FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY

- Sikolohiyang Pilipino - (Filipino psychology) refers to the psychology

born out of the experience, thought and orientation of the Filipinos,
based on the full use of Filipino culture and language.
o Sikolohiyang Pilipino is anchored on Filipino thought and
experience as understood from a Filipino perspective (Enriquez,
1975).
o The study of “Diwa” (Psyche)
o Filipino psychology is not anti-universal inasmuch as the ultimate
aim of Sikolohiyang Pilipino is to contribute to universal
psychology, which can be realized only if each group of people is
adequately understood by themselves and from their own
perspective. Sikolohiyang Pilipino is a step towards contributing
to universal psychology.
o Initial work on developing Sikolohiyang Pilipino concentrated on
a type of indigenization which is based largely on simple
translation of concepts, methods, theories and measures into
Filipino.

- The principal emphasis of Sikolohiyang Pilipino

o To foster national identity and consciousness.
o Social involvement
o Psychology of language and culture.

- Virgilio Gaspar Enriquez

o Born in Bataan, Philippines
o Enriquez was formally initiated into psychology in 1963 when he
started teaching at the University of the Philippines (U.P.). As
early as 1965, he was using the Filipino language in teaching.
o In 1966, he left for the United States to pursue a Masters, then
later a Doctoral degree in Psychology at Northwestern University
at Evanston, Illinois.
 o He started preparing for the teaching of psychology in Filipino,
and had a number of discussions (and arguments) with friends
and professors at Northwestern University such as Ernesto Kole,
Lee Sechrest and Donald Campbell.
o Enriquez returned to the Philippines in 1971, bringing with him a
wealth of Western knowledge which he did not impose on his
Filipino colleagues and students
o He established the Philippine Psychology Research House
(PPRH) which later became the Philippine Psychology Research
and Training House (PPRTH). This place became home to
materials on Sikolohiyang Pilipino, growing to its present size of
more than 10,000 references.
o Enriquez became Chairman of the Department of Psychology in
1977–1982.
o His influence went beyond the U.P. He taught at other
institutions, such as De la Salle University, Pamantasan ng
Lungsod ng Maynila, University of Santo Tomas, and Centro
Escolar University. He was also Visiting Professor at the
University of Hawaii, Tokyo University for Foreign Studies,
University of Malaya, and University of Hong Kong. (Pe-Pua,
1991)
o His publications
 Indigenous Psychology and National Consciousness
(Enriquez, 1989)
 From Colonial to Liberation Psychology (Enriquez, 1992)
 Psychology moving East (Enriquez, 1987)
 Pagbabangong-Dangal: Indigenous Psychology &
Cultural Empowerment (Enriquez, 1994).
o His awards
 Outstanding Young Scientist of the Philippines from the
National Academy of Science and Technology in 1982
 the National Achievement in the Social Sciences Award
(1997)
- Philosophical antecedents
 o Empirical philosophy, academic-Scientific psychology, the idea
and teachings of Ricardo Pascual,

- Basic elements and features of Sikolohiyang Pilipino

o Kalooban at kamalayan
o Diwa
o Ulirat
o Isip
o Kaluluwa

- 4 affiliations of Sikolohiyang Pilipino

o Academic-scientific psychology – refers to western tradition
o Academic-philosophical psychology – refers to western
tradition but mostly clerical
o Ethnic psychology – cultural
o Psychomedical system with religion as cohesive element and
explanation
o
- Core value of Filipino psychology
o Kapwa (Enriquez) – unity of ako “self” and iba “others”
 The recognition of self-identity
 Social interaction should be the meaningful focus of
analysis in the process of identifying the concept of kapwa.

- Level of kapwa
- Ibang tao (or outsiders)
o Pakikitungo – transaction, civility with
o Pakikisalalmuha – interation with
o Pakikilahok – joining, participating with
o Pakikiabagay - in comformity with, in accord with
o Pakikisama – be along with
- Hindi ibang tao (hindi ibang tao)
 o Pakikipagpalagayan (loob0(level of mutual trust)–
rapport/understanding/acceptance of
o Pakikisangkot – getting involved
o Pakikiisa (oneness and full trust) – being one with
- Loob (De Mesa)
o Literally translates to inside
o Will of the person
o Manifest itself through actions
o Core of the relationship

- Core values of Philippine interpersonal relation

o Abot malay – reach of consciousness
o Abot kaya – reach of strength
o Abot dama – reach of feeling

- Virtues of loob
o Kagandahang loob/kusang loob – act of generosity, goodness
of will
o Utang na loob – dept of will. The obligation to pay the debt is
self-imposed
- Representation for the self
o Simpleng tao
o Ang taong masayahin
o Ang taong may malasakit
o Ang taong matapat
o Ang taong hayag ang kalooban
o Ang taong tago ang kalooban
o Ang taong nagsusumikap
- 3 evil characters of philippine interpersonal relation
o Walang utang na loob – reciprocate what people have done to
them
o Walang pakikisama
o Walang hiya
- Hiya – directly translates to “shame” but means “sense of propriety”
- Indigenous personality measurement
o Many psychologists have expressed concern, however, about the
cross-cultural use of imported measures, arguing that:
 They limit the researcher to Western constructs of uncertain
relevance in diverse cultures.
 Some behavioral exemplars of traits may differ across
cultures.
 The emergence of a comprehensive or universal personality
psychology will benefit from the propagation of constructs,
theories, and measures independently in diverse cultures,
prior to cross-cultural comparisons.
- Indigenous personality measurements
o Panukat ng Ugali ng Pagkatao (PUP)
 Taps the personality dimensions of Southeast Asian values.
 24 trait scales (119 items), 2 validity checks (14 items), 19
items of “inaaming ugali” and 8 distractor items (total of
160 randomized items.
 It has 2 forms
 Form A – personality tapping, traits, values, and
behaviors. (Translated in Bicolano, Cebuano,
Ilocano, Ilonggo, Waray, Maranao, English, Bahas
Indonesia)
 Form B – differs as the items are determines
rationally
 Self-administering test that can be done in 13 minutes. Can
be administered individually or to groups.
 5-point scale. Scale labels:
 Hinding-hindi
 Hindi
 Walang masabi
 Totoo
 Totoong-totoo
 No item should be skipped.
  Test-retest reliability coefficient was .94, which was
significant at p.<.01 reliability coefficient per subscale (.25
to .70)
 Test-retest reliabilities of .42, .69, and .60 for malikhain,
pagkamaramdamin, and pagkamatiyaga subscales.
o Panukat ng Pagkataong Pilipino (PPP)
 Developed by Annadaisy J. Carlota of UP dept. of psych
 For research, employment, counseling, etc.
 Total of 210 items
 There are 3 forms:
 Form K
o Personality dimensions relevant to
interpersonal relationships
o 90 items
o Takes 20-30 minutes to administer
o Reliability: .56 - .84
o Mean reliability coefficient: .69
 Form S
o Personal traits
o 80 items
o Takes 20-30 minutes to administer
o Reliability: .56 - .84
o Mean reliability coefficient: - .69
 Form KS
o Intelligence and creativity
o 40 items
o Takes about 50 minutes to 1 hour to administer
o Reliability: .51 - .78
o Mean reliability coefficient: .72
o Masaklaw na Panukat ng Loob
 Comprehensively measure personality trait constructs of
theoretical and practical significance in Filipino culture.
 Sample mostly of students of UPD. N=576
  Composed of 188 items: 22 scales with 8 items each, 12
item social desirability scale.
 Neuroticism
 Extraversion
 Openness
 Agreeableness
 Conscientiousness
 Internal consistency reliability N=245
o Panukat ng Pakikipagkapwa ng Batang Pilipino
 By Trinidad Opiniano-Abenojar
 65 items, with four answer choices, in eight positive
personality dimensions.
 Items generated from children, 8-5 y/o from Quezon City:
Balara elementary school, Kamuning elementary school,
Trinity college.
o Philippine nonverbal intelligence test
 100 items
 Assess indices of malnutrition and intellectual development
 Reliability – KR20: .71 - .95
 Validity - concurrent