Unit 1

Lesson 1

I. Complete:
1) The number of known elements up till now is 118 ........ elements.

2) Elements are classified according to their properties and

electronic structure into metals, ……nonmetals. and …inert
gases…

3) Metals have less than 4 electrons in their outermost shell.

4) Metals elements are good conductors of heat and electricity.

5) Atoms of metals tend to lose an electron or more during the chemical

reaction and change into positive ion.

6) During the chemical reaction, sodium atom loses one electron and
changes into positive ion.

7) The number of electrons in the outermost shell of magnesium atom is

2 while that of magnesium ion is....8......

8) An atom that lost an electron or more during chemical reaction is

called positive ion

9) Nonmetals have more than 4 electrons in their outermost shell.

10) All nonmetals are ..bad. conductors of electricity except carbon which is
good. conductor of electricity.

11) Mercury is the only liquid metal element, while bromine is the only liquid
nonmetal element.

12) The symbol of oxygen ion is O -2 while that of sodium ion is..Na+

13) The negative ion carries a number of negative charges equal to the
number of gained electrons.

14) An atom of inert gases doesn't lose or gain any electrons under ordinary
conditions.
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15) .................. Noble gases elements do not participate in chemical reaction in
ordinary conditions as the outer shell is filled with electrons

16) Ionic bond arises between metal and nonmetal elements.

17) During the formation of sodium chloride, 17Cl atom gain one electron
and changes into negative ion…

18) Covalent bonds are formed among two nonmetal elements.

19) In covalent bond, the atoms don't lose or gain any electrons.

20) The bond in sodium chloride is ionic bond, whereas the bonds in
water molecule are single covalent bonds.

21) The bond in hydrogen molecule is a single covalent bond, while the bond in
nitrogen molecule is a triple covalent bond.

22) In the double covalent bond, each atom shares with 2 electrons
such as in oxygen molecule.

II. Write the scientific term

1- An atom that lost an electron or more during the chemical reactions. +ve ion

2- A bond resulting from the electric attraction between a positive ion and a
negative ion. Ionic bond

3- An atom gains one electron or more during the chemical reactions. -ve ion

4- A bond resulting from the participation of each of the two atoms with
3 electrons. Triple covalent bond

5- An atom of an element doesn’t lose or gain any electrons. Inert gas

6- Elements have luster, good conductors of heat and electricity, malleable

and ductile. They contain 1,2 or 3 electrons in their outer electron shells.
metals

7- They are solids, liquids or gases have no luster, bad conductors of heat and
electricity, not malleable or ductile (brittle) and containing 5,6 or 7
electrons in their outer shell. nonmetal
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 III. Give reasons:
1. When an atom loses an electron or more, it directly becomes a positive ion.
Because the no. of positive protons becomes more than the no. of negative
electrons.

2. Ionic bonds produce compounds only not elements, but the covalent
bonds produce both types an element or even a compound.
Because ionic bond arises bet. Positive ion of metal and negative ion of nonmetal,
while covalent bond arises bet. Two different or similar non metals

3. The bond in an oxygen molecule is a double covalent bond.

Bec each oxygen atom shares with two electrons to complete its outermost shell
with 8 electrons and becomes more stable

4. The bond in a molecule of magnesium oxide MgO is an ionic bond

regarding that the atomic number for magnesium (Mg=12) and Oxygen
(O=8).
Bec magnesium loses two electrons and changes into a positive ion ,while oxygen
gains two electrons (which is lost by magnesium) and changes into negative ion
,then electric attraction occurs bet. +ve ion and -ve ion

5. The bond in water molecule is single covalent bond.

Because oxygen atom shares each of two hydrogen atoms with one electron
6. The bond in sodium chloride is Ionic bond.
Bec sodium loses one electron and changes into a positive ion ,while chlorine
gains one electron(which is lost by sodium) and changes into negative ion ,then
electric attraction occurs bet. +ve ion and -ve ion

7. The bond in nitrogen molecule is triple covalent bond.

8. Bec each nitogen atom shares with three electrons to complete its outermost shell
with 8 electrons and becomes more stable.

9. Potassium is a metal.
Because its outermost energy level contains less than 4 electrons and its a good
conductor of heat and electricity and has luster

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10.Oxygen is a nonmetal.
Because its outermost energy level contains more than 4 electrons and it’s a
bad conductor of heat and electricity and has no luster

11. Helium is inert gas.

Because it doesn’t share in any chemical reaction in an ordinary conditions

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 Lesson 2
I. Complete:
1- The valency is the number of electrons which gained., lost or shared by
an atom during chemical reaction.
2- The valency of metals may be monovalent ,divalent or trivalent as their outermost
energy shells have 1, 2 or 3 electrons.

3- The valency of Nobel gases is zero as their outermost electron shell is

Completely filled with electrons.
4- The atomic group is a set of atoms of different elements joined together
acts as one atom during chemical reactions and has its own valency
5- .hydroxide and bicarbonate are examples of monovalent atomic groups, whil
carbonate and sulphate are examples of divalent atomic groups
6- The symbol of sulphate group is (SO4)-2 and it is formed of 5 atoms
Of two different elements.
7- The valency of sodium is monovalent While the valency of argon is zero
8- During chemical reaction magnesium loses 2 electrons and
change into +ve ion
9- The valency of calcium is divalent and when it combines with phosphate
group, a compound is formed its formula is Ca3(PO4)2
10- Na2O is the chemical formula of sodium oxide while that of magnesium
carbonate is Mgco3
11- The valency of sodium in sodium carbonate Is monovalent and its valency in
sodium chloride is monovalent
12- Compounds are classified according to their properties into
acids, bases,..oxides... and ... salts.
13- The chemical formula of sulphuric acid is H2SO4while that of
nitric acid is HNO3
14- NaoH and KOH are examples of bases.
15- On dissolving in water, acids give positive hydrogen ions and alkalis give
Negative hydroxide ions.
16- Acids have sour taste and change the color of litmus paper into
Red while bases have bitter taste and change the color of litmus paper into
blue.
17- Acids turn litmus paper to red due to the presence of H+ ion, while
bases turn litmus paper to blue due to the presence of (OH)- ion.

18- Mineral acids are formed when hydrogen is joined with one of
negative atomic groups except (OH)_ group.

19- We can use litmus paper to distinguish between acids and bases.
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 20- The symbols of all mineral acids begin with hydrogen atom, while the
symbols of all bases end by (OH)_ hydroxide group.

21- Na2O is an example of metal oxides, while CO2 is an example

of nonmetal oxides.

II. Write the scientific term

1) The number of electrons gained, lost or even shared by an atom during a
chemical reaction. valency
2) A set of atoms joined together, behave like one atom only, having a
special valence and can’t be existed solely. The atomic group (radical)
3) A formula represents the number and types of atoms in a molecule. Chemical
formula
4) Compounds that dissolve in water producing positive hydrogen ions
(H+) Acids
5) Compounds that dissolve in water producing negative hydroxide ions
(OH-). bases
6) Elements don't react chemically. Noble gases
7) Oxides formed by combination of oxygen and metal. Metal oxides
8) Bond formed between 2 nonmetals atoms. Covalent bond
9) Bond formed between metal and nonmetals atoms. Ionic bond
10) Bond formed between 2 nonmetals atoms where each atom shares one
electron. Single covalent bond
11) Atom that lost or gained one or more electrons during chemical
reaction. ion

III. Give reasons:

1. Acids turn litmus into red.
Due to the presence of positive hydrogen ions (H)+
2. Bases turn litmus blue.
Due to the presence of negative hydroxide ions (OH)-
3. The valency of inert gases is zero.
Bec it doesn’t lose or gain or share with any eelectrons bec. their
outermost energy level is completely filled with electrons

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 Lesson 3
I. Complete:
1- The chemical equation should be balanced.
2- Nitrogen oxides are produced at the time of lightening
3- ionic bond form compounds only while covalent bond form compounds and
elements.
4- The total masses of reactants equal the total masses of products.
5- The chemical formula of table salt is NaCl while that of carbon dioxide is CO2

II. Write the scientific term

1- Set of symbols and chemical formula representing the reactants, products
and the condition of chemical reaction. Chemical equation

2- Breaking the reactants bonds & forming new bond among products.

Chemical reaction

3- Any compound is formed from combination of elements with

constant weight ratio. Law of constant weight ratios
4- Greenhouse gas. Co2
5-Gases affect the respiratory system. Sulphur oxides

6-Gases affect the nervous system. Nitrogen oxides

III. Give reasons:

1. A white cloud is formed when ammonia gas reacts with conc.

hydrochloric acid.
Due to formation of ammonium chloride as white clouds
NH3+HCl conc. NH4Cl
2. On burning a magnesium ribbon in air, a white powder is formed.
Due to formation of magnesium oxide (white powder)as a result of combination
oxygen with magnesium
Chemical equation must be balanced.
To achieve the law of conservation of energy