BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

A Laboratory Manual for

Basic Electronics
(3110016)

B.E. Semester 2 (E.C.)

Government Engineering College,

Modasa,
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Certificate
This is to certify that Mr./Ms.
Enrollment No. of B.E. Semester
Electronics & Communication Engineering of this Institute (GTU Code: 016)
has satisfactorily completed the Practical work for the subject Basic Electronics
(3110016) for the academic year 2024-2025.

Place:
Date:

Name and Sign of Faculty member

Head of the Department

Preface
Main motto of any laboratory/practical/field work is for enhancing required skills as well as
creating ability amongst students to solve real time problems by developing relevant competencies
in the psychomotor domain. By keeping in view, GTU has designed competency focused
outcomebased curriculum for engineering degree programs where sufficient weightage is given to
practical work. It shows the importance of enhancement of skills amongst the students and it pays
attention to utilize every second of time allotted for practical amongst students, instructors and
faculty members to achieve relevant outcomes by performing the experiments rather than having
merely study type experiments. It is must for effective implementation of competency focused
outcome-based curriculum that every practical is keenly designed to serve as a tool to develop and
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

enhance relevant competency required by the various industries among every student. These
psychomotor skills are very difficult to develop through traditional chalk and board content delivery
methods in the classroom. Accordingly, this lab manual is designed to focus on the industry-defined
relevant outcomes, rather than old practice of conducting practical to prove concept and theory.
By using this lab manual students can go through the relevant theory and procedure in
advance before the actual performance which creates an interest and students can have basic idea
prior to performance. This in turn enhances pre-determined outcomes amongst students. Each
experiment in this manual begins with competency, industry relevant skills, course outcomes as well
as practical outcomes (objectives). The students will also achieve safety and necessary precautions
to be taken while performing practical.
This manual also provides guidelines to faculty members to facilitate student centric lab
activities through each experiment by arranging and managing necessary resources in order that the
students follow the procedures with required safety and necessary precautions to achieve the
outcomes. It also gives an idea that how students will be assessed by providing rubrics.
Basic Electronics is the fundamental course which deals with various components and
circuits for particular applications. It provides a platform for students to learn basic components used
in different circuits of all electronics as well communication circuitry. Students also learnt all
Fundamental instruments used for different measurements of the circuits.
Utmost care has been taken while preparing this lab manual however always there is chances
of improvement. Therefore, we welcome constructive suggestions for improvement and removal of
errors if any.
Note : It is possible that the instruments, components , equipmenst available at the institute may have
slightly different circuits and methodology presented here in the materials. Faculties are requested
to make proper corrections according to available resources. Virtual Lab is also an effective
alternative can be used as an extension to these practicals.
Practical — Course Outcome matrix

Course Outcomes (COs):

co-I : Analyze the general — and special-Purpose diode
circuits co-2 : Design biasing circuits for BJT co-3 : Analyze
BJT circuits in small signal domain
CO-4 : Analyze basic FET circuits co-5 : Verify the functionalities of
basic digital Gates and Logic families co-6 : Construct and test circuit
using basic electronic devices in a group
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Objective(s) of Experiment COI C02 C03 C04 cos C06

Sr.
No.

1
To measure various parameters using
different Instruments ( Regulated power
supply, Multimeter, function generator,
C.R.O.)
(A) To measure DC voltage and current,
AC voltage and current with a multimeter.
(B) To observe waveforms on an
oscilloscope, measure basic parameters
amplitude and frequency of sine wave,
square wave and triangular wave.

3
To observe waveform at the output of half
wave rectifier with and without filter
capacitor. To measure DC voltage, DC
current, ripple factor with and without
filter capacitor

4
To observe waveform at the output of full
wave rectifier with and without filter
capacitor. To measure DC voltage, DC
current, ripple factor with and without
filter capacitor
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

5
To observe waveform at the output of
bridge rectifier with and without filter
capacitor. To measure DC voltage, DC
current, ripple factor with and without
filter capacitor

12
To design common emitter amplifier
and construct circuit on breadboard.
Measure gain at different frequencies
and plot frequency response
13
To understand working of transistor as a
switch. To draw DC load line for given
circuit.
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

it, draw circuit diagram and test it in the

laboratory. Write test results in this
practical)
SUGGESTED: 1) v-l characteristics of
LED and Photo diode
2) Construct AND gate & OR gate
with help of diode and verify truth table
3) To observe input-output waveforms
of common collector (CC) amplifier. To
measure gain of amplifier at different
frequencies and plot frequency response
4) To measure gain of FET common
source (CS) amplifier
Industry Relevant Skills
The following industry relevant competencies are expected to be developed in the student by
undertaking the practical work of this laboratory.
1. Analog Design & Product analog circuit understanding and design
2. Support Hardware testing and Design validation.
3. Design the Product/POC/Prototype & Construct and test circuit using basic electronic devices

Guidelines for Faculty members

1.Teacher should provide the guideline with demonstration of practical to the students with all features.
2.Teacher shall explain basic concepts/theory related to the experiment to the students before starting of
each practical
3.1nvolve all the students in the performance of each experiment.
4.Teachers are expected to share the skills and competencies to be developed in the students and
ensure that the respective skills and competencies are developed in the students after the
completion of the experimentation.
5.Teachers should give opportunities to students for hands-on experience after the demonstration.
6.Teachers may provide additional knowledge and skills to the students even though not covered in the
manual but are expected from the students by the concerned industry.
7.Give practical assignments and assess the performance of students based on tasks assigned to check
whether it is as per the instructions or not.
8.Teacher is expected to refer to the complete curriculum of the course and follow the guidelines for
implementation.
Instructions for Students
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

1.Students are expected to carefully listen to all the theory classes delivered by the faculty members and
understand the COs, content of the course, teaching and examination scheme, skill set to be
developed etc.
2.Students shall organize the work in the group and make a record of all observations.
3.Students shall develop maintenance skills as expected by industries.
4.Students shall attempt to develop related hand-on skills and build confidence.
5.Students shall develop the habits of evolving more ideas, innovations, skills etc. apart from those
included in scope of manual.
6.Students shall refer to technical magazines and data books.
7.Student should develop a habit of submitting the experimentation work as per the schedule and s/he
should be well prepared for the same.

Common Safety Instructions

1. Students must obey the safety instructions during laboratory sessions.
1. Keep the working area neat and clean to access the instruments.
2. Students should follow the instructions given by Lab assistant / Lab technicians and Faculty while
performing practical.
3. Be careful while operating on equipments it is expected that more than one students or , lab assistant
or faculty should remain present at the time of practicals
4. Always make circuit connections or changes after switching off the supply for the circuits/Kits.
5. Keep the resources in their designated space after the completion of practical
Index
(Progressive Assessment Sheet)

Sr. Objective(s) of Experiment Page Remar

Date of Date of Assessmen Sign. of
No. No. ks
perfor submiss t
Teacher
mance ion Marks with date

0 Mission & Vision

 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

1
To measure various parameters using
different Instruments ( Regulated
power supply, Multimeter, function
generator, C.R.O.)
(A) To measure DC voltage and
current, AC voltage and current with
a multimeter.
(B) To observe waveforms on an
oscilloscope, measure basic
parameters amplitude and frequency
of sine wave, square wave and
triangular wave.

3
To observe waveform at the output of
half wave rectifier with and without
filter capacitor. To measure DC
voltage, DC current, ripple factor
with and without filter capacitor

4
To observe waveform at the output of
full wave rectifier with and without
filter capacitor. To measure DC
voltage, DC current, ripple factor
with and without filter capacitor

with and without filter capacitor

 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

6
To construct clamper circuits on
breadboard and To observe
waveforms at the output of clamper
circuits
7
To construct clipper circuits on
breadboard and To observe
waveforms at the output of clipper
circuits

9
To obtain common emitter
characteristics of NPN transistor
10
To obtain common base
characteristics of NPN transistor

12
To design common emitter amplifier
and construct circuit on breadboard.
Measure gain at different frequencies
and plot frequency response
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

15
To test individual circuit prepared by
the student (Get circuit from the
faculty, build it, draw circuit diagram
and test it in the laboratory.
Write test results in this practical)
SUGGESTED: 1) v-l characteristics
of LED and Photodiode

3) To observe input-output
waveforms of common collector
(CC)
2) Construct AND gate & OR gate
with help of diode and verify truth
table

amplifier. To measure gain of

amplifier at different frequencies and
plot frequency response

4) To measure gain of FET common

source (CS) amplifier

Total

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Category Novice (2) Developing (3) Proficient (4) Expert (5)

 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Clarity of 1)The student 1)The students can

1)The students can
concepts understands the identify the 1)The students can
identify the
and record practical but struggles equipment and equipment properly clearly identify
book to identify the connect the circuits and components
equipment and properly. understand the
2)clumsy while 2)connect the procedures and neatly
2)Struggle to take
working on circuits properly and arranges practical
proper reading.
practicality. arrange the setup. 2)Takes proper
equipment. reading, prepare
3)Take near accurate graphs and calculate
reading and can the needed
make calculations. parameters.

Knowledge and 1)Demonstrates 1 )Demonstrates 1)Demonstrates a 1 )Demonstrates a

Understanding limited knowledge some knowledge and solid knowledge and deep knowledge and
and understanding of understanding of understanding of understanding of
basic electronic basic electronic basic electronic basic electronic
concepts and concepts and concepts and concepts and
principles. principles. principles. principles.
2)Struggles to 2)Can identify and 2)Can identify and 2)Can identify and
identify and explain explain key explain key explain complex
key components and components and components and components and
functions of functions of functions of functions of
electronic circuits. electronic circuits electronic circuits
electronic circuits
3)Shows little with some guidance. independently. independently.
familiarity with 3)Shows some 3)Shows a good 3)Shows a high level

laboratory equipment familiarity with level of familiarity of familiarity with

and procedures. laboratory with laboratory laboratory equipment
equipment and equipment and and procedures.
procedures. procedures.
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Practical Skills 1)Struggles complete 1)Can complete 1)Can complete 1)Can complete
basic basic laboratory laboratory tasks complex laboratory
laboratory tasks. tasks with some independently and tasks independently
efficiently. and efficiently.
2)Requires extensive guidance.
guidance and 2)Requires some 2)Has a good level 2)Has a high level of
of proficiency in proficiency in using
assistance to use guidance and
using laboratory laboratory equipment.
laboratory equipment. assistance to
equipment.
use laboratory 3)Can analyze
3)Has difficulty experimental results
equipment. 3)Can interpret
interpreting experimental results and draw
experimental results 3)Can interpret
accurately and make sophisticated
and making experimental results
well-supported conclusions.
conclusions. with some accuracy,
conclusions.
but has difficulty
making conclusions.
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Experiment No: 0

Vision and Mission of DTE:

Vision and Mission of Institute:

Vision and Mission of Department:

Program Objectives:
Program Outcome (PO)
Engineering Graduates will be able to:
POI.Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
P02. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics,natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

P03. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration
for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
P04. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.
P05. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with
an understanding of the limitations.
P06. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.
P07. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.
P08. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
P09. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
POIO. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear
instructions.
POI 1. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one's own work, as a member and leader
in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
P012. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

Program Specific Outcomes:

l) Graduates will apply knowledge in the area of Analog Electronics, Digital Electronics,
Communication Engineering.
2) Graduates will demonstrate an ability to design, formulate and solve the implementation
aspects problems with the electronics systems and products.
3) Graduate will demonstrate viable project involving analysis, design, and implementation and
testing of substantial hardware, software or any combination thereof in the various applications,
with emerging technologies
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Program Educational Objectives:

Course Outcomes:
co-I : Analyze the general — and special-Purpose diode
circuits co-2 : Design biasing circuits for BJT co-3 : Analyze
BJT circuits in small signal domain
CO-4 : Analyze basic FET circuits co-5 : Verify the functionalities of
basic digital Gates and Logic families co-6 : Construct and test circuit
using basic electronic devices in a group
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Experiment No: 01
Study of Multimeter & CRO and Measurement of Voltage & current,
Amplitude & Frequency

Date:
Competency and Practical Skills:After this practical students are expected to develop following
competencies and skills ,
1) Proper understanding of Multimeter and CRO and Measurements as these are the most basic set of
measurement instruments
2) Knowledge of Working of Multimeter and CRO ,various available functionalities how to use it in
measurements
3) Practical hands of Multimeter and CRO and Troubleshooting skills in case of not getting the desired
results.
Relevant CO: CO-I : Analyze the general — and special-Purpose diode circuits
Objectives:
1) To achieve mentioned competency and have hands on of the Multimeter and CRO
2) To be able to measure AC and DC voltage and current in the circuitry.
3) To be able to calculate frequency , Amplitude and various shifts from the CRO
which will enable them to understand and use DSO effectively.
4) Troubleshoot the instrument in case of not getting desired results.
5) Study of CRO and to find the Amplitude and Frequency using CRO.
6) To measure the Unknown Frequency & Phase difference using CRO.
Equipment/lnstruments: Digital Multimeter,Cathode-ray oscilloscope, Function Generator,
Regulated Power supply, Decade Resistance Box (DRB), CRO Probes and Bread Board.
[A] MULTIMETER:
Theory:
A digital multimeter (DMM) is a measuring instrument used to measure various electrical quantities.
The standard measurements that are performed by a DMM are current, voltage and resistance. Apart
from these, a digital multimeter can also measure temperature, frequency, capacitance, continuity,
transistor gains etc.
DMM Controls and Connection Ports
A typical DMM has a rotary switch, digital display and connecting jacks for the probes.
Let's
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Dial
(Rotary
Switch)

Transistor
Gain

Connection Ports

see the various parts of DMM in somewhat details -

Display - The DMM has an illuminated display screen for better visualisation. Most DMM
have four digit display, the first of which can only be either a 0 or 1 and a + / - indication as

well. There may also be some more indicators like AC / DC etc.

Connection Ports - There are three or four ports available on the front of the DMM.
However, only two are needed at a time. Typical ports of the DMM are -Common - It is
used with all measurements. The negative (black) probe is connected to this.

VQmA Port - This port is used for the most measurements and positive (red)probe is
connected to it.

IOA Port — It is used to measure the large currents in the circuits.

Dial (Selection Knob) - There is a rotary switch to select the types of measurement to be
made and range that is needed.
Additional Connections - There are some additional connections in DMM for other
measurements like temperature, transistor gains etc.
Additional Buttons and switches - There are a few additional buttons are present in a
DMM.
The main one is ON/OFF button.
Measurements using Digital Multimeter :
Measuring Current:
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

To measure current, the circuit must be broken at the point where we want that current to be
measured, and the ammeter inserted at that point. In other words, an ammeter must be connected in
series with the load under test. It is very important that the insertion of the ammeter into a circuit
has little effect the circuit's existing resistance and, thus, alter the current normally flowing in the
circuit, ammeters are manufactured with very low values of internal resistance. Because ammeters
have a very low internal resistance, it is vitally important that they are never inadvertently connected
in parallel with any circuit component —and especially with the supply. Failure to do so will result
in a short-circuit current flowing through the instrument which may damage the ammeter (although
most ammeters are fused) or even result in personal injury.

Measuring Voltage:
To measure potential-difference, or voltage, a voltmeter must be connected between two points at
different potentials. In other words, a voltmeter must always be connected in parallel with the part
of the circuit under test. In order to operate, a voltmeter must, of course, draw some current from
the circuit under test, and this can lead to inaccurate results because it can interfere with the normal
condition of the circuit. We call this the _loading effect' and, to minimise this _loading effect' (and,
therefore, improve the accuracy of a reading), this operating current must be as small as possible
and, for this reason, voltmeters are manufactured with a very high value of internal resistance —
usually many megohms Procedure:
1. Turn the meter ON.

2. Insert the probes into the correct connecting ports.

3. Set the dial (rotary switch) to the correct measurement type and range for the measurement to be
made. While selecting the range, ensure that the maximum range is above than that is expected.
Optimise the range for the best reading. If possible enable all the leading digits to not read zero,
in this way the greatest number of significant digits can be read.

4. Once the measurement is completed, it is a wise precaution to place the probes into the voltage
measurement ports and turn the range to maximum voltage. So that if the meter probes are
accidentally connected across a high voltage point, there is a little chance of damage to the DMM.

Circuit Diagram: Teacher can give any basic circuit for basic voltage and current measurement
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Obsevations:

[B] CRO:
Theory: An outline explanation of how an oscilloscope works can be given using the block diagram
shown below.

VOLIf5jOW Y-POO

Fig. 1: Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

Like a television screen, the screen of an oscilloscope consists of a Cathode Ray Tube. Although the
size and shape are different, the operating principle is the same. Inside the tube is a vacuum. The
electron beam emitted by the heated cathode at the rear end of the tube is accelerated and focused
by one or more anodes, and strikes the front of the tube, producing a bright spot on the
phosphorescent screen.
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

The electron beam is bent, or deflected, by voltages applied to two sets of plates fixed in the
tube. The horizontal deflection plates or X-plates produce side to side movement. As you can see,
they are linked to a system block called the time base. This produces a saw tooth waveform. During
the rising phase of the saw tooth, the spot is driven at a uniform rate from left to right across the
front of the screen. During the falling phase, the electron beam returns rapidly from right ot left,
but the spot is 'blanked out' so that nothing appears on the screen. In this way, the time base
generates the Xaxis of the V/t graph.
The slope of the rising phase varies with the frequency of the saw tooth and can be adjusted,
using the TIME/DIV control, to change the scale of the X-axis. Dividing the oscilloscope screen into
squares allows the horizontal scale to be expressed in seconds, milliseconds or microseconds per
division (s/DIV, ms/DIV, ps/DIV). Alternatively, if the squares are 1 cm apart, the scale may be given
as s/cm, ms/cm or ps/cm.
The signal to be displayed is connected to the input. The AC/DC switch is usually kept in the
DC position (switch closed) so that there is a direct connection to the Y-amplifier. In the AC position
(switch open) a capacitor is placed in the signal path. The capacitor blocks DC signals but allows AC
signals to pass.
The Y-amplifier is linked in turn to a pair of Y-plates so that it provides the Y-axis of the the
V/t graph. The overall gain of the Y-amplifier can be adjusted, using the VOLTS/DIV control, so that
the resulting display is neither too small nor too large, but fits the screen and can be seen clearly.
The vertical scale is usually given in V/DIV or mV/DIV.
Changing the scales of the X-axis and Y-axis allows many different signals to be displayed.
Sometimes, it is also useful to be able to change the positions of the axes. This is possible using the
X-POS and Y-POS controls. For example, with no signal applied, the normal trace is a straight line
across the centre of the screen. Adjusting Y-POS allows the zero level on the Y-axis to be changed,
moving the whole trace up or down on the screen to give an effective display of signals like pulse
waveforms which do not alternate between positive and negative values.

o.
*test
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Oscilloscope

Fig. 2: Front View of Oscilloscope

Screen: Usually displays a V/t graph, with voltage V on the vertical axis and time t on the horizontal
axis. The scales of both axes can be changed to display a huge variety of signals.

SEP rv:H

Fig. 3: Screen display of Oscilloscope

On/Off Switch: Pushed in to
switch the oscilloscope on. The green LED illuminates.

X-Y Control: Normally in the OUT position.

When the X-Y button is pressed IN, the oscilloscope does not display a V/t graph. Instead,
the vertical axis is controlled by the input signal to CH Il. This allows the oscilloscope to be used to
display a V/V voltage/voltage graph.
The X-Y control is used when you want to display component characteristic curves, or
Lissajous figures. (Links to these topics will be added later.)

TV-Separation: Oscilloscopes are often used to investigate waveforms inside television systems.
This control allows the display to be synchronized with the television system so that the signals
from different points can be compared.

Time / Div: Allows the horizontal scale of the V/t graph to be changed.
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Fig. 4: Time division, Intensity, focus, X-Y mode knobs

With more experience of using the oscilloscope, you will develop a clear understanding of the
functions of the important trigger controls and be able to use them effectively.

Intensity and Focus: Adjusting the INTENSITY control changes the brightness of the oscilloscope
display. The FOCUS should be set to produce a bright clear trace.
If required, TR can be adjusted using a small screwdriver so that the oscilloscope trace is exactly
horizontal when no signal is connected.

Volts / Div: Adjust the vertical scale of the V/t graph. The vertical scales for CH I and CH Il can be
adjusted independently.

DC/AC/GND Slide Switches: In the DC position, the signal input is connected directly to the
Y-amplifier of the corresponding channel, CH I or CH Il. In the AC position, a capacitor is connected
into the signal pathway so that DC voltages are blocked and only changing AC signals are displayed.
In the GND position, the input of the Y-amplifier is connected to 0 V. This allows you to check the
position of 0 V on the oscilloscope screen. The DC position of these switches is correct for most signals.
Measurement of Amplitude & Frequency:

Model waveforms:
 ArnpO.O

BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

T(msec)
pp

Fig. 7: Sinusoidal waveform

A) Measurement of Amplitude:
Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per the diagram shown above.
2. Put the CRO on a single channel mode and bring the CRO into operation by
adjusting the trace of the beam to a normal brightness and into a thin line.
3. Now apply the sinusoidal wave of different amplitudes by using the LEVEL and
COARSE buttons of the function generator.
4. Note on the vertical scale the peak to peak amplitude (Vpp).

Observations:
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

S. No. No. of Vertical Volts/Division VP-P= Measured

Vm=Vp-p/2 Input
Divisions (X) (Y)
using CRO Vm from
Function
Generator

B) Measurement of Frequency:
Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per the diagram shown above.
2. Put the CRO on a single channel mode and bring the CRO into operation by
adjusting the trace of the beam to a normal brightness and into a thin line.
3. Now apply the sinusoidal wave of different frequencies by using the LEVEL and
COARSE buttons of the function generator.
4. Note down the horizontal scale period (T) in second by observing the difference
between the two successive peaks of the waveform.

Observations:

S. No. Time/Division Measured Input f from

No. of f=1/T using Function
(Y)
Horizontal CRO Generator
Divisions(X)
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Result:
Conclusion:

Quiz:
1) List out the functions of the multimeter.

2) Draw a simple circuit diagram by placing voltmeter and ammeter to measure voltage and current
respectively.

3) Which parameters of signal can be measured using CRO?

4) Give the max range of voltage and frequency that your CRO can measure.
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Suggested Reference:
https ://www.tutorialspoint.com/electronic_measuring_instruments/measuring_instruments.htm
References used by the students:

Insert the marks according to observations ;

Category Novice (2) Developing (3) Proficient (4) Expert (5) Score
Clarity of
concepts
and record
book

Knowledge and
Understanding

Practical Skills
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Experiment No: 2
Obtain V-I characteristic of P-N junction Diode and Zener Diode .
Date:

Competency and Practical Skills:

After this practical students are expected to develop following competencies and skills ,
1) Proper understanding of Diode functioning
2) Knowledge of V-I characteristics of Diode
3) Practical hands and observation of diode voltages and current.
Relevant CO: CO-I : Analyze the general — and special-Purpose diode circuits
Objectives: 1) To perform an Experiment to Study forward bias and reverse bias characteristics of
P-N Junction Diode and zener diode.
2) Observe and calculate diode voltages and current
Equipment/lnstruments: Trainer kit, Power supply, Patch cords, Digital Multimeters, PN junction
Diode ,Zener Diode, Resistors , bread board, Connectors
[A] PN Junction Diode:
Theory:
Donor impurities (pentavalent) are introduced into one-side and acceptor impurities into the other
side of a single crystal of an intrinsic semiconductor to form a p-n diode with a junction called
depletion region (this region is depleted off the charge carriers). This region gives rise to a potential
barrier called Cut-in Voltage. This is the voltage across the diode at which it starts conducting. The
PN junction can conduct beyond this potential.
Forward bias :
The P-N junction supports uni-directional current flow. If +ve terminal of the input supply is
connected to anode (P-side) and —ve terminal of the input supply is connected the cathode. Then
diode is said to be forward biased. In this condition the height of the potential barrier at the junction
is lowered by an amount equal to given forward biasing voltage. Both the holes from p-side and
electrons from n-side cross the junction simultaneously and constitute a forward current from n-side
(injected minority current — due to holes crossing the junction and entering P- side of the diode).
Assuming current flowing through the diode to be very large, the diode can be approximated as
shortcircuited switch.
Reverse bias:
If —ve terminal of the input supply is connected to anode (p-side) and +ve terminal of the input
supply
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

is connected to cathode (n-side) then the diode is said to be reverse biased. In this condition an
amount equal to reverse biasing voltage increases the height of the potential barrier at the junction.
Both the holes on P-side and electrons on N-side tend to move away from the junction there by
increasing the depleted region. However the process cannot continue indefinitely, thus a small
current called reverse saturation current continues to flow in the diode. This current is negligible
hence the diode can be approximated as an open circuited switch.

Circuit diagram:

Vs
(0-30V) 1Kohm / 3.3Ko}Ün

Fig. 1: Forward Bias Condition

(0-
7DR-2S
PA)
200

(0-30V) 1 Kohm / 3.3Kohn

Fig. 2: Reverse Bias Condition

Safety and necessary Precautions:

1. While doing the experiment do not exceed the readings of the diode. This may lead to damaging
of the diode.
2. Connect voltmeter and ammeter in correct polarities as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections as per the
circuit diagram.
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Procedure:
Forward Bias Condition:
1. Connect the components as shown in the Fig. 1.
2. Vary the supply voltage such that the voltage across the Silicon diode varies from 0 to 0.6 V in
steps of 0.1 V and in steps of 0.02 V from 0.6 to 0.76 V. In each step record the current flowing
through the diode as Id and Voltage across diode Vd.
3.Repeat the above steps for Germanium diode too but with the exception that the voltage across the
diode should be varied in steps of 0.01 V from 0.1 to 0.3 V in step-2.

Reverse Bias Condition:

1. Connect the diode in the reverse bias as shown in the Fig.2.
2.Vary the supply voltage such that the voltage across the diode varies from 0 to IOV in steps of IV.
Record the current flowing through the diode Id and Voltage across diode Vd in each step.
3. Repeat the above steps for Germanium diode too and record the current in each step.
4. Now plot a graph between the voltage across the diode and the current flowing through the diode
in forward and reverse bias, for Silicon and Germanium diodes on separate graph sheets. This
graph is called the V-I characteristics of the diodes.
5. Calculate the static and dynamic resistance of each diode in forward and reverse bias using the
following formulae.
Static resistance, R = V/I

Dynamic resistance, r = AV/AI

Graph:
l. Take a graph sheet and divide it into 4 equal parts. Mark origin at the center of the graph sheet.
2. Now mark +ve X-axis as VF, -ve X-axis as VR, +ve Y-axis as IF and -ve Y-axis as IR.
3. Mark the readings tabulated for forward biased condition in first Quadrant and reverse biased
condition in third Quadrant.

Observations:
Forward Bias:
Sr. Input voltage Forward Voltage
No. Vi (volt) Forward
VD (volt)
Current
I D (mA)

1.

2.
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.
Reverse Bias:
Sr. No. Input voltage Vi Reverse Voltage
(volt) V
Reverse
R (volt)
Current
IR (uA)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

15.
Calculation: (Sufficient space to be provided)

Results:
Cut in Voltage
Reverse Breakdown Voltage
Static Forward Resistance —
Dynamic Forward Resistance
Static Reverse Resistance
Dynamic Reverse
Resistance — [B] Zener
Diode:
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Theory:
Zener diode is a heavily doped Silicon diode. An ideal P-N junction diode does not conduct in
reverse biased condition. A Zener diode conducts excellently even in reverse biased condition. These
diodes operate at a precise value of voltage called break down voltage. A Zener diode when forward
biased behaves like an ordinary P-N junction diode. A Zener diode when reverse biased can undergo
avalanche break down or zener break down.
Avalanche Break down:
If both p-side and n-side of the diode are lightly doped, depletion region at the junction widens.
Application of a very large electric field at the junction increases the kinetic energy of the charge
carriers which collides with the adjacent atoms and generates charge carriers by breaking the bond,
they in-turn collides with other atoms by creating new charge carriers, this process is cumulative
which results in the generation of large current resulting in Avalanche Breakdown.
Zener Break down:
If both p-side and n-side of the diode are heavily doped, depletion region at the junction reduces, it
leads to the development of strong electric field and application of even a small voltage at the
junction may rupture covalent bond and generate large number of charge carriers. Such sudden
increase in the number of charge carriers results in Zener break down.
Circuit Diagram:

IN4735/FZ 5.1

Vs
(0-30V) 1Kohn

Fig. 3 Forward Bias Condition

:
IN4735 / FZ5.1
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Vs
(0-30V) 1Kohm

Fig. 4: Reverse Bias Condition

Safety and necessary Precautions:
1. While doing the experiment do not exceed the readings of the diode. This may lead to damaging
of the diode.
2. Connect voltmeter and ammeter in correct polarities as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections as per the
circuit diagram. Procedure:
Forward Bias Condition:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.3.
2. Vary VF gradually from 0 to 0.6 V in steps of 0.1 V and In each step record the current flowing
through the diode as IF.
3. Tabulate different forward currents obtained for different forward voltages.
Reverse Bias Condition:
l. Connect the Zener diode in reverse bias as shown in the fig.4. Vary the voltage across the diode
in steps of IV from 0 V to 6 V and in steps 0.1 V till its breakdown voltage is reached. In each step
note the current flowing through the diode
2. Plot a graph between V and I. This graph will be called the V-I characteristics of Zener diode.
From the graph find out the breakdown voltage for the diode.

Graph:
1. Take a graph sheet and divide it into 4 equal parts. Mark origin at the center of the graph sheet.
2. Now mark +ve X-axis as VF, -ve X-axis as VR, +ve Y-axis as IF and —ve Y-axis as IR.
3. Mark the readings tabulated for forward biased condition in first Quadrant and reverse biased
condition in third Quadrant.
Observations:
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Forward Bias:

Forward Current
Sr. Input voltage Forward Voltage
No. Vi (volt) VD (volt)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

13.

Reverse Bias:

Reverse Current
Input voltage Vi Reverse Voltage VR
Sr. No. (volt) (volt) IR (uA)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

14.
Calculation: (Sufficient space to be provided)

Results:
Cut in Voltage —
Reverse Breakdown Voltage —
Static Forward Resistance =
Dynamic Forward Resistance
= Static Reverse Resistance —

Dynamic Reverse Resistance —

Conclusion: (Sufficient space to be provided)

Quiz:
1) Give applications of P-N junction diode.
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

2) Give applications of zener diode.

3) Define Forward breakdown voltage.

4) Differentiate zener breakdown & Avalanche breakdown voltage. 5) Define PIV

Suggested Reference:
1) David A. Bell, "Electronic Devices and Circuits", Oxford University Press, Fifth edition
2) Albert Malvino& David, "Electronic Principles", Tata McGraw-Hill, Seventh edition
References used by the students:

Insert the marks according to observations ;

Category Novice (2) Proficient (4) Expert (5) Score

Developing
(3)

Clarity of
concepts and
record book
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Knowledge
and
Understanding

Practical
Skills
Experiment No:3
Half Wave Rectifier with and without Filter
Date:

Competency and Practical Skills:

After this practical students are expected to develop following competencies and skills ,
l) Proper understanding of Half wave Rectifier circuit.
2) Knowledge of rectification and filtration phenomena of circuit.
3) Knowledge of Ripple factor & rectification efficiency.

Relevant CO: CO-I : Analyze the general — and special-Purpose diode circuits
Objectives: 1) To perform an Experiment to Study rectification by one diode.
2) Observe input output waveforms for given circuits
3) Measure output voltage, frequency, ripple factor and efficiency of the circuits.
Equipment/lnstruments: Trainer kit / ( PN junction Diode , Resistors , bread board) , function
generator, C.R.O., Patch cords, Digital Multimeters
Theory:
A rectifier is a circuit that converts a pure AC signal into a pulsating DC signal or a signal that is a
combination of AC and DC components.
A half wave rectifier makes use of single diode to carry out this conversion. It is named so as the
conversion occurs for half input signal cycle. During the positive half cycle, the diode is forward
biased and it conducts and hence a current flows through the load resistor. During the negative half
cycle, the diode is reverse biased and it is equivalent to an open circuit, hence the current through
the load resistance is zero. Thus the diode conducts only for one half cycle and results in a half wave
rectified output.
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

A rectifier is a circuit that converts a pure AC signal into a pulsating DC signal or a signal that is a
combination of AC and DC components. In DC supplies, a rectifier is often followed by a filter
circuit which converts the pulsating DC signal into pure DC signal by removing the AC component.
An L-section filter consists of an inductor and a capacitor connected in the form of an inverted L.
A section filter consists of two capacitors and one induction in the form symbol pi.

In this practical we will use Capacitor Filter.

Ripple Factor: Ripple factor is defined as the ratio of the
effective value of AC components to the average DC value. It is
denoted by the symbol 'y'.
Rectification Factor: The ratio of output DC power to input AC
power is defined as efficiency. It is denoted by the symbol 'n'

Circui
Diagram:
t

nov
11? Supply

Half-wave vnthout
Rectifie filt
r er

230V
I/P Supply

Half-wave
Rectifie
',nt filt
capacito
r h r er
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Waveforms:
VP wave form

ON without
filter

pep

ON with
filter

Half-wave capacitor filter

Rectifier wave tonn
Safety and necessary Precautions:
1) Always keep power off while making connections.
2) Necessary care should be taken while working with ammeters ,
voltmeters and multimeters.
3) Before applying a signal to the C.R.O., make sure all the push
buttons of control panel should be in depressed condition.
Procedure:
1 .Connect the circuit as shown in the fig.
2. Connect the multimeter across the IkQ load.
3. Measure the AC and DC voltages by setting multimeter to ac and
dc mode respectively.
4.Calculate the ripple factor using the following formula.
Ripple factor ( ) = VAC/ VDC

5.Calculate the rectification efficiency using the following

formula.
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

rectification efficiency ( ) = VDC/ VAC * 100 %

6. Connect the CRO channel-I across input and channel-2 across output i.e load and Observe the
input and output Waveforms. Now calculate the peak voltage of input and output waveforms and
also the frequency

Observations:
Half wave rectifier without filter

Load Ripple Factor

Resistance Multimeter Input Signal Output Signal

VAC(V) VDC(V) Freq(Hz) V

Freq(Hz)
VP-P(V) P-P(V)

Half wave rectifier with Capacitor filter

Load Ripple Factor

Multimeter Input Signal Output Signal
Resistance

VAC(V) VDC(V) Freq(Hz) V Freq(Hz)

VP-P(V) P-P(V)

Calculations:
1) Ripple Factor (With and without filter) :

2) Rectification Efficiency (With and without filter) :

 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Results:
1) Ripple Factor without filter = and with capacitor filter =
2) Rectification Efficiency without filter — and with capacitor filter=
Conclusion:

Ouiz:
1) Write the limitations of half wave rectifier.

2) Derive the value of ripple factor for half wave rectifier circuit.

3) Draw the circuit for negative half wave rectifier.

Suggested Reference:
1) David A. Bell, "Electronic Devices and Circuits", Oxford University Press, Fifth
edition
2) Albert Malvino& David, "Electronic Principles", Tata McGraw-Hill, Seventh edition
References used by the students:
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Insert the marks according to observations ;

Category Novice (2) Developing (3) Proficient (4) Expert (5) Score
Clarity of
concepts
and record
book

Knowledge and
Understanding

Practical Skills
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Experiment No:4
Full Wave Rectifier with and without Filter
Date:

Competency and Practical Skills:

After this practical students are expected to develop following competencies and skills ,
l) Proper understanding of Full wave Rectifier circuit.
2) Knowledge of rectification and filtration phenomena of circuit.
3) Knowledge of Ripple factor & rectification efficiency.

Relevant CO: CO-I : Analyze the general — and special-Purpose diode circuits
Objectives: 1) To perform an Experiment to Study rectification by two diodes.
2) Observe input output waveforms for given circuits
3) Measure output voltage, frequency, ripple factor and efficiency of the circuits.
Equipment/lnstruments: Trainer kit / ( PN junction Diodes , Resistors , bread board) , function
generator, C.R.O., Patch cords, Digital Multimeters
Theory:
A rectifier is a circuit that converts a pure AC signal into a pulsating DC signal or a signal
that is a combination of AC and DC components.
A full wave rectifier makes use of a two diodes to carry out this conversion. It is named so
as the conversion occurs for complete input signal cycle. The full-wave rectifier consists of a center-
tap transformer, which results in equal voltages above and below the center-tap. During the positive
half cycle, a positive voltage appears at the anode of DI while a negative voltage appears at the
anode of D2. Due to this diode DI is forward biased it results in a current Idl through the load R.
During the negative half cycle, a positive voltage appears at the anode of D2 and hence it is forward
biased. Resulting in a current Id2 through the load at the same instant a negative voltage appears at
the anode of DI thus reverse biasing it and hence it doesn't conduct.
A rectifier is a circuit that converts a pure AC signal into a pulsating DC signal or a
signal that is a combination of AC and DC components. In DC supplies, a rectifier is often followed
by a filter circuit which converts the pulsating DC signal into pure DC signal by removing the AC
component. An L-section filter consists of an inductor and a capacitor connected in the form of an
inverted L. A - section filter consists of two capacitors and one induction in the form symbol pi.
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

In this practical we will use Capacitor Filter.

Ripple Factor: Ripple factor is defined as the ratio of the effective value of AC components to the
average DC value. It is denoted by the symbol 'y'.
Rectification Factor: The ratio of output DC power to input AC power is defined as efficiency.
It is denoted by the symbol 'n'

Circuit Diagram:

IN4001

IR

IN4001

FulVwave IRectifie1' filter

IN4001

IN4001

Full-wave Rectifier Mith capacitor filter

Waveforms:
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

LW wave fonn

O/Pwithout filter

O/P Mith filter

Fun-wave Rectifier qåtlL capacitor filter wave Iona

Safety and necessary Precautions:

1) Always keep power off while making connections.
2) Necessary care should be taken while working with ammeters , voltmeters and multimeters.
3) Before applying a signal to the C.R.O., make sure all the push buttons of control panel should be
in depressed condition.

Procedure:
1 .Connect the circuit as shown in the fig.
2. Connect the multimeter across the IkQ load.
3. Measure the AC and DC voltages by setting multimeter to ac and dc mode respectively.
4.Calculate the ripple factor using the following formula.
Ripple factor ( ) = VAC/ VDC

5.Calculate the rectification efficiency using the following formula.

rectification efficiency ( ) = VDC/ VAC * 100 %

6. Connect the CRO channel-I across input and channel-2 across output i.e load and Observe the
input and output Waveforms. Now calculate the peak voltage of input and output waveforms and
also the frequency
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Observations:
Full wave rectifier without filter

Load Ripple Factor

Multimeter Input Signal Output Signal
Resistance(

VAC(V) VDC(V) Freq(Hz) V Freq(Hz)

VP-P(V) P-P(V)

Full wave rectifier with capacitor filter

Load Ripple Factor

Multimeter Input Signal Output Signal
Resistance(

VAC(V) VDC(V) Freq(Hz) V Freq(Hz)

VP-P(V) P-P(V)

Calculations:
1) Ripple Factor (With and without filter) :

2) Rectification Efficiency (With and without filter) :

Results:
1) Ripple Factor without filter — and with capacitor filter —
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

2) Rectification Efficiency without filter = and with capacitor filter=

Conclusion:

Ouiz:
1) Write the limitations of Full wave rectifier.

2) Derive the value of ripple factor for full wave rectifier circuit.

3) Draw the circuit for negative full wave rectifier.

Suggested Reference:
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

3) David A. Bell, "Electronic Devices and Circuits", Oxford University Press, Fifth edition
4) Albert Malvino& David, "Electronic Principles", Tata McGraw-Hill, Seventh edition
References used by the students:

Insert the marks according to observations ;

Category Novice (2) Developing (3) Proficient (4) Expert (5) Score
Clarity of
concepts
and record
book

Knowledge and
Understanding

Practical Skills
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Experiment No:5
Bridge Rectifier with and without Filter
Date:

Competency and Practical Skills:

After this practical students are expected to develop following competencies and skills ,
l) Proper understanding of Bridge Rectifier circuit.
2) Knowledge of rectification and filtration phenomena of circuit.
3) Knowledge of Ripple factor & rectification efficiency.

Relevant CO: CO-I : Analyze the general — and special-Purpose diode circuits
Objectives: 1) To perform an Experiment to Study rectification by four diodes.
2) Observe input output waveforms for given circuits
3) Measure output voltage, frequency, ripple factor and efficiency of the circuits.
Equipment/lnstruments: Trainer kit / ( PN junction Diodes , Resistors , bread board) , function
generator, C.R.O., Patch cords, Digital Multimeters
Theory:
Another type of circuit that produces the same output as a full-wave rectifier is that of the
Bridge Rectifier. This type of single phase rectifier uses 4 individual rectifying diodes connected in
a "bridged" configuration to produce the desired output but does not require a special centre tapped
transformer, thereby reducing its size and cost. The single secondary winding is connected to one
side of the diode bridge network and the load to the other side as shown in figure. The 4 diodes
labeled DI to D4 are arranged in "series pairs" with only two diodes conducting current during each
half cycle. During the positive half cycle of the supply, diodes DI and D2 conduct in Fig. 1: Full-
wave Bridge Rectifier series while diodes D3 and D4 are reverse biased and the current flows
through the load as shown below (Fig. 2). During the negative half cycle of the supply, diodes D3
and D4 conduct in series, but diodes DI and D2 switch of as they are now reverse biased. The current
flowing through the load is the same direction as before.

A rectifier is a circuit that converts a pure AC signal into a pulsating DC signal or a

signal that is a combination of AC and DC components. In DC supplies, a rectifier is often followed
by a filter circuit which converts the pulsating DC signal into pure DC signal by removing the AC
component. An L-section filter consists of an inductor and a capacitor connected in the form of an
inverted L. A - section filter consists of two capacitors and one induction in the form symbol pi.
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

In this practical we will use Capacitor Filter.

Ripple Factor: Ripple factor is defined as the ratio of the effective value of AC components to the
average DC value. It is denoted by the symbol 'y'.
Rectification Factor: The ratio of output DC power to input AC power is defined as efficiency.
It is denoted by the symbol '11'

Circuit Diagram:

nov
Il? Supply

Blidge Rectifier v,ithout filter

nov
I/P Supply

Bndge Rectifier %ith capacitor filter

Waveforms:
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Safety and necessary Precautions:

1) Always keep power off while making connections.
2) Necessary care should be taken while working with ammeters , voltmeters and multimeters.
3) Before applying a signal to the C.R.O., make sure all the push buttons of control panel should be
in depressed condition.

Procedure:
1 .Connect the circuit as shown in the fig.
2. Connect the multimeter across the IkQ load.
3. Measure the AC and DC voltages by setting multimeter to ac and dc mode respectively.
4.Calculate the ripple factor using the following formula.
Ripple factor ( ) = VAC/ VDC

5.Calculate the rectification efficiency using the following formula.

rectification efficiency ( ) — VDC/ VAC * 100 %

6. Connect the CRO channel-I across input and channel-2 across output i.e load and Observe the
input and output Waveforms. Now calculate the peak voltage of input and output waveforms and
also the frequency

Observations:
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Bridge rectifier without filter

Load Ripple Factor

Multimeter Input Signal Output Signal
Resistance

VAC(V) VDC(V) Freq(Hz) V

Freq(Hz)
VP-P(V) P-P(V)

Bridge rectifier with capacitor filter

Load Ripple Factor

Multimeter Input Signal Output Signal
Resistance

VAC(V) VDC(V) Freq(Hz) V Freq(Hz)

VP-P(V) P-P(V)

Calculations:
1) Ripple Factor (With and without filter) :

2) Rectification Efficiency (With and without filter) :

Results:
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

1) Ripple Factor without filter = and with capacitor filter = 2) Rectification

Efficiency without filter and with capacitor filter=
Conclusion:

Ouiz:
1) Compare Full wave rectifier and Bridge rectifier.

2) Give the reason why bridge rectifier is used than full wave rectifier?

Suggested Reference:
1) David A. Bell, "Electronic Devices and Circuits", Oxford University Press, Fifth
edition
2) Albert Malvino& David, "Electronic Principles", Tata McGraw-Hill, Seventh edition

References used by the students:

Insert the marks according to observations ;
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Category Novice (2) Developing (3) Proficient (4) Expert (5) Score
Clarity of
concepts
and record
book

Knowledge and
Understanding

Practical Skills
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Experiment No:6
Clamper Circuits

Date:

Competency and Practical Skills:

After this practical students are expected to develop following competencies and skills ,
1) Proper understanding of the Clamper circuit.
2) Knowledge of positive and negative clamping.
Relevant CO: CO-I : Analyze the general — and special-Purpose diode circuits
Objectives: 1) To perform positive and negative clamper circuits.
2) Observe input output waveforms for given circuits
Equipment/lnstruments: Trainer kit / ( PN junction Diode , Resistor ,Capacitor, bread board)
function generator, C.R.O., Patch cords.
Theory:
A Clamper Circuit is a circuit that adds a DC level to an AC signal. Actually, the positive and
negative peaks of the signals can be placed at desired levels using the clamping circuits. As the DC
level gets shifted, a clamper circuit is called as a Level Shifter.

Clamper circuits consist of energy storage elements like capacitors. A simple clamper circuit
comprises of a capacitor, a diode, a resistor and a dc battery if required.

Clamper Circuit
A Clamper circuit can be defined as the circuit that consists of a diode, a resistor and a capacitor that
shifts the waveform to a desired DC level without changing the actual appearance of the applied
signal.

In order to maintain the time period of the wave form, the tau(t) must be greater than, half the
time period (t>T/2) t=RC
WhereR is the resistance of the resistor employed
C is the capacitance of the capacitor used
The time constant of charge and discharge of the capacitor determines the output of a clamper circuit.
In a clamper circuit, a vertical shift of upward or downward takes place in the output waveform with
respect to the input signal.
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

The load resistor and the capacitor affect the waveform. So, the discharging time of the capacitor
should be large enough.
Discharging time of the capacitor should be slow.

Positive Clamper Circuit

A Clamping circuit restores the DC level. When a negative peak of the signal is raised A Positive
Clamper circuit is one that consists of a diode, a resistor and a capacitor and that shifts the output
signal to the positive portion of the input signal.
Initially when the input is given, the capacitor is not yet charged and the diode is reverse biased.
The output is not considered at this point of time. During the negative half cycle, at the peak value,
the capacitor gets charged with negative on one plate and positive on the other. The capacitor is
now charged to its peak value Vm. The diode is forward biased and conducts heavily.
During the next positive half cycle, the capacitor is charged to positive Vm while the diode gets
reverse biased and gets open circuited. The output of the circuit at this moment will be vo = Vi +
Vm

Negative Clamper Circuit

A Negative Clamper circuit is one that consists of a diode, a resistor and a capacitor and that shifts
the output signal to the negative portion of the input signal.

During the positive half cycle, the capacitor gets charged to its peak value vm. The diode is
forward biased and conducts. During the negative half cycle, the diode gets reverse biased and
gets open circuited. The output of the circuit at this moment will be

Circuit Diagram with Waveforms:

InputWaveform Output Waveform

Positive Clamper circuit
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Input Waveform Waveform

Negative Clamper circuit t

Safety
and necessary Precautions:
1) Always keep power off while making connections.
2) Necessary care should be taken while working with ammeters , voltmeters and multimeters.
3) Before applying a signal to the C.R.O., make sure all the push buttons of control panel should be
in depressed condition.
Procedure:
1 .Connect the circuit as shown in the fig.
2. Connect the function generator to the input of the circuit and give this signal to Ch. 1 of CRO
3. Take the output from the load resistor and give this signal to Ch.1 2 of CRO.
4. Observe input output signals on CRO screen.
5. Draw the input output waveforms for both positive and negative clamper circuits.
Observations:
I/O waveforms of positive clamper I/O waveforms of negative clamper
Conclusion:

Ouiz:
1) Draw the circuits for positive biased positive clamping and negative biased positive clamping.
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

2) Draw the circuits for positive biased negative clamping and negative biased negative clamping.
Suggested Reference:
1) David A. Bell, "Electronic Devices and Circuits", Oxford University Press, Fifth
edition 2) Albert Malvino& David, "Electronic Principles", Tata McGraw-Hill, Seventh
edition
References used by the students:

Insert the marks according to observations ;

Category Novice (2) Developing (3) Proficient (4) Expert (5) Score
Clarity of
concepts
and record
book

Knowledge and
Understanding

Practical Skills

Experiment No:7
Clipper Circuits

Date:

Competency and Practical Skills:

After this practical students are expected to develop following competencies and skills ,
1) Proper understanding of Clipper circuit.
2) Knowledge of positive and negative clipping.

Relevant CO: CO-I : Analyze the general — and special-Purpose diode circuits
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Objectives: 1) To perform positive and negative clipper circuits.

2) Observe input output waveforms for given circuits

Equipment/lnstruments: Trainer kit / ( PN junction Diode Resistor bread board) function generator,
regulated power supply, C.R.O., Patch cords.
Theory:
A Clipper circuit is a circuit that rejects the part of the input wave specified while allowing the
remaining portion. The portion of the wave above or below the cut off voltage determined is clipped
off or cut off.
The clipping circuits consist of linear and non-linear elements like resistors and diodes but not
energy storage elements like capacitors.
Positive Clipper:
The Clipper circuit that is intended to attenuate positive portions of the input signal can be termed
as a Positive Clipper.
1) Positive Series Clipper
A Clipper circuit in which the diode is connected in series to the input signal and that attenuates
the positive portions of the waveform, is termed as Positive Series Clipper. The following figure
represents the circuit diagram for positive series clipper.
Positive Cycle of the Input When the input voltage is applied, the positive cycle of the input makes
the point A in the circuit positive with respect to the point B. This makes the diode reverse biased
and hence itbehaves like an open switch. Thus the voltage across the load resistor becomes zero as
no current flows through it and hence VO will be zero.
Negative Cycle of the Input — The negative cycle of the input makes the point A in the circuit
negative with respect to the point B. This makes the diode forward biased and hence it conducts like
a closed switch. Thus the voltage across the load resistor will be equal to the applied input voltage
as it completely appears at the output VO
2) Positive Shunt Clipper
A Clipper circuit in which the diode is connected in shunt to the input signal and that attenuates
the positive portions of the waveform, is termed as Positive Shunt Clipper. The following figure
represents the circuit diagram for positive shunt clipper.
Positive Cycle of the Input — When the input voltage is applied, the positive cycle of the input
makes the point A in the circuit positive with respect to the point B. This makes the diode forward
biased and hence it conducts like a closed switch. Thus the voltage across the load resistor becomes
zero as no current flows through it and hence VO will be zero.
Negative Cycle of the Input — The negative cycle of the input makes the point A in the circuit
negative with respect to the point B. This makes the diode reverse biased and hence it behaves like
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

an open switch. Thus the voltage across the load resistor will be equal to the applied input voltage
as it completely appears at the output VO.
Negative Clipper:
The Clipper circuit that is intended to attenuate negative portions of the input signal can be termed
as a Negative Clipper.
1) Negative Series Clipper
A Clipper circuit in which the diode is connected in series to the input signal and that attenuates
the negative portions of the waveform, is termed as Negative Series Clipper. The following figure
represents the circuit diagram for negative series clipper.
Positive Cycle of the Input — When the input voltage is applied, the positive cycle of the input
makes the point A in the circuit positive with respect to the point B. This makes the diode forward
biased and hence it acts like a closed switch. Thus the input voltage completely appears across the
load resistor to produce the output VO.
Negative Cycle of the Input — The negative cycle of the input makes the point A in the circuit
negative with respect to the point B. This makes the diode reverse biased and hence it acts like an
open switch. Thus the voltage across the load resistor will be zero making VO zero.

2) Negative Shunt Clipper

A Clipper circuit in which the diode is connected in shunt to the input signal and that attenuates
the negative portions of the waveform, is termed as Negative Shunt Clipper. The following figure
represents the circuit diagram for negative shunt clipper.
Positive Cycle of the Input — When the input voltage is applied, the positive cycle of the input
makes the point A in the circuit positive with respect to the point B. This makes the diode reverse
biased and hence it behaves like an open switch. Thus the voltage across the load resistor equals the
applied input voltage as it completely appears at the output VO is 0
Negative Cycle of the Input — The negative cycle of the input makes the point A in the circuit
negative with respect to the point B. This makes the diode forward biased and hence it conducts like
a closed switch. Thus the voltage across the load resistor becomes zero as no current flows through
it.
Circuit Diagram with Waveforms:

Positive Clipper:
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Input Waveform
Practical Output
Positive Series Clipper Waveform

InputWaveform
Practical Output Positive Shunt Clipper Waveform

Negative Clipper:

Input
Waveform Practical Output
Negative Series Clipper Waveform
Safety and necessary Precautions:
1) Always keep
m
power off while
making
connections
m
2)
Necessary
care
Input Waveform Practical Output should
Negative Shunt Clipper Waveform be taken
while
working with ammeters , voltmeters and multimeters.
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

3) Before applying a signal to the C.R.O., make sure all the push buttons of control panel should be
in depressed condition.
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the fig.
2. Connect the function generator to the input of the circuit and give this signal to Ch. 1 of CRO
3. Take the output from the load resistor and give this signal to Ch.1 2 of CRO.
4. Observe input output signals on CRO screen.
5. Draw the input output waveforms for both positive and negative (series and shunt) clipper circuits.
Observations:
I/O waveforms of positive clipper I/O waveforms of negative clipper
(Series and shunt) (Series and shunt)
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Conclusion:

Ouiz:
1) Draw the circuits for biased (positive & negative) series positive clipping.

2) Draw the circuits for biased (positive & negative) shunt positive clipping.

3) Draw the circuits for biased (positive & negative) series negative clipping. 4) Draw the circuits for
biased (positive & negative) shunt negative clipping.
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Suggested Reference:
1) David A. Bell, "Electronic Devices and Circuits", Oxford University Press, Fifth edition
2) Albert Malvino& David, "Electronic Principles", Tata McGraw-Hill, Seventh edition
References used by the students:

Insert the marks according to observations ;

Category Novice (2) Developing (3) Proficient (4) Expert (5) Score
Clarity of
concepts
and record
book

Knowledge and
Understanding

Practical Skills

Experiment No:8
Logic Gates

Date:

Competency and Practical Skills:

After this practical students are expected to develop following competencies and skills ,
1) Proper understanding of operation of all the logic Gates.
2) Knowledge of connections of input-output pins and supply-ground connection of every IC used
as logic Gate..

Relevant CO: CO-5 : Verify the functionalities of basic digital Gates and Logic families

Objectives: 1) To verify truth table of each logic Gate..

BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

3) To have the knowledge of IC usage as logic Gate.

Equipment/Instruments:Digital ICTrainer kit / bread board , regulated power supply, IC's (7400,
7402, 7404, 7408, 7432, 7486 & 747266) , connecting wires.

Theory:
Logic gates are the basic building blocks of any digital system. It is an electronic circuit having one
or more than one input and only one output. The relationship between the input and the output is
based on a certain logic. Based on this, logic gates are named as AND gate, OR gate, NOT gate,
NAND gate, NOR gate, XOR gate, XNOR gate etc.
AND, OR and NOT gates are called basic logic gates while NAND, NOR (the complements of
AND, OR gates respectively) are the universal gates as any logic can be implemented using only
NAND or only NOR gate.

Discription Symbol, pin diagram,Truth table

Name of
Gate

NOT Gate NOT gate complements the PIN DIAGRAM-IC 7404 SYMBOL

input.
IC 7404
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

AND Gate AND gate gives logic 1 as PIN DIAGRAM-IC 7408 SYMBOL

output only if all of its

inputs are at logic 1.

OR Gate OR gate gives logic 0 as PIN DIAGRAM-IC 7432 SYMBOL

output only if all of its Y=A+B
inputs are at logic 0.

TRUTH TABLE

Vcc
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

EXOR Gate Ex-OR gate gives logic 1 PIN DIAGRAM-IC 7486 SYMBOL

output if the two inputs Y=ÄB+AE

are dissimilar.

TRUTH TABLE

Vcc

NAND Gate NAND gate gives logic 0 as PIN DIAGRAM-IC 7400 SYMBOL
output only if all of its
inputs are at logic 1. IC 7400
Vcc
TRUTH TABLE
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

NOR Gate NOR gate gives logic I as PIN DIAGRAM-IC 7402 SYMBOL

output only if all of its Y=A+B

inputs are at logic 0
IC 7402 Vcc

TRUTH TABLE
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

EX NOR Ex-NOR gate gives logic 1 Symbol Truth Table

Gate output if the two inputs are Q
similar.
o

o 1 1

1 1

1 1

2-input Ex-OR Gate

Boolean Expression Q = A B OR B but NOT BOTH

gives
Vcc

14 2 GND
Safety and necessary Precautions:
Always keep power off while making connections.

Procedure:
1. Connect the IC's on the trainer kit
2. Connect Vcc = 5 V o pin 14 & GND to pin 7 respectively.
3. Apply inputs to the logic gates from switches block of the trainer kit.
4. Verify output of the logic gates at LED indicators of the trainer kit.
5. Repeat the steps 3 & 4 for all the gates present in the IC.

Conclusion:
Ouiz:
1) Draw symbols of all 7 Logic gates.
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

2) Mention IC nos. For all 7 logic gates.

3) Write characteristics of each gate in one sentence.

Suggested Reference:
David A. Bell, "Electronic Devices and Circuits", Oxford University Press, Fifth
edition Albert Malvino& David, "Electronic Principles", Tata McGraw-Hill, Seventh
edition
References used by the students:

Insert the marks according to observations ;

Category Novice (2) Proficient (4) Expert (5) Score

Developing
(3)

Clarity of
concepts
and record
book
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Knowledge
and
Understanding

Practical
Skills
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Experiment No:9
Common Emitter BJT Characteristics

Date:

Competency and Practical Skills:

After this practical students are expected to develop following competencies and skills ,
1) Proper understanding of CE configuration of BJT circuits.
2) Knowledge of biasing of CE configuration for both NPN and PNP transistors.
3) Knowledge of Ideal input output characteristics for CE configuration of transistor circuit .

Relevant CO: CO-2 : Design biasing circuits for BJT

Objectives:
1) To perform an Experiment to Study Input Output characteristic of Common Emitter transistor
configuration .
2) Observe change in input parameters(V and I) by keeping output parameter constant.
3) Observe change in output parameters(V and I) by keeping input parameter constant.

Equipment/lnstruments: Trainer kit / (BJT (BC 107) , Resistors , bread board) ,Regulated power
supply, Patch cords, Digital Multimeters

Theory:
The configuration in which the emitter is connected between the collector and base is known
as a common emitter configuration. The variation of Base current(IB) with Base-Emitter
voltage(VBE), keeping Collector Emitter voltage(VcE) constant gives input characteristics and
variation of collector current(lc) with Emitter-collector voltage(VcE), keeping Base current(IB)
constant gives output characteristics

Circuit Diagram:
(O-200mA)
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

cc
(0-30V)
(0-
30V)

Common Emitter Transistor Characteristics

Model graph :

1.Plot the Input characteristics by taking 1B on y-axis and VBE on x-axis.

2.Plot the Output characteristics by taking IC on the y-axis and VCE on x-axis.

INPUT CHARACTERISTICS: OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

1B=80gA

1B=60gA
=40gA
=20gA
1B=10gA
1B=OgA

VBE CD VCE(V)

CE VP Characteristics CE O/P Characteristics

Safety and necessary Precautions:

1) Always keep power off while making connections.
2) Necessary care should be taken while working with ammeters , voltmeters and multimeters.
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Procedure:
TO FIND THE INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Connect the circuit as in the circuit diagram.

2. Keep VBB and VCC in zero volts before giving the supply

3. Set VCE = I volt by varying VCC and vary the VBB smoothly with fine control such that base current 1B
varies in steps of 5!1A from zero upto 200gA, and note down the corresponding voltage vBE for each step in
the tabular form.

4. Repeat the experiment for VCE =2 volts and 3 volts.

5. Draw a graph between VBE Vs 1B against VCE = Constant.

TO FIND THE OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Start VBB and VCC from zero Volts.

2. Set the 1B = 20gA by using vBB such that, VCE changes in steps of 0.2 volts from zero upto 10 volts, note
down the corresponding collector current IC for each step in the tabular form.

3. Repeat the experiment for 1B = 40gA and 1B 60gA, tabulate the readings.

4. Draw a graph between VCE Vs Ic against 1B = Constant.

Observations:
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS•

VCE= VCE= VCE=

BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Sr.
VBE (V) 1B (PA) VBE (V) 1B (PA) VBE (V) 1B (PA)
No.

10

11

12

13
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

15
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS•

Sr. 1B = PA 1B = PA 1B = PA
No.

VCE (V) Ic (mA) VCE (V) Ic (mA) VCE (V) Ic (mA)

10

11
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

12

13

15
Graph:
Draw the graph for both input and output characteristics on separate graph paper.
Results:
1) Input Rsistanceri = AVBE / AIB
2) Output Rsistancero = AVCE / AIC
3) Current amplification factor = Alc / Alb
Conclusion:

Ouiz:
1) Enlist the input output terminals for Common Emitter configuration of BJT.

2) Which parameters should keep constant while measuring input characteristics in CE configuration?

3) Which parameters should keep constant while measuring output characteristics in CE configuration?
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

4) What will be the biasing condition for Cut-off, Active and Saturation region of BJT.

5) What is the range of ß?

Suggested Reference:
1) David A. Bell, "Electronic Devices and Circuits", Oxford University Press, Fifth edition
2) Albert Malvino& David, "Electronic Principles", Tata McGraw-Hill, Seventh edition
References used by the students:

Insert the marks according to observations ;

Category Novice (2) Developing (3) Proficient (4) Expert (5) Score
Clarity of
concepts
and record
book

Knowledge and
Understanding

Practical Skills
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Experiment No: 10
Common Base BJT Characteristics

Date:

Competency and Practical Skills:

After this practical students are expected to develop following competencies and skills ,
1) Proper understanding of CB configuration of BJT circuit.
2) Knowledge of biasing of CB configuration for both NPN and PNP transistor.
3) Knowledge of Ideal input output characteristics for CB configuration of transistor circuit .

Relevant CO: CO-2 : Design biasing circuits for BJT

Objectives:
1) To perform an Experiment to Study Input Output characteristic of Common Base transistor
configuration .
2) Observe change in input parameters(V and I) by keeping output parameter constant.
3) Observe change in output parameters(V and I) by keeping input parameter constant.

Equipment/lnstruments: Trainer kit / (BJT (BC 107) , Resistors , bread board) ,Regulated power
supply, Patch cords, Digital Multimeters

Theory:
In CB Configuration, the base terminal of the transistor will be connected common between
the output and the input terminals. The variation of emitter current(IE) with Base-Emitter
voltage(VBE), keeping Collector Base voltage(VcB) constant gives input characteristics and
variation of collector current(lc) with Base-Collector voltage(VCB), keeping emitter current(IE)
constant gives output characteristics

Circuit Diagram:
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

1K (0-200mA) (0-200mA)

(0-30V) c
(0-30V)

Cortutton Base Transistor

Characteristics

Model graph :

1) Plot the Input characteristics by taking IE on y axis and VEB on x

axis.
2) Plot the Output characteristics by taking Ic on y—axis and VCB on
x—axis.
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS: OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
CB VP Characteristics
Saturation
regon

VEB(V)
0.2 cz(V )
5
CB O/PCharacteristi
cs
Safety and necessary Precautions:
l) Always keep power off while making connections.
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

2) Necessary care should be taken while working with ammeters ,

voltmeters and multimeters.
Procedure:
TO FIND THE INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Connect the circuit as in the circuit diagram.

2. Keep VEE and VCC in zero volts before giving the supply

3. Set VCB = 1 volt by varying VCC. and vary the VEE smoothly with fine control such that emitter current IE
varies in steps of 0.2mA from zero upto 20mA, and note down the corresponding voltage VEB for each step
in the tabular form.

4. Repeat the experiment for VCB =2 volts and 3 volts.

5. Draw a graph between VEB Vs IE against VCB = Constant.

TO FIND THE OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Start VEE and Vcc from zero Volts.

2. Set the IE = 1mA by using VEE such that, VCB changes in steps of 1.0 volts from zero upto 20 volts, note
down the corresponding collector current IC for each step in the tabular form.

3. Repeat the experiment for IE = 3mA and IE = 5mA, tabulate the readings.

4. Draw a graph between VCB Vs IC against IE = Constant.

Observations:

INPUT CHARACTERISTICS•

Sr. VCB= VCB= VCB=

No.

VEB (V) IE (mA) VEB (V) IE (mA) VEB (V) IE (mA)

2
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

10

11

12

13

15
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS,

Sr. No.
mA
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

VCB (V) Ic (mA) VCB (V) Ic (mA) VCB (V) Ic (mA)

10

11

12

13
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

15
Graph:
Draw the graph for both input and output characteristics on separate graph paper.
Results:
1) Input Rsistanceri = AVEB / AIE
2) Output Rsistancero = AVCB / AIC
3) Current amplification factor = Alc / Ale -

Conclusion:

Ouiz:
1) Enlist the input output terminals for Common Base configuration of BJT.

2) Which parameters should keep constant while measuring input characteristics in CB configuration?

3) Which parameters should keep constant while measuring output characteristics in CB configuration?

4) What is the value of

 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

5) Derive relation between and ß.

Suggested Reference:
1) David A. Bell, "Electronic Devices and Circuits", Oxford University Press, Fifth edition
2) Albert Malvino& David, "Electronic Principles", Tata McGraw-Hill, Seventh edition
References used by the students:

Insert the marks according to observations ;

Category Novice (2) Developing (3) Proficient (4) Expert (5) Score
Clarity of
concepts
and record
book

Knowledge and
Understanding

Practical Skills

Experiment No:ll
Common Collector BJT Characteristics

Date:

Competency and Practical Skills:

After this practical students are expected to develop following competencies and skills ,
1) Proper understanding of CC configuration of BJT circuit.
2) Knowledge of biasing of CC configuration for both NPN and PNP transistor.
3) Knowledge of Ideal input output characteristics for CC configuration of transistor circuit .

Relevant CO: CO-2 : Design biasing circuits for BJT

BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Objectives:
1) To perform an Experiment to Study Input Output characteristic of Common Collector transistor
configuration .
2) Observe change in input parameters(V and I) by keeping output parameter constant.
3) Observe change in output parameters(V and I) by keeping input parameter constant.

Equipment/lnstruments: Trainer kit / (BJT (BC 107) , Resistors , bread board) ,Regulated power
supply, Patch cords, Digital Multimeters

Theory:
In CC Configuration, the Collector terminal of the transistor will be connected common
between the output and the input terminals. The variation of Base current(IB) with Collector-Base
voltage(VcB), keeping Collector Emitter voltage(VcE) constant gives input characteristics and
variation of emitter current(IE) with Collector-Emitter voltage(VcE), keeping Base current(IB)
constant gives output characteristics.

Circuit Diagram:

VEE

Model graph :

1.Plot the Input characteristics by taking 1B on y-axis and VCB on x-axis.

2.Plot the Output characteristics by taking IE on the y-axis and VCE on x-axis.

INPUT CHARACTERISTICS: OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Il IE (mA)
70 lg 50
(mA)
60 40 PA

50
o 5

3 4
30
3
20
2

5 10 15 20
10 0 1 2 3456
Input characteristics of CC configuration Output characteristics of CC configuration

Safety and necessary Precautions:

1) Always keep power off while making connections.
2) Necessary care should be taken while working with ammeters , voltmeters and multimeters.
Procedure:
TO FIND THE INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Connect the circuit as in the circuit diagram.

2. Keep vBB and VEE in zero volts before giving the supply
3. Set VCE = 1 volt by varying VCC and vary the VBB smoothly with fine control such that base current 1B
varies in steps of 5gA from zero upto 200gA, and note down the corresponding voltage VCB for each step in
the tabular form.

4. Repeat the experiment for VCE =2 volts and 3 volts.

5. Draw a graph between VCB Vs 1B against VCE — Constant.

TO FIND THE OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Start VEE and Vcc from zero Volts.

2. Set the 1B = 20gA by using vBB such that, VCE changes in steps of 0.2 volts from zero upto 10 volts, note
down the corresponding Emitter current IE for each step in the tabular form.
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

3. Repeat the experiment for 1B = 40gA and 1B = 60gA, tabulate the readings.

4. Draw a graph between VCE Vs IE against 1B = Constant.

Observations:
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS•

Sr.
VCE= VCE= VCE=
No.

VCB (V) 1B (PA) VCB (V) 1B (PA) VCB (V) 1B (PA)

10

11
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

12

13

15
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS,

Sr.
PA PA PA
No.

VCE (V) IE(mA) VCE (V) IE(mA) VCE (V) IE(mA)

8
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

10

11

12

13

15
Graph:
Draw the graph for both input and output characteristics on separate graph paper.
Results:
1) Input Rsistanceri = AVCB / AIB
2) Output Rsistancero = AVCE / AIE

3) Current amplification factor = AIE / AIB

Conclusion:

Ouiz:
1) Enlist the input output terminals for Common Emitter configuration of BJT.

2) Which parameters should keep constant while measuring input characteristics in CE configuration?
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

3) Which parameters should keep constant while measuring output characteristics in CE configuration?

4) What is the value of

5) Derive relation between and ß and

Suggested Reference:
1) David A. Bell, "Electronic Devices and Circuits", Oxford University Press, Fifth edition 2) Albert
Malvino& David, "Electronic Principles", Tata McGraw-Hill, Seventh edition
References used by the students:

Insert the marks according to observations ;

Category Novice (2) Developing (3) Proficient (4) Expert (5) Score
Clarity of
concepts
and record
book

Knowledge and
Understanding

Practical Skills

Experiment No: 12
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Common Emitter Amplifier

Date:

Competency and Practical Skills:

After this practical students are expected to develop following competencies and skills ,
l) Proper understanding Amplifier circuit.
2) Knowledge of biasing of CE configuration Amplifier.
3) Knowledge of Frequency response, Bandwidth and gain of amplifier circuit.

Relevant CO: CO-2 : Design biasing circuits for BJT

CO-3 : Analyze BJT circuits in small signal domain
Objectives:
1) To plot the frequency response of a Common Emitter BJT amplifier.
2) To find the cut off frequencies, Bandwidth and calculate its gain.

Equipment/lnstruments: Trainer kit / (BJT (BC 547) , Resistors , Capacitors, bread board) ,Regulated
power supply, Digital Multimeters, Function generator, C.R.O.,Patch cords, Connectors

Theory:
An amplifier is an electronic circuit that can increase the strength of a weak input signal without
distorting its shape. The common emitter configuration is widely used as a basic amplifier as it has
both voltage and current amplification with 1800 phase shift.

The factor by which the input signal gets multiplied after passing through the amplifier circuit
is called the gain of the amplifier. It is given by the ratio of the output and input signals.
Gain = output signal / input signal
A self bias circuit is used in the amplifier circuit because it provides highest Q-point stability among
all the biasing circuits. Resistors RI and R2 forms a voltage divider across the base of the transistor.
The function of this network is to provide necessary bias condition and ensure that emitter-base
junction is operating in the proper region.
In order to operate transistor as an amplifier, the biasing is done in such a way that
the operating point should be in the active region. For an amplifier the Q-point is placed so that the
load line is bisected. Therefore, in practical design it is always set to Vcc/2. This will confirm that
the Q-point always swings within the active region. Output is produced without any clipping or
distortion for the maximum input signal. If not reduce the input signal magnitude.
The Bypass Capacitor:
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

The emitter resistor is required to obtain the DC quiescent stability. However the inclusion of it in
the circuit causes a decrease in amplification. In order to avoid such a condition, it is bypassed by
capacitor so that it acts as a short circuit for AC and contributes stability for DC quiescent condition.
Hence capacitor is connected in parallel with emitter resistance which increases the A.C gain.
The Coupling capacitor:
An amplifier amplifies the given AC signal. In order to have noiseless transmission of a signal
(without DC), it is necessary to block DC i.e. the direct current should not enter the amplifier or
load. This is usually accomplished by inserting a coupling capacitor between two stages.
Frequency response :
The plot of gain versus frequency is called as frequency response. The coupling and bypass
capacitors causes the gain to fall at low frequency region and internal parasitic capacitance and
shunt capacitor causes the gain to fall at high frequency region. In the mid frequency range large
capacitors are effectively short circuits and the stray capacitors are open circuits, so that no
capacitance appear in the mid frequency range. Hence the mid band frequency gain is maximum.
Hence we get a Band Pass frequency response

Characteristics of CE Amplifier:
Large current gain. Large voltage gain.
Large power gain.
Current and voltage phase shift of 1800 .
Moderate output resistance.
Circuit Diagram:
Vee 12V)
(

KPF

CE BJT AMPLIFIER
Model graph :
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

In the usual application, mid band frequency range is defined as those frequencies at which the response
has fallen to 3dB below the maximum gain (IAI max). These are shown as fL, fH and are called as the 3dB
frequencies or simply the lower and higher cut off frequencies respectively. The difference between the higher
cut off and lower cut off frequency is referred to as the bandwidth (fH - fL).

(IAI

(IAI

Frequency Response Curve of RC coupled BJT CE Amplifier

Safety and necessary Precautions:

1) Always keep power off while making connections.
2) Necessary care should be taken while working with ammeters , voltmeters and multimeters.
3) While performing the experiment do not exceed the ratings of the transistor. This may lead to
damage the transistor.
4)Connect signal generator in correct polarities as shown in the circuit diagram.
5) Before applying a signal to the C.R.O., make sure all the push buttons of control panel should be
in depressed condition.

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig, Set source voltage as 50mV P-P at I KHz frequency using the
function generator.
2. Keeping the input voltage as constant, vary the frequency from 50 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps and
note down the corresponding output P-P voltage.
3. Plot the graph for gain in (dB) verses Frequency on a semi log graph sheet.
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

4. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Observations:

Frequency Vs (Volts) vo (Volts) Gain = vo / vs Gain(dB) = 20 log(V0/Vs)

Graph:
Draw the graph for frequency on X-axis and Gain (dB) on Y- axis on a semilog paper.
Results:
1. Lower cutoff frequency, fL =
2. Higher cutoff frequency, fH —
3. Bandwidth = fH L
Conclusion:

Ouiz:
1)What is cut off frequency?

2) What is Bandwidth for amplifier?

3) What are the applications of CE amplifier?
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Suggested Reference:
1) David A. Bell, "Electronic Devices and Circuits", Oxford University Press, Fifth edition
2) Albert Malvino& David, "Electronic Principles", Tata McGraw-Hill, Seventh edition
References used by the students:

Insert the marks according to observations ;

Category Novice (2) Developing (3) Proficient (4) Expert (5) Score
Clarity of
concepts
and record
book

Knowledge and
Understanding

Practical Skills

Experiment No: 13
Transistor as a Switch

Date:

Competency and Practical Skills:

After this practical students are expected to develop following competencies and skills ,
1) Proper understanding BJT circuit working.
2) Knowledge of biasing of BJT circuit .

Relevant CO: CO-2 : Design biasing circuits for BJT

CO-3 : Analyze BJT circuits in small signal domain

Objectives:
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

1) To make the load ON or OFF as per the switching effect of BJT.

2) To observe the required current to drive any application load.

Equipment/lnstruments: BJT (Q2N3904) , Resistors , Switch , LED, bread board ,Regulated power
supply, Digital Multimeters, Connectors

Theory:
A transistor is a semiconductor device has three terminals emitter-base and collector. There are many
uses of this electronic component but most common is it used as switch and amplifier. Here, we will
have discuss use of transistor or BJT as Switch, application, circuits and different parameters related
to it.

BJT as Switch
In the below figure the circuit shown explains the operation of BJT as a switch.

In the first circuit, the transistor is in the cutoff region because the emitter-base junction is not forward
biased condition.ln this state, there is no connection between emitter and collector of a transistor as
shown like an open switch.

In the second circuit, a transistor is in a saturation state as both base-collector and the base-emitter
junction is in forward biased state. The value of base current is such large that it makes collector
current such level that transistor is in saturation state. In a saturation state, there is a short circuit
between emitter and collector as it is shown in a circuit like closes switch configuration.

In real, a minor voltage loss across the transistor of up to some 10th of a volt usually exits, that is
the saturation voltage, VCE(sat).

Transistor Cutoff Mode

The state where both junctions of transistor base-emitter and base-collector are in reverses biased
condition called a cutoff mode of a diode. In this case voltage across the base-emitter is less that
does not allow current to flow from collector to emitter. In this state, VCE is equal to the VCC.

VcE(cutoff) = Vcc

Transistor saturation Mode

 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

In this mode of operation, their base-emitter junction is in forward biased condition due to that
base current generated that results in the production of collector current.

The expression for saturation collector current is given here.

As the value of VCE(sat) is less as compare to the VCC so it can be ignored.

The minimum value of the base current required to generated saturation is given here.

PDC

Usually, 1B must be significantly larger than IB(min) to confirm that the transistor is saturated.

BJT as Switch
+ Vcc + Vcc + Vcc + Vcc

+VBB
(a) Cutoff ogx•n switch (b) Saturation closed switch
Circuit Diagram:

Transistor To Control LED

 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Vcc = 9v

Safety and necessary Precautions:

1) Always keep power off while making connections.
2) Necessary care should be taken while working with ammeters , voltmeters and multimeters.
3) While performing the experiment do not exceed the ratings of the transistor. This may lead to
damage the transistor.
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Connect current meter between Switch and RB.
3. When the switch at the base terminal is open, no current flows through the base so the transistor is
in the cutoff state. Therefore, the transistor acts as an open-circuit and the LED becomes OFF.So
current meter deflection will be zero.
4. When the switch is closed, base current starts flowing through the transistor and then drives into
saturation, which results in LED to turn ON.
5. Note down the reading of current meter.
6. Resistors are placed to limit the currents through the base and LED. It is also possible to vary the
intensity of LED by varying the resistance in the base current path.
Observations:
LED
Switch position 1B (mA) Ic (mA) On/OFF?
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

ON

OFF
Results:
1. Minimum Current 1B required to ON the LED is

Conclusion:

Ouiz:
l)Derive the equation for the output loop to find the output/ load current for NPN transistor.

2) Draw the circuit for transistor working as a switch to ON-OFF another device (except LED)
Suggested Reference:
1) David A. Bell, "Electronic Devices and Circuits", Oxford University Press, Fifth edition
2) Albert Malvino& David, "Electronic Principles", Tata McGraw-Hill, Seventh edition
References used by the students:

Insert the marks according to observations ;

Category Novice (2) Developing (3) Proficient (4) Expert (5) Score
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Clarity of
concepts
and record
book

Knowledge and
Understanding

Practical Skills
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Experiment No: 14
Characteristics of FET

Date:

Competency and Practical Skills:

After this practical students are expected to develop following competencies and skills ,
1) Proper understanding FET terminals .
2) Knowledge of biasing of CS configuration FET .
3) Knowledge of Drain Resistance, Trans-conductance and Amplification factor of FET circuit.

Relevant CO: CO-4 : Analyze basic FET circuits

Objectives:
1) To plot the transfer characteristics and Drain characteristics of CS FET configuration.
2) To find Drain Resistance, Trans-conductance and Amplification factor of FET circuit.

Equipment/lnstruments: Trainer kit / (JFET BFWII , Resistors , bread board) ,Regulated power
supply, Digital Multimeters, Connectors

Theory:
A JFET is called as Junction Field effect transistor. It is a unipolar device because the flow of current
through it is due to one type of carriers i.e., majority carriers where as a BJT is a Bi - Polar device,
It has 3 terminals Gate, Source and Drain. A JFET can be used in any of the three configurations
viz, Common Source, Common Gate and Common Drain. The input gate to source junction should
always be operated in reverse bias, hence input resistance Ri = 00, IG = o.

Pinch off voltage Vp is defined as the gate to source reverse bias voltage at which the output
drain current becomes zero.

In CS configuration Gate is used as input node and Drain as the output node. A JFET in CS
configuration is used widely as an amplifier. A JFET amplifier is preferred over a BJT amplifier
when the demand is for smaller gain, high input resistance and low output resistance. Any FET
operation is governed by the following equation.

The drain current equation and trans-conductance is given as

2
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

IDSS [ 1- VGS/Vp] gm = A lout/A Vin = ID/ VGS

Where is called as Drain to Source Saturation current &Vp is called as the Pinch off voltage

Circuit Diagram:

BFWIO VDS

VI)D
VGS V VGGO to
30V
O to 30V 0-20V

Characteristics of FET in CommonSource

Safety and necessary Precautions:

1) While performing the experiment do not exceed the ratings of the FET. This may lead to damage
the
FET.
2) Connect voltmeter and ammeter in correct polarities as shown in the circuit diagram.
3) Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections as per the
circuit diagram.
4) Make sure while selecting the Source, Drain and Gate terminals of the transistor.

Procedure:
Transfer Characteristics:
1) Connect the circuit as shown. All the knobs of the power supply must be at the minimum position
before the supply is switched on.
2) Adjust the output voltage VDS to 4V by adjusting the supply VDT).
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

3) Vary the supply voltage VGG so that the voltage VGS varies in steps of -0.25 V from 0 V onwards.
In each step note the drain current ID. This should be continued till ID becomes zero.
4) Repeat above step for vDS = 8 V.
5) Plot a graph between the input voltage VGS and output current ID for output voltage vDS in the
second quadrant. This curve is called the transfer characteristics.
Drain Characteristics:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure. Adjust all the knobs of the power supply to their minimum
positions before switching the supply on.
2) Adjust the input voltage VGS to 0 V by adjusting the supply VGG
3) Vary the supply voltage VDT) so that VDS varies in steps of 0.5 V from 0 to 4 V and then in steps
of I V from 4 to 10 V. In each step note the value of drain current ID.
4) Adjust VGS to -1 and -2 V and repeat step-3 for each value of VGS.
5) Plot a graph between VDS and ID for different values of VGS. These curves are called drain
characteristics.
6) Mark the various regions in the drain characteristics graph and calculate the drain resistance.

Observations:

Transfer Characteristics:

VGS(V) ID(mA) VGS(V) ID(mA)

BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Drain Characteristics:

VGS = OV VGS = -2V

VDS(V) ID(mA) VDS(V) ID(mA) VDS(V) ID(mA)

Graph:
1 .Plot the drain characteristics by taking VDS on X-axis and ID on Y-axis at a constant VGS.
2. Plot the transfer characteristics by taking vGS on X-axis and taking ID on Y-axis at constant VDS.

Model graph :
ID(mA)
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

vos(V)

Transfer Characteristics Drain Characteristics

Calculations from Graph:
1. Drain Resistance (rd): It is given by the relation of small change in drain to source voltage ( VDS)
to the corresponding change in Drain Current ( ID) for a constant gate to source voltage ( VGS),
when the JFET is operating in pinch-off region.

2. Trans Conductance (gm): Ratio of small change in drain current ( ID) to the corresponding change
in gate to source voltage ( VGS) for a constant VDS.

AID
gm at constant vDS (from transfer characteristics). The value of gm is expressed in mho's ( ) or Siemens
(s).
3. Amplification factor (y): It is given by the ratio of small change in drain to source voltage ( VDS) to
the corresponding change in gate to source voltage ( VGS) for a constant drain current (ID).

Results:
1. Drain Resistance rd

2. Transconductance gm =

3. Amplification Factor

Conclusion:
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Ouiz:
1)What are the advantages of FET?
2) What are the disadvantages of FET?

3) What is transconductance?

4) Relation between g, gm and rd?

Suggested Reference:
1) David A. Bell, "Electronic Devices and Circuits", Oxford University Press, Fifth edition
2) Albert Malvino& David, "Electronic Principles", Tata McGraw-Hill, Seventh edition
References used by the students:

Insert the marks according to observations ;

Category Novice (2) Developing (3) Proficient (4) Expert (5) Score
Clarity of
concepts
and record
book
 BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Knowledge and
Understanding

Practical Skills

Experiment No: 15
Individual Circuit as Project
Date:

Competency and Practical Skills:

After this practical students are expected to develop following competencies and skills ,
1) Proper understanding of theory of given circuit .
2) Knowledge of required terminology, biasing and connections etc. for the components and
instruments used in the given circuit.
3) Knowledge of the parameters and results that are required to find after executing given circuit.

Relevant CO: CO-6 : Construct and test circuit using basic electronic devices in a group

Objectives:
1)To provide opportunities to students to showcase their learnings by implementing circuits on the
breadboard/ General purpose PCB and test .
2)To trouble shoot , measure the parameters and understand the findings.

Equipment/lnstruments: breadboards , resistors, capacitors , potentiometers, led ,General purpose

PCB , Multimeters, Soldering iron , Soldering wire ,Single core wires, Jumper cables etc.

Suggested circuits: The faculties can decide which circuits to be given.

1) V-I characteristics of LED and Photodiode
2) Construct AND gate & OR gate with help of diode and verify truth table
3) To observe input-output waveforms of common collector (CC) amplifier. To measure gain of
amplifier at different frequencies and plot frequency response
4) To measure gain of FET common source (CS) amplifier

Circuit Diagram:
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Observations:

Results:

Conclusion:

Suggested Reference:
l)David A. Bell, "Electronic Devices and Circuits", Oxford University Press, Fifth
edition 2)Albert Malvino& David, "Electronic Principles", Tata McGraw-Hill, Seventh
edition
References used by the students:

Insert the marks according to observations ;

Category Novice (2) Developing (3) Proficient (4) Expert (5) Score
Clarity of
concepts
and record
book

Knowledge and
Understanding
BASIC ELECTRONICS (3110016)

Practical Skills