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Ethical Theories (Synthesis)

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Angela S. Castro
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56 views47 pages

Ethical Theories (Synthesis)

Uploaded by

Angela S. Castro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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APPROACHES/

THEORIES
APPROACHES/
THEORIES
ETHICAL THEORIES
"ETHICAL
DECISION-MAKING
MODELS”
to help best decide on many
different/diverse options.
ETHICAL THEORIES

GUIDEPOSTS
best attempts to understand
morality and ethics
ETHICAL THEORIES
NONE of them is
DEFINITIVE or FINAL.

ALL have STRENGTHS


and CHALLENGES
[advantages and disadvantages]
APPROACHES/
THEORIES
CONSEQUENTIALISM
CONSEQUENTIALISM
MORALITY OF ACTION
based on
OUTCOMES or
CONSEQUENCES
“What is the END GOAL?”
“What will be the OUTCOME?”
CONSEQUENTIALISM
MORAL FLEXIBILITY
moral decision-making can change
depending on its outcomes in
different/varied situations

Evaluates actions based on their RESULTS.


UTILITARIANISM
MORALITY OF ACTION
based on
MAXIMIZING OVERALL HAPPINESS
OR UTILITY
“How MANY will benefit ?”
“Will the MAJORITY be happy?”
UTILITARIANISM
GREATEST HAPPINESS PRINCIPLE
greatest happiness for
the greatest number of people

“The end justifies the means.”


UTILITARIANISM
IMPARTIALITY
every person’s happiness counts equally
[no biases or prejudices]
PRAGMATIC APPROACH
decisions made are based on empirical
outcomes rather than strict adherance to rules
UTILITARIANISM
ACT UTILITARIANISM
focuses on the consequences of
individual actions
RULE UTILITARIANISM
focuses on the consequences of
following general rules - would maximize
happiness of more people
DEONTOLOGY
DEONTOLOGY
MORALITY OF ACTION
based on
DUTY AND RULES

“What should I do?”


“What is my DUTY? What are the RULES? ”
DEONTOLOGY
INTENTION MATTERS
act should be done with the right intention,
even if the outcome is not favorable

“The end DOES NOT justify the means.”


CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVES
FORMULA OF
UNIVERSAL LAW
Act only according to that MAXIM by which
you can at the same time will
that it should become a UNIVERSAL LAW.

ACTIONS could be applies universally


without CONTRADICTION.
CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVES
FORMULA OF
HUMANITY
Act in such a way that you treat humanity,
whether in your own person or in the person of
any other, always at the same time as an END
and NEVER MERELY as a means to an end.

INHERENT DIGNITY & WORTH of ALL INDIVIDUALS


CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVES

FORMULA OF
AUTONOMY
Act only so that your will can regard itself at
the same time as making universal law
through its maxims.

MORAL LAW should be legislated through REASON.


CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVES
FORMULA OF
KINGDOM OF ENDS
Act according to the maxims of a universally
legislating member of a merely possible
kingdom of ends.

ACT in a way that RESPECTS the MORAL WORTH of


ALL INDIVIDUALS as part of a COMMUNITY
NATURAL LAW
MORAL ACTION
based on
INTRINSIC VALUES of human nature that
can be known through REASON
“Treat others as you would have
them treat you.”
NATURAL LAW
OBJECTIVE MORAL STANDARDS
universal moral principles are independent
from human opinions and conventions, and
accesible through reason

MORAL ORDER
inherent moral order of the universe
NATURAL LAW
HUMAN DIGNITY
everyone has an inherent dignity
and worth as rational beings
COMMON GOOD
prioritize the welfare of society as a
whole rather than individual interests
NATURAL LAW
PRINCIPLE OF DOUBLE EFFECT
allows for actions that have both good and
bad effects, provided the action itself is
morally good or neutral, the bad effect is
not intended, and there is a proportionate
reason for allowing the bad effect.
VIRTUE ETHICS
[ARISTOTLE]

MORAL ACTION
based on
CHARACTER AND VIRTUES
and cultivating moral excellence
VIRTUE ETHICS
[ARISTOTLE]

GOLDEN MEAN
virtue as the mean between two extremes
[excess and deficiency]
CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT
develop good character through habits and
practice
VIRTUE ETHICS
[ARISTOTLE]

EUDAIMONIA
ultimate goal of life
[life of flourishing and well-being]
PRACTICAL WISDOM [PHRONESIS]
ability to deliberate well and make sound
judgment based on experience
VIRTUE ETHICS
[ARISTOTLE]

TELOS
purpose or end goal of human life -
live well and fulfill one’s potential
(and be virtuous)
CONFUCIAN
VIRTUE
ETHICS
VIRTUE ETHICS
[CONFUCIAN]

MORAL ACTION
based on
RELATIONSHIPS AND SOCIAL
HARMONY
VIRTUE ETHICS
[CONFUCIAN]

REN
HUMANENESS and BENEVOLENCE
LI
RITUALS, PROPER BEHAVIOR, PROPRIETY
ETIQUETTE in SOCIAL INTERACTIONS
VIRTUE ETHICS
[CONFUCIAN]

YI
RIGHTEOUSNESS -
FORTITUDE TO ONE’S DUTY
ZHI
WISDOM -
DISTINGUISH RIGHT FROM WRONG
VIRTUE ETHICS
[CONFUCIAN]

XIN
HONESTY and TRUSTWORTHINESS

XIAO
FILIAL PIETY
BUDDHIST
VIRTUE
ETHICS
VIRTUE ETHICS
[BUDDHISM]

MORAL ACTION
based on
COMPASSION AND DETACHMENT
to reach enlightenment and alleviate
suffering
VIRTUE ETHICS
[BUDDHISM]

COMPASSION [KARUNA]
EMPATHY and desire to ALLEVIATE
SUFFERING of others
NON-HARMING [AHIMSA]
avoid causing physical or emotional harm
to any living being
VIRTUE ETHICS
[BUDDHISM]

ENLIGHTENMENT [NIRVANA]
Ultimate Goal of Buddhism

KARMA
intentions and actions have
consequences that affect the future
VIRTUE ETHICS
[BUDDHISM]

IMPERMANENCE
transient nature of life - reduce
attachment and focus on moral actions

DETACHMENT
a way to reach enlightment
APPROACHES/
THEORIES

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