dt is displacement of the object over the interval [a, b],
which is defined as the difference between the object’s final and
initial position.
5.5. Applications of Definite Integral
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Example 5.10

An object moves
along a straight line
with
1
v(t )  t  1
2

How far does the

object travel between
times t = 0 and t = 6?
5.5. Applications of Definite Integral
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Average Value of a Function

If f is continuous on the interval [a, b] then the average value of f on
[a, b] is given by the integral

1 b
AV   f  x  dx
ba a
5.5. Applications of Definite Integral
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Example 5.11
Suppose that during a
typical winter day, the
temperature (in degrees
Celsius) x hour after
midnight is modeled by
1
T ( x)  2   x  13
2

7
Find the average
temperature over the time
period from 2 am to 2
pm, and find a time when
the average temperature
actually occurs.
5.6. Introduction to Differential Equation
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Introduction
 Any equation that contains a derivative or differential is called a
differential equation. The following equations are all differential
equations.
2
dy  dy  dy d 2x
 2e  x,    3  2 y  xy,
2x
2
 3 x  2sin t
dx  dx  dx dt

 The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest

derivative involved in the equation.
 A solution of a differential equation is a function that satisfy the
equation. A general solution is a characterization off all possible
solution of the equation.
5.6. Introduction to Differential Equation
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Example 5.12

Find the solution of the

differential equation
dy 1
 e  3 x, y 1 
2x

dx 2
5.6. Introduction to Differential Equation
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Separable Differential Equation

dy g  x 
 A differential equation expressible in the form  is said
dx f  y 
to be separable.

 To solve such an equation

+ First, separate the variables into the differential form

f ( y )dy  g  x  dx

+ Then integrate both sides respect to its thusly isolated variable

 f ( y)dy   g  x  dx
5.6. Introduction to Differential Equation
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Example 5.13

Solve the equation

2x
y' 2
y
5.6. Introduction to Differential Equation
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Example 5.14

Solve the equation

dy
 2 x 1  y  e
2 x2

dx
y  0  0
5.6. Introduction to Differential Equation
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Modeling Exponential Growth and Decay

A process is said to undergo exponential change if the relative rate of

change of the process is modeled by a constant, in other words

Q '(t ) dQ
k  k .Q(t )  Q(t )  Q0 e kt
Q (t ) dt

Growth if k > 0 Decay if k < 0

5.6. Introduction to Differential Equation
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Example 5.15

According to reports,
the world population
in 1998 was
approximately 5.9
billion people and is
increasing by 1.3%
each year. Estimate
the world population
in early 2023.
5.6. Introduction to Differential Equation
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Modeling fluid flow through an orifice

The rate of flow of water (in cubic feet per

second is
dV
 4,8 A0 h
dt

A0: area of the drain hole (ft2)

h: the height above the hole at time t ( second)

5.6. Introduction to Differential Equation
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Example 5.16
A cylindrical tank
(with a circular
base) is filled with
a liquid that is
draining through a
small circular hole
in its base. If the
tank is 9 ft high
with radius 4 ft,
and the drain hole
has radius 1 in.
How long does it
take for the tank to
empty?
5.7. Numerical Integration
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ba
Approximation by Rectangles x 
n

 f ( x)dx  x  f ( x )  f ( x )  ...  f ( x )
a
1 2 n

ba
Approximation by Trapezoids x 
n

b
x
 f ( x)dx 
2
 f ( x0 )  f ( xn )  2  f ( x1 )  ....  f ( xn 1 ) 
a
5.7. Numerical Integration
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Example 5.17

Approximate the value

of the integral
2

 ln  2 x  1 dx
1

using rectangles and

trapezoids with 6
subintervals on [1, 2].