I B.Tech.

(2023-24) – II Semester - Engineering Physics (PHY 1071)

Mid Term Examination - Scheme of Evaluation

Type: MCQ

Q1. Maxwell's equations predict that the speed of light in free space is (0.5)

1. an increasing function of frequency

2. a decreasing function of frequency
3. **independent of frequency
4. a function of the distance from the source
Q2. The centers of two slits of width a are a distance d apart. If the first minimum of the interference
pattern occurs at the location of the first minimum of the diffraction pattern for light of wavelength
λ, the ratio a/d is equal to (0.5)

1. ½
2. 1
3. 3/2
4. **2

Q3. Which of the following statements NOT true with reference to electromagnetic waves? (0.5)

1. Time varying electric field produces a current called displacement current in a capacitor
2. Oscillating charge produces electromagnetic waves
3. Moving charge produces both electric and magnetic fields
4. ** when the electric field is at its maximum, the magnetic field is at its minimum at that
same point.

Q4. If the amplitude ratio of two interfering beams is 4:3 then the intensity ratio of maxima and minima
in the interference pattern will be (0.5)
1. **49:1
2. 25:1
3. 9:4
4. 3:4
Q5. The active medium in a semiconductor laser is a p-n junction diode which is (0.5)
1. ** Forward biased
2. Reverse biased
3. Not biased
4. Either forward or reverse biased.
Q6. If an optical fiber has numerical aperture is 0.148 and its core is made up of a material with
refractive index = 1.425, what is the refractive index of the cladding? (0.5)

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 1. 2.008
2. **1.417
3. 1.277
4. 1.348

Q7. The number of successfully propagating modes in an optical fibre having V-number (normalized
frequency) equal to 35 is nearly (0.5)

1. **612
2. 1225
3. 35
4. 17

Q8. A blackbody has maximum wavelength λ at 6000 K. Its corresponding wavelength at 5000 K will be
(0.5)
1. 2 λ /5
2. ** 6 λ /5
3. λ /4
4. 5 λ /6
Q9. The maximum shift in wavelength is observed during Compton scattering from electrons for which
of the following scattering angle (0.5)

1. ** 180°
2. 90°
3. 350°
4. 0°

Q10. A free electron has a momentum of 5.0 × 10–24 kg m/s. The wavelength (in m) of the matter wave
associated with the electron is (0.5)
1. 1.3 × 10–8
2. ** 1.3 × 10–10
3. 1.3 × 10–12
4. 1.3 × 10–6
Type: DES

Q11. Illustrate the general structure of an optical fibre. Using refractive index profile, explain the
construction of single mode step index and step-Index multimode fibre optical fibre. (4)

It consists of a central cylindrical core made of pure glass or plastic of refractive index n1 cladding
made of similar material but of lower refractive index n2 (n2< n1). There is a material continuity
from core to cladding. [1 Mark]

➢ The cladding is enclosed in a polyurethane jacket that protects the fiber from external
damaging factors such as abrasion, crushing & chemical reactions.
➢ Many such protected fibers are grouped to form a cable.
The diameter of the core varies between 10 to 200m that of the cladding varies between 50 to
250m.

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 [1 Mark]

Note: Diagram is not mandatory, if proper explanation is given.

A single mode optical fibre consists of a core having a uniform refractive index n1 that abruptly
decreases at the core-cladding interface to a lower value n2, the refractive index of the cladding. It
supports a single mode propagation because of its narrow core.

[1 Mark]
Step-Index multimode fibre - In this case also the refractive index profile is similar to step index fibre
i.e., fibre consists of a core having a uniform refractive index n1 that abruptly decreases at the core-
cladding interface to a lower value n2 the refractive index of the cladding. But the diameter of the core
is large (50-200 m).

[1 Mark]
Note: Geometrical dimensions may be given as text or as diagram

Q12. Show that the group speed of a wave packet is equal to the particle speed. (4)
𝐸 2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋𝑝
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 = 2𝜋 ℎ
and 𝑘 = 𝜆
= ℎ⁄𝑝
= ℎ
2𝜋
𝑑𝜔 𝑑𝐸 𝑑𝐸
ℎ
𝑣𝑔 = 𝑑𝑘
= 2𝜋 = 𝑑𝑝
ℎ
𝑑𝑝
[1.5 Marks]

For a classical particle moving with speed u, the kinetic energy E is given by
𝑝2 2 𝑝 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝐸 𝑝
𝐸 = 1
2
𝑚 𝑢2 = 2𝑚
and 𝑑𝐸 = 2𝑚
or 𝑑𝑝
= 𝑚
= 𝑢

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 𝑑𝜔 𝑑𝐸
𝑣𝑔 = 𝑑𝑘
= 𝑑𝑝
= 𝑢
The group speed is the particle speed

[1.5 Marks]

Q13. Explain the physical significance of Faraday’s law of induction and Ampère–Maxwell law with
help of relevant equations. (3)
Faraday’s law of induction:
This law states that the emf, which is the line integral of the electric field around any closed path,
equals the rate of change of magnetic flux through any surface bounded by that path. One
consequence of Faraday’s law is the current induced in a conducting loop placed in a time-varying
magnetic field.

[1.5 Marks]

Ampère–Maxwell law: It describes the creation of a magnetic field by a changing electric field and by
electric current: the line integral of the magnetic field around any closed path is the sum of µ0 (absolute
permeability) multiplied by the net current through that path and ε0 µ0 multiplied by the rate of change
of electric flux through any surface bounded by that path.

[1.5 Marks]

Q14 A Newton’s rings apparatus is used to determine the radius of curvature of a lens. The radii of
the mth and the (m+10)th order dark rings are found to be 0.410 cm and 0.672 cm, respectively, in
light of wavelength 589 nm. Calculate the radius of curvature of the lower surface of the lens. (3)

[1 mark]

[1 mark]

R = 4.81 m [1 mark]
Q15. An atom has two energy levels with a transition wavelength of 582 nm. At 300 K, 4.0 x 1020
atoms are in the lower state. How many occupy the upper state under conditions of thermal

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equilibrium? Boltzmann constant = 1.38  10−23 J/K, Planck’s constant = 6.63  10−34 Js, speed of light
in vacuum = 3.00  108 m/s (3)

[1 mark]

[1 mark]

[1 mark]

Q16. A thin film in air is 430 nm thick and is illuminated by white light normal to its surface. Its index
of refraction is 1.33. What wavelengths within the visible spectrum (400 nm to 700 nm) will be
intensified in the reflected beam?. (3)

[1 mark for interference condition+1]

[1 mark]
Q17. Using Boltzmann statistics, how to explain the essential requirement of “metastable state” in a
lasing medium. (3)
From Boltzmann statistics, the ratio between population of atoms in two energy states E1 and E2 at
equilibrium temperature T is,
𝑵𝟐
𝑵𝟏
= 𝒆−(𝑬𝟐−𝑬𝟏)/𝒌𝑻
[1 marks]
where k is Boltzmann constant, N1 is density of atoms with energy E1 & N2 is density of atoms with
energy E2 . Under normal condition, where populations are determined only by the action of thermal
agitation, population of the atoms in upper energy state is less than that in lower energy [1 marks]

For the stimulated emission rate to exceed the absorption rate it is necessary to have higher population
of upper energy state than that of lower energy state. This condition is called population inversion
This is a non-equilibrium condition and is facilitated by the presence of energy states called
‘metastable states’ where the average life time of the atom is 10-3 s which is much longer than that
of the ordinary excited state ( 10-8s). [1 marks]

Q18. In an optical fibre, the refractive index of the core should be lesser than the refractive index of
the cladding. State whether this statement is TRUE or FALSE. Justify your answer. (2)
FALSE [1 Marks]

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Optical fibre works on the principle of the Total Internal Reflection. This happen only when light travels
from denser to rarer medium. [1 Marks]

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