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MATH 115: Lecture XXVIII Notes

This document discusses properties and techniques for evaluating definite integrals, including: 1) Properties of definite integrals such as linearity and how bounds of integration change under substitutions. 2) Examples of u-substitutions, including radical, exponential, and logarithmic, to evaluate definite integrals. 3) Computing the area under a curve and the average value of a function over an interval using definite integrals.

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76 views3 pages

MATH 115: Lecture XXVIII Notes

This document discusses properties and techniques for evaluating definite integrals, including: 1) Properties of definite integrals such as linearity and how bounds of integration change under substitutions. 2) Examples of u-substitutions, including radical, exponential, and logarithmic, to evaluate definite integrals. 3) Computing the area under a curve and the average value of a function over an interval using definite integrals.

Uploaded by

Dylan C. Beck
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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6.

5 Evaluating Definite Integrals


6.5.1 Properties of Definite Integrals
Like with indefinite integrals, definite integrals have demonstrable properties that are useful to
consider in computation. We state without proof these properties.

Properties of Definite Integrals. Let f (x) and g(x) be integrable functions on the closed in-
terval [a, b]. We have the following properties of definite integrals.
�a
1.) a f (x) dx = 0
�b �a
2.) a f (x) dx = − b f (x) dx
�b �b
3.) a [k · f (x)] dx = k · a f (x) dx for every real number k
�b �b �b
4.) a [f (x) ± g(x)] dx = a f (x) dx ± a g(x) dx
�b �c �b
5.) a f (x) dx = a f (x) dx + c f (x) dx for all a < c < b

6.5.2 u-Substitution for Definite Integrals


Our previous method of u-substitution translates nicely into a usable form for definite integrals.
�3 √
Radical u-Substitution. Compute the definite integral 1 3 3x + 1 dx.
� √
Solution. Previously, we made the�√substitution u = 3x + 1 so that we could rewrite 3 3x + 1 dx
as the more tractable expression u du = 23 u3/2 + C. We enlist the same tactic on the definite
integral. We note that the bounds of integration change during substitution — namely, for x = 1,
we have that u = 4, and for x = 3, we have that u = 10. We conclude that
� 3 � 10 �10
√ √ 2 3/2 �� 2 √
3 3x + 1 dx = u du = u � = (10 10 − 8). �
1 4 3 4 3
�2 2
Exponential u-Substitution. Compute the definite integral 0
xe2x dx.

Solution. We note that f (x) = ex and g(x) = 2x2 so that g � (x) = 4x and g � (x) dx = 4x dx.
Consider the substitution u = 2x2 . We have that 14 du = x dx. Furthermore, we note that for
x = 0, we have that u = 0, and for x = 2, we have that u = 8. We conclude that
� 2 � 8 �8
2x2 1 u 1 u �� 1
xe dx = e du = e � = (e8 − 1). �
0 0 4 4 0 4
�1 x2
Logarithmic u-Substitution. Compute the definite integral 0 x3 +1
dx.

Solution. We note that f (x) = x1 and g(x) = x3 + 1 so that g � (x) = 3x2 and g � (x) dx = 3x2 dx.
Consider the substitution u = x3 + 1. We have that 13 du = x2 dx. Furthermore, we note that for
x = 0, we have that u = 1, and for x = 1, we have that u = 2. We conclude that
� 1 � 2 �2
x2 1 1 1 �
dx = · du = ln |u| � = 1 ln 2. �
3 �
0 x +1 1 3 u 3 1 3

75
6.5.3 Computing the Area of a Region Under a Curve
Area Under an Exponential Curve. Compute the area of the region under the graph of the
curve ex/2 from x = −1 to x = 1.
�1
Solution. We must compute −1 ex/2 dx. We note that f (x) = ex and g(x) = x2 so that g � (x) = 12
and g � (x) dx = 12 dx. Consider the substitution u = x2 . We have that 2 du = dx. Furthermore, we
note that for x = −1, we have that u = − 12 , and for x = 1, we have that u = 12 . We conclude that
� 1 � 1/2
�1/2
x/2
e dx = 2eu du = 2eu �−1/2 = 2(e1/2 − e−1/2 ). �
−1 −1/2

6.5.4 Computing the Average Value of a Function


Recall that the average value of the n real numbers y1 , y2 , . . . , yn is the real number
y1 + y2 + · · · + yn
.
n
Given an integrable function f (x) on a closed interval [a, b], we may subdivide the closed interval
[a, b] into n equally-sized subintervals of length Δx = b−a
n
with representatives x1 , x2 , . . . , xn , each
from a distinct subinterval, so that the average value of f (x1 ), f (x2 ), . . . , f (xn ) is
f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) + · · · + f (xn )
.
n
We note that this yields an approximation of the average value of f (x) on the closed interval
[a, b]. Of course, our approximation can be improved by taking the limit of the number of subin-
tervals n as n approaches infinity. Explicitly, we have that
f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) + · · · + f (xn )
average value of f (x) on [a, b] = lim
n→∞ n
� �
f (x1 ) f (x2 ) f (xn )
= lim + + ··· +
n→∞ n n n

� �
1 b−a b−a b−a
= lim · f (x1 ) · + f (x2 ) · + · · · + f (xn ) ·
n→∞ b − a n n n

n
�
1
= · lim [f (xk ) · Δx]
b − a n→∞ k=1

� b
1
= · f (x) dx.
b−a a

We now formalize this idea as the average value of a function.

Average Value of a Function. Given an integrable function f (x) on a closed interval [a, b], the
1
�b
average value of f (x) on [a, b] is given by b−a · a f (x) dx.

76
Financing an Automobile. Madison Finance charges interest rates on auto loans for used cars
1 3 7 2
over a six-month period approximately by the cubic function r(t) = − 12 t + 8 t −3t+12, where t is
given in months and r(t) is the annual percentage rate. Compute the average rate on auto loans
extended by Madison Finance over a six-month period.

Solution. We note that r(t) is an integrable function on the closed interval [0, 6], hence
� � �
1 6 1 3 7 2
average rate on auto loans = − t + t − 3t + 12 dt
6 0 12 8

� �6
1 1 4 7 3 3 2
= − t + t − t + 12t = 9%. �
6 48 24 2 0

Dispersion of Diapram in the Bloodstream. √ Experimental cancer drug Diapram disperses


into the bloodstream at a rate of r(t) = 50 − 2 t milligrams per hour. Compute the average
amount of Diapram in a patient’s bloodstream in the first three hours after treatment.
�
Solution. Recall that we previously calculated the indefinite integral r(t) dt = 50t − 43 t3/2 + C.
By noting that there is no Diapram in a patient’s bloodstream at time t = 0, we conclude that
C = 0, hence we obtain the amount d(t) = 50t − 43 t3/2 of Diapram in a patient’s bloodstream at
time t. We note that d(t) is an integrable function on the closed interval [0, 3], hence
� � �
1 3 4 3/2
average amount of Diapram in the bloodstream = 50t − t dt
3 0 3

� �3
1 2 8 5/2
= 25t − t
3 15 0

� �
1 24 √
= 225 − 3 ≈ 73 mg. �
3 5

77

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