5 8.1 R.K.MALIKS NEWTON CLASSES JEE (MAIN & ADV.), MEDICAL + BOARD, NDA, IX & X CHAPTER 8 : DEFINITE INTEGRALS In the previous lesson we have discussed the anti-derivative, ie, integration of a function. The very word integration means to have some sort of summation or combining of results. Now the question arises : Why do we study this branch of Mathematics? In fact the integration helps to find the areas under various laminas when we have definite limits of it. Further we will see that this branch finds applications in a variety of other problems in Statisties, Physics, Biology, Commerce and many more. Inthis lesson, we will define and interpret definite integrals geometrically, evaluate definite integrals using properties and apply definite integrals to find area of a bounded region. BJECTIVES After studying this lesson, you will be able to + define and interpret geometrically the definite integral as a limit of sum; + evaluatea given definite integral using above definition, + state fundamental theorem of integral calculus; © state and use the following properties for evaluating definite integrals t a e b e @ [FO0dx=- fFGodx (i [fO0dx =ffGOdx + [FOO ax a a b i a Gi) [£Odx =[rowes : [rca x)dx o 0 a b ® (sy [£0 dx =[F Cae b—xDdx ( [PO0dx =[f Ca -x)dx 0 a 20 : i) [ PGddx = 2[f Gods if f(2a-x) =f (x) o a =Oif f(2a-x)=-f(x) Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranc ‘9835508812, 8507613968|DEFINITE INTEGRALS (ii) [ £Cx)dx = 2) f Gx dx iffis an even function of x a 0 = Of fis an odd function of x. © apply definite integrals to find the area of'a bounded region, EXPECTED BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE © Knowledge ofintegration * Area ofa bounded region 31.1 DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS A LIMIT OF SUM In this section we shall discuss the problem of finding the areas of regions whose boundary is not familiar to us. (See Fig, 31.1) Fig. 31.1 Fig. 31.2 Let us restrict our attention to finding the areas of such regions where the boundary is not familiar to usis on one side of x-axis only asin Fig, 31.2. This is because we expect that it is possible to divide any region into a few subregions of this kind, find the areas of these subregions and finally add up all these areas to get the area of the whole region, (See Fig. 31:1) Now, let f(x) be a continuous function defined on the closed interval [a, b]. For the present, assume that all the values taken by the function are non-negative, so that the graph of the function isa curve above the x-axis (See. Fig.31.3) [pitts (606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi -834001, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, #507613968]DEFINITE INTEGRALS YZ Rows AGG QQ) RQ Vy RQ gy CMLL Fig. 31.3 Consider the region between this curve, the x-axis and the ordinates x= aandx=b, that is, the shaded region in Fig 31.3. Now the problem is to find the area of the shaded region. In order to solve this problem, we consider three special cases of f(x) as rectangular region , triangular region and trapezoidal region The area of these regions = base = average height In general for any function f(x) on [a, b] Area of the bounded region (shaded region in Fig. 31.3 ) = base * average height The bases the length of the domain interval [a, b]. The height at any point xis the value of f(x) at that point. Therefore, the average height is the average of the values taken by fin [a, b], (This. may not be so easy to find because the height may not vary uniformly.) Our problem is how to find the average value of fin [a,b] 31.1.1 Average Value of a Function in an Interval Ifthere are only finite number of values of fin [a,b], we can easily get the average value by the formula. Sum of the values of f in[ a,b] Average value of fin [a, b] = a jumbers of values But in our problem, there are infinite number of values taken by fin [a, b]. How to find the average in such a case? The above formula does not help us, so we resort to estimate the average value of fin the following way: First Estimate : Take the value of fat'a' only. The value of Fat ais f(a). We take this value, namely f(@), as a rough estimate ofthe average value of fin [a,b] Average value of fin (a, b] (first estimate)=f(a) — @ Second Estimate : Divide [a,b] into two equal parts or sub-intervals, Let the length of each sub-interval beh, h = a Take the values of fat the let end points of the sub-intervals, The values are f(a) and f(a+h) (Fig. 31.4) Office : 606, 6th Floor, HiDEFINITE INTEGRALS Y f(a+h) (+h) Fig. 31.4 Take the average of these two values as the average of fin [a, b] Average value of fin [a, b] (Second estimate) =f (a)+f(ath) 7 ha (i) This estimate is expected to bea better estimate than the first. Proceeding in a similar manner, divide the interval [a, b] into n subintervals of length h f(a +(n—1)h) aatha+2h a+(nih Fig. 31.5 ‘Take the values of fat the left end points of the n subintervals The values are f (a), f(a+h)........£[a + (n-1) h], Take the average of these n values of fin [a,b] Average value of fin [a, b] (nth estimate) _f(a)+f(ath)+ +f(a+(n-h) y_d n . n ii) For larger values of n (iii) is expected to be a better estimate of what we seek as the average value of fin [a, b] Thus, we get the following sequence of estimates for the average value of fin [a, b] Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower,8.5 DEFINITE INTEGRALS F(a) Hle(a)+t(aehy), S[P(a)+t(a+h)+e(a+2h)), ie b-a A[r(a) +t (arn), #f{a+(n-1)h}], h= As we go farther and farther along this sequence, we are going closer and closer to our destina- tion, namely, the average value taken by fin [a, b]. Therefore, itis reasonable to take the limit of these estimates as the average value taken by fin [a,b]: In other words, Average value of fin [a, b] lim L{f(a)+f(a+h)+f(a+2h) + +f[a+(n=1)h]}, noon h= h (vy) It canbe proved that this limit exists for all continuous functions fon a closed interval [a,b] Now, we have the formula to find the area of the shaded region in Fig. 31.3, The base is (b — a )and the average height is given by (iv). The area of the region bounded by the curve f (x), x-axis, the ordinates x=a and x= =(b—a) lim 2{r(a)+f(a+h)+f(a+2h)+...+f[a+(n-1h]}, noon tim +[e(a) +£(a +h) #...... + f{a+(n—1) hy], = no0n n w) ‘We take the expression on R.H.S. of (v) as the definition ofa definite integral. This integral is denoted by b fe(x) ax b read as integral of f(x) from a tob!. The numbers a and bin the symbol | (X) 4 are called respectively the lower and upper limits of integration, and f (x) is called the integrand, Note : In obtaining the estimates of the average values of fin [a, b], we have taken the left end points of the subintervals. Why left end points? Why not right end points of the subintervals? We can as well take the right end points of the Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hi 8507613968|ERINITE INTEGRALS subintervals throughout and Mth case we get b [f(x)dx = (ba) lim Lee(ath)+f(at 2h) ++ f(b)}, b= PE* y non n = fim hf (ath) + F(a + 2h) +o FCB) wi x dx as the limit of sum. Example31.1 [gig Solution : By definition, fr(ajae = (0-2) tim 1[e(a)+f(a th) +0. +f {a+(n=1h}] nos n b-a n h 1 Here a=1,b=2, f(x)=xand h = — noon ; 1 xdx = lim =] f(1)+ [ape~ al f ( \ ( 4 = tim Afi+(1s4)+ (142) (14224) noenl (on) Lon Ca I = im 2] 1414 + 1+ ' 4 | noag ntimes ny = tim {ns tosas +(0-1))] noon) a T 4 = ‘fim 1] 4 (o—Dm noon n2 Sincel +2+3+ ==)DEFINITE INTEGRALS 2 DTT Sie Find f eXdx as limit of sum 0 Solutions : By definition b [f(s) dx = im h[t(a)+f(a +h) +e (a+ an) +... +f fa +(n-1)hy] h>0 where h Here a = 0,b = 2,£(x) = e* andh =2=2 =2 non e*dx = lim h[F (0) +F(h) +f (2h) +... +F(n 1h] = tim h{ + eh +e 4. elt P| noob (ony 1) (er)i-1 = lim h| e®| S4+—— hoo ef 1 L \ ) | since atartar +... +ar |-ame “nsoh} fe —1) ic *} (enh = 2) (oh =4im {1 0 ef —1 h 2 tim =! — =e -1 hoo hl In examples 31.1 and 31.2 we observe that finding the definite integral as the limit of sum is quite difficult. In order to overcome this difficulty we have the fundamental theorem of integral calculus which states that Theorem 1 : If fis continuous in [ a, b] and F is an antiderivative of fin [a, b] then b ff (x) dx = F(b)-F(a) (1) The difference F (b)—F (a) is commonly denoted by [F(x )]? so that (1) can be written as b ff (x) dx = F(x) or [F(x)P. Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi -834001, Ph.; 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968DEFINITE INTEGRALS In words, the theorem tells us that b [f (xx) dx = (Value of antiderivative at the upperlimit b) — (Value of the same antiderivative at the lower limit a) baer le) eos Evaluate the following 2 (a) [cos dx (by fe ax 0 Solution : We know that [ cosxdx = sinx +¢ cosx dx = [sinx }? = sin2—sin0=1-0=1 2 (b) Theorem 2 : If fand g are continuous functions defined in [a, b] and c is a constant then, b b @ fet (xidx = eff (x)ax ‘ a ; (iy [LEC +(x) Jax = fe(x)ax +f e(x)ax » b » [[f(x)-e(x)]dx = ft (x)dx -[a(x)dx (4x? ~ 5x +7)dx 2 2 2 (4x? ~ 5x +7)dx = [4x2dx —[5x dx + [7 dx 0 0 0 Solution Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hi (0651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968]DEFINITE INTEGRALS 2 2 2 af x2dx - 5) xdx + 7f1 dx 0 0 a =4. [sf —[s/ +7[xh lo The principal step in the evaluation of a definite integral is to find the related indefinite integral. Inthe preceding lesson we have discussed several methods for finding the indefinite integral. One of the important methods for finding indefinite integrals is the method of substitution. When we use substitution method for evaluation the definite integrals, like z ; sinx dx fe, 9 | + cos x the steps could be as follows () Make appropriate substitution to reduce the given integral to a known form to integrate ‘Write the integral in terms of the new variable. Gi) Integrate the new integrand with respect to the new variable, ii) Change the limits accordingly and find the difference of the values at the upper and lower limits, Note : Ifwe don't change the limit with respect to the new variable then after integrating resubstitute for the new variable and write the answer in original variable. Find the values of the answer thus obtained at the given limits of the integral, 162523, 9835508812, 8507613968DEFINITE INTEGRALS TET &vatuate the following 1 sino 1 de © |= — ® © | o sin’ 0 + cos’ 6 [Sy ae0nn 0 Let cos x then sinx dx=—dt Solution: (a) When x=0,t=I and X = x t= 0. Asx varies from Oto 5, t varies from 1 to 0, 0 1 2 let 0 dt =—[tan' th sin 28 sin? 8 +cos* 6 do (by I= d6 j sin 20 1-2sin? @ cos? 0 j sin 20 d0 2 @(1~sin?@) Let sin?0=t Then 2sin@cos@d0 = dt ie. sin 20d = dt m When 6 = 0,t = Oand@ =—,t = 1. As @ varies from 0 to 2 the new variable t varies from Oto 1DEFINITE INTEGRALS tos ~ | = [ tan“! tan“! (1) ] 2/40 - -2). x 4) 2 1- tan? X (c) We know that cos x = 1+ tan? * e z ® 2 2 ie dx =f z dx | 3#4c08x | sit Then seo? dx = 2at when x = 0, t= 0,when x ==, The definite integral of f (x) between the limits a and b has already been defined as [ecxyax = F(b)=F(a), Where {[F(x)]= F(x), a where a and b are the lower and upper limits of integration respectively, Now we state below some important and useful properties of such definite integrals, Office : 606, 6th Floor, sular Road, Ranchi -834001, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968}DEFINITE INTEGRALS b b b a @ — fP(x)dx= feta (i [span = Le (xyax b e b Gi) F(x)dx = ft (x)dx + FP (x)dx, where a ax | + fr(x)dx = fr(a—x) liTranGe=s) x ! (x)dr J (a-x) & (ii) Adding (j) and (ii) or 2 { (sec? x ~ tan x seex) dx Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hi 1835508812, 8507613968]DEFINITE INTEGRALS = [tan x ~ see x [* = x[(tan ~ see) ~ (tan 0 ~ sec)] = x[0-(-1)-(0-1)] =2n . len Example 31.7 Faate : . © po vi © i sinx — 008x_4y ¥sinx Pca 0 1+ sin x cosx Solution : (a) Let I = @ Also I= (Using the property [ £ (x) dx = f(a ~ x)dxy 0 0 i Neos + Vsinx 20S X Vann’ © ‘Adding (i) and (ii), we get fe jamz seo + VEOSX 4 at P o Vinx + W Iecax 4 [xh => ae 4 Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hi 51-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968)DEFINITE INTEGRALS 2 ie. («=F o ¥sinx + Vcos x. 4 (b)Let 1 = f SPS—SS% gy @ o | +sinxcosx Toa a then '= eff (x)dx = ff(a-x)é Loo 0 ® Nj cosx sin 4, @ 1+ cos x sin x 0 ‘Adding (i) and (i), we get + sinx —cosx | # cosx~sinx a= jae fe ak o | + sin x cos 9 | + sin x cos x 4 sin x — cos x + cos x ~ sinx -j_reonreceidi dx sin x cos x. Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi -834001, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968]DEFINITE INTEGRALS x+Lifx 2-1 [x+1l=} ; |-x-Lifx <-1 3 + I|dx + [|x + I[dx, using property (ii) A h. To Idx + ie ¥1)dx a qa 1 9 9 1 Sn $145-34543-S41=10 2 2 2 2 [EERIETEY evatuate f tog (sin x)ax Solution : Let 1 = f log (sin x) dx @ 0 2 5 rR Also L= flog] sin = Jax [Using property (iv)] \ / ot = Jtow (cos x) dx @ 0 Adging (i) and (ii), we get a= 2 [log(sin x) + log(cosx)]dx = [log(sin x cos x) dx 0 si \ 2 2 = ns as = Plog(sin 2x )dx —f log (2) ax 0 0 362523, 9835508812, 8507613968]8.17 DEFINITE INTEGRALS log (sin 2x ) dx ~ Flog? Gi) Again, let 1 = [log (sin 2x ) dx 0 1 Put2x=t = dx =—dt When x= 0, t=0 and x it sp [loe(sinyat 32 log(sint) dt, [using property (vi)] d 2f log (sin x) dt [using property (i)] R= =1 [from ()] (iv) Putting this value in (i), we get = 1 Ztog2 —~Zlog = 1-Flog2 = T= ~Flog2 Hence, log (sinx )dx = —21og2 0 2 Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower,DEFINITE INTEGRALS Suppose that fand g are two continuous functions on aninterval [a, b] such that f (x) < g(x) for x © [a, b] that is, thecurve y=f(x) does not cross under the curve y= g(x) over [a, b] Now the questionis how to find the area of the region bounded above by y= f(x), below by y =g (x), and on the sides by x= a and x=b Again what happens when the upper curve y = f(x) intersects the lower curve y= g (x) at either the left hand boundary x= a , the right hand boundary x =b or both? 31.4.1 Area Bounded by the Curve, x-axis and the Ordinates Let AB be the curve y= f(x) and CA, DB the two 7 ordinates at x = a and x = b respectively. Sup- B pose y=f(x) isan increasing function of x in the nid interval asx Oand by — 0. 3A lim, fiesbetween y and aim, (y + 8y) ay30 8x gALy a Integrating both sides with respect tox, from x=a to x=b, we have * fda b [vex de dx =[AP = (Area when x = b) ~ (Area when x= a) = Area (ACDB) 0 = Area (ACDB) b Hence Area (ACDB) = fr(x)ax The area bounded by the curve y= f(x), the x-axis and the ordinates x= a, x=bis , ® [£(x)a% or fydx where y f(s) is continuous single valued function and y does not change sign in the interval a yis positive in the first quadrant) vy Required area = ra’ =P square units 31.4.2. Area Bounded by the Curve x = f (y) between y-axis and the Li Let AB be the curve x= f(y) and let CA, DB a2 and x- 8.20 axis in the first (Oa) be the abscissae at y=c, y= d respectively.” | eB Let P (x, y) beany point on the curveandlet Qh+ ax yeey) Q(x +x, y + Sy) beantighbouring point R on it, Draw PM and QN perpendiculars on Poy) y-axis from P and Q respectively. As y changes, 4 the area (ACMP) also changes and hence clearly a function ofy, Let Adenote the area —>} x (ACMP), then the area (ACNQ) will be A+dA The area (PMNQ) = Area (ACNQ) ~ Area(ACMP)= A + 8A — A = 6A Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi -834001, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968]Complete the rectangle PROS. Then the rca (PMNO fies between the area (PMNS) and the area (RMNQ), that is, 8A lies between x 8 y and (x +5x)dy 3A > Jy liesbetween x and x +8.x Inthe limiting position when Q —> P, 8x — 0 and ,*, i 5A . lim — lim (x + 8x atm, Sy lies between x and. 6 ) > Integrating both sides with respect to y, between the limits cto d, we get 4 4 dA dy = (Sa bela id ~=[AL = (Area when y= d) - (Area when y = ¢) = Area (ACDB) - 0 = Area (ACDB) 4 4 Hence area (ACDB) = [dy = | f(y )dy The area bounded by the curve x = f(y ), the y-axis and the lines y= cand y = 4 4 fxdy op fP(y)ay where x~=f(y ) is a continuous single valued funetion and x does not change sign in the interval esysd TRPEERETND) Find the area bounded by the curve x= y, y-axis and the lines y =0, ‘olution : The given curve is x=y. . Required area bounded by the curve, y-axis and the lines y= =3 |. y=3is Fig. 31.10 Office : 606, 6th Floor, ircular Road, Ranchi -834001, (0651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968}DEFINITE INTEGRALS square units PRPEEREINE) Find the area enclosed by the circle x? + y2 = a? and y-axis in the first quadrant Solution : The given curve is x? + y2 = a2, whichisa circle whose centre is (0, 0) and radius a. Therefore, we have to find the area enclosed by the circle x? + y? = a2, they-axis and the abscissae y= 0, y= a a Required area = [¥ dy 0 éf a? —y? dy 0 (because x is positive in first quadrant) rl y Fig 31.01 «ol 1) = i ; se sin7!0 = 0,sin7 1 = = Fr Sauare units ( 2 ) Note : The area is same as in Example 31. 11, the reason is the given curveis symmetrical about both the axes. In such problems if we have been asked to find the area of the curve, without any restriction we can do by either method EEE Find the whole area bounded by the circle x? + y by? : The equation of the curve is x Solutio The circle is symmetrical about both the axes, so the whole area of the circle is four times the area os the circle in the first quadrant, thatis, Area of circle = 4 « area of OAB =4x = Grom Example 12.11 and 12.13) = a2 square units - Fig 31.12 9835508812, 8507613968}DEFINITE INTEGRALS [EEEIEEIEA Find the whole area of the ellipse Solution : The equation of the ellipse is 2 y y x 1 be The ellipse is symmetrical about both the axes and so the whole area of the ellipse is four times the area in the first quadrant, that is, Whole area of the ellipse =4 « area (OAB) Inthe first quadrant, Now forthe area (OAB), x varies from 0 to a Area (OAB) > fy dx 0 =P ee ax 0 eon 4 Hence the whole area of the ellipse = gy 20m = nab, Square units 31.4.3 Area between two Curves Suppose that f(x) and g (x) are two continuous and non-negative functions on an interval [a, b] such that f(x) 2 g(x) forall x © [a, b] thatis, the curve y= f(x) doesnot cross under the curve y=g (x) for x € [a,b]. We want to find the area bounded above by y=f (x), below by y= (x), and on the sides by x =a and x=b Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi -834001, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968]8.24 DEFINITE INTEGRALS Let A=[Area under y =f (x)] —[Area under y=s@)] (ly Now using the definition for the area bounded by the curve y = f (x), x-axis and the ordi- nates x= aand x=b, we have ‘Area under b =fO0) = [e(xa& u * ! (x) dx (2) Fig, 31.14 b Similarly, Areaunder ¥ = 8¢x) = [g(x)dx @) Using equations (2) and (3 in (1), we get b b A= [f(x)dx -[a(x)dx i. a = [[f(x)-e(x)]dx (4) ‘What happens when the fimetion g has negative values also? This formula can be extended by translating the curves f(x) and g (x) upwards until both are above the x-axis. To do this let-m be the minimum value of g (x) on [a, b] (see Fig, 31.15), Since g(x)=-m > g(x)+m>0 Fig. 31.15 Fig. 31.16 Now, the functions g(x) +m and f (x) + mare non-negative on [a, b] (see Fig, 31.16). It is intuitively clear that the area ofa region is unchanged by translation, so the area A between f and gis the same as the area between g(x) +m and f (x) +m. Thus, Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower,DEFINITE INTEGRALS A= [area undery =[f (x) + m]]~[area undery =[g(x) +m] ] (5) Now using the definitions for the area bounded by the curve y = f(x), x-axis and the ordinates x =aand x =b, we have b Areaunder y =f Gx)+m= [[f (x) +m]dx © b and ‘Areaunder ¥ = 80x) +m = [[g(x) +m]dx Oy The equations (6), (7) and (5) give b b [Lf (9) + m]ax -[[e(x) + mJ dx A i = f(x) g(x)]dx which is same as (4) Thus, If f (x) and g (x) are continuous functions on the interval [a, b], and f (x) 2g (x), Vx € [a, b], then the area of the region bounded above by y=f (x), below by y= g(x), on the left by x =a and on the right by x= bis 4 = [[P(x)- a(x) ]ex = > square units Ifthe curves intersect then the sides of the region where the upper and lower curves intersect reduces to a point, rather than a vertical line segment PRPETERETET] Find the area of the region enclosed between the curves y = x? and yax+6 Solution : We know that y = x? isthe equation of the parabola which is symmetric about the y-axis and vertex is origin and y=x + 6 is the equation of the straight line. (See Fig. 31.17). Office : 606, 6th Floor, HiDEFINITE INTEGRALS A sketch of the region shows that the lower boundary is y = x? and the upper boundary is y =x +6. These two curves intersect at two points, say Aand B. Solving these two equations we get =x+6 => => — (x-3)(x+2)=0 > When x= 3, y= 9 and when x =~2, y=4 -. The required area = [°,[(x +6)-x? ]dx 71-f-2) 2 a) 125 =F square units po FV) fos) Ws | Find the area bounded by the curves y? = 4x andy =x. Solution : Weknow that y? = 4x the equation of the parabola which is symmetric about the x-axis and origin is the vertex. y=x is the equation of the straight line (see Fig. 31.18) A sketch of the region shows that the lower boundaryis y=xand the upper boundaryis y? = 4x. These two curves intersect at two points O and A. Solving these two equations, we get y=x > yy +4) =0 > y= 0,4 When y = 0, x= 0 and wheny=4, x=4. 1 Heres (y= (4x)? e(x)= xa 2 0,b=4 Therefore, the required area is Fig. 31.18 Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hi 51-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968}DEFINITE INTEGRALS square units PGE e Find the area common to two parabolas x? = day and y” = 4ax Solution : Weknow that y = 4ax and x? = day arethe equations of the parabolas, which are symmetric about the x-axis and y-axis respectively. Also both the parabolas have their vertices at the origin (see Fig. 31.19) A sketch of the region shows that the lower boundary is x? = day and the upper boundary is. y? = ax. These two curves intersect at two points O and A. Solving these two equations, we have = > x= 0,4a Hence the two parabolas intersect at point (0, 0) and (4a, 4a), Here f(x) =V4ax,g(x) = Fig. 31.19 ‘Therefore, required area H 4a a a 22vax? x3 | 3 12a Io 32a? 16a? 3 3 9835508812, 8507613968}fen INTEGRALS If fis continuous in [a, b] and Fis an anti derivative of fin [a, b], then b [f(x)dx = F(b)- F(a) Iffand gare continuous in [a, b] and cis constant, then b b @ — fef(x)dx = eff (x)dx wo [tres + o(x)]dx -fr(ayas : fecsrax ‘ ‘ ‘ Gy FIP C)- s(x) ]ds =f (x) dx - fg (x) dx The area bounded by the curve y= f(x), the x-axis and the ordinates = bis froxyax or [yas where y = f (x) isa continuous single valued function and y does not change sign in the interval a < x g(x), forall x € [a,b], thenthe area ofthe region bounded above by y = f(x), below by y=g (x), on the left by x=a and on theright by x=b is » [lf (x) -e(x)] ox Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi -834001, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 135508812, 8507613968]