Chapter

BASIC MATHEMATICS USEDIN PHYSICS

2
Quadratic Equation Binomial Theorem

-btvb? - 4ac n(n -1)

Roots of ax´ + bx + c = 0 are x = (1+x" = 1+ nx + 6
2a 2

n(n-1)
Sum of roots x + Xy = (1-x) = 1- nx + 2
n(n-1n-4
6
+
C
If x<<1 then (1+x) 1+ nx & (1-x) 1-nx
Product of roots x1x2 =

For real roots, b 4ac > 0 Componendo and dividendo theorem

For imaginary roots, b - 4ac < 0 p+q_ a+b
P
- b then p-q a -b

Logarithm) Geometrical progression-GP

log, N=X’10' = N a, ar, ar, ar here, r= common ratio

th
log,N = log,a *log,N n" term, a, = a.r
log,1 = 0, log,a = 1 a(1-r)
Sum ofnterms S. =
log mn = log m + log n log *= log m-log n 1-r

log m' =n log m log,m = 2.303 log,m Sum of o terms So =

1-r [where Ir|<1]
log2 = 0.3010 log3 = 0.4771

Arithmetic progression-AP

a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d, .....a+(n - 1)d

here d = common difference

Sum of n terms S, = (2a+(n-1]d]

2
n"term, a, = a + (n - l)d

n(n +1)
Note: (i) 1+2+3+4+5....+n= 2

n(n+1)(2n+1)
(1) 1'+2°+3+...+ n'= 6
2

(i) 1°+2°+3°+...+ n' n(n+

2
 TRIGONOMETRY
2 radian = 360°’1rad = 57.3°
perpendicular base perpendicular
sin = COs = tan =
hypotenuse hypotenuse base
base Sec 9= hypotenuse COsec = hypotenuse a'+b?
cot =
perpendicular base perpendicular
b
sin = Cos = tan =
Va'+b Va'+b b
b
1
cosec seco Cot0 =
sin cos tan
sin'0 + cos'e = 1 1+tan'0 = sec'0 1+ cotte = cosec0
sin(A+B) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB cos(A+B) =cosAcosB sinAsinB
90°
tan A ± tan B
tan(A + B) = sin2A = 2sinAcosA
lË tan A tan B
Sin All 0
cos2A = cos'A-sin'A = 1-2sin'A = 2cos'A-1
180° 360°
2tan A
tan 2A = sin3 = 3sina - 4sin'a Tan Cos
1-tanA
cos3a = 4cos'a - 3cosa 2sinAsinB = cos(A-B) cos(A+B)
270°
2cosAcosB = coslA-B) + cos(A+B) 2sinAcosB = sin(A+B) + sinlA-B)

30° 45° 60° 90° 120° 135° 150° 180° 270° 360°
(0) (/6) (r/4) (r/3) (/2) (2r/3) (3n/4) (Sr/6) () (3/2) (2)
sin
1 V3 1H V3 1
-1 0
2 V2 2 2 V2 2

cos 1 V3 1 1 1 V3 -1 1
2 V2 2 2 V2 2
1
tant 1 -V3 -1
3
V3
sin (90° + 0)= cos sin (180° - 0) = sin sin ( ) =-sin sin (90° - 9) = cos
cos (90° + 0) = -sin cos (180°- 0) = -cose cos -0) = cos cos (90°- 0) = sin0
tan (90°+ 0)= -cot0 tan (180° 0)= tan tan (-0)= -tan® tan (90°- 0)= cot)

sin (180° + 0) = -sin sin (270° - 0) = -cos sin (270° + 0) = -cos sin (360° 0) = -sin
cos (180°+ 0) = -cose cos (270°- 0) = sin cos (270° + 0) = sin cos (360° 0) = c0s
tan (180° + 0) = tan tan (270° - 0)= cote tan (270° + 0) =-cote tan (360°- 0) = tan

Sine law Cosine law

A

b'+c²-a? c² +a'-b? a +b² -ç?

C
cos A : ,cosB = Cos C=
sin A sin B sin C 2bc 2ca 2ab
a C
For Small
a
C
sin 0 cos 1 tan 0 sin tan
 Differentiation Maxima & Minima of a function y=f(x)

"y=x dy = nx "y= lnx ’ dy_ 1 dy-=0 & d'y =-Ve

dx dx X For maximum value
dx dy?
"y= sinx’ dy = COS X " y= COS X ’ dy =-sin x dy -=0 & d'y =+ve
dx dx For minimum value
dx dy2
dy =
y=eax+p
dx
ae" y= uv ’ dy =u:du
dx dx dx

"y=f(g(x)) ’ dy _di(g(x), d(g(x) Average of a varying quantity

dx dx dg(x)
y=k(constant) ’ dy =0 X

dx
X
du Ify = f(x) then <y>=ù=
dy dx
dx

Integration
C= Arbitrary constant, k = constarnt
(f(x)dx =glx) +C
d
glx) =f(x)
dx

|kf(x)dx =k[ f(x)dx

" (u +-v+ w)dx = udx + vx + wx
" e'dx =e' +C
+C,n-1
n+]

Edx
X
= enx +C
sin xdx =-cosx+C

cos xdx = sin x+C

1
|edx -ear++C

J(ax +B)° dx (ax +B)" -+C

a(n+1)
Definite integration
b

[fx)dx =|gtx =gb)- gla)

a

Area under the curve y = f(x) from x =a to a = b is

b

A= (ftx)dx