POLYNOMIALS

An algebraic expression (f(x) of the form f(x) = a 0 + a1x + a2x2 + ........ + anxn, where

a0,a1,a2 ......., an are real numbers and all the index of ‘x’ are non-negative integers is called a

polynomials in x.
(a) Degree of the Polynomial :
Highest Index of x in algebraic expression is called the degree of the polynomial, here a 0, a1x ,

a2x2 ..... anxn, are called the terms o the polynomial and z 0. a1, a2......, an are called various

coefficients of the polynomial f(x).

NOTE : A polynomial in x is said to be in standard form when the terms are written either in
increasing order or decreasing order of the indices of x in various terms.
(b) Different Types of Polynomials :
Generally, we divide the polynomials in the following categories.
(i) Based on degrees :
There are four types of polynomials based on degrees. These are listed below :
(A) Linear Polynomials : A polynomials of degree one is called a linear polynomial. The
general formula of linear polynomial is ax + b, where a and b are any real constant and a
¿ 0.

(B) Quadratic Polynomials : A polynomial of degree two is called a quadratic polynomial.

The general form of a quadratic polynomial is ax2 + b + c, where a ¿ 0.
(C) Cubic Polynomials : A polynomial of degree three is called a cubic polynomial. The
general form of a cubic polynomial is ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, where a ¿ 0.
(D) Biquadratic (or quadric) Polynomials : A polynomial of degree four is called a
biquadratic (quadratic) polynomial. The general form of a biquadratic polynomial is ax 4 +
bx3 + cx2 + dx + e , where a ¿ 0.
NOTE : A polynomial of degree five or more than five does not have any particular name. Such
a polynomial usually called a polynomial of degree five or six or ....etc.
(ii) Based on number of terms
There are three types of polynomials based on number of terms. These are as follows :
(A) Monomial : A polynomial is said to be monomial if it has only one term. e.g. x, 9x 2, 5x3 all
are monomials.

(B) Binomial : A polynomial is said to be binomial if it contains two terms e.g. 2x 2 + 3x, √3x +
5x3 , -8x3 + 3, all are binomials.
(C) Trinomials : A polynomial is said to be a trinomial it if contains three terms. e.g. 3x 3 - 8 +

5
,
2

√ 7 x 10 8x 4
- 3x2, 5 - 7x + 8x9, are all trinomials.
NOTE : A polynomial having four or more than four terms does not have particular Name. These
are simply called polynomials.
 (iii) Zero degree polynomial : Any non-zero number (constant) is regarded as polynomial of
degree zero or zero degree polynomial. i.e. f(x) = a, where a ¿ 0 is a zero degree polynomial,
since we can write f(x) = a as f(x) = ax0.
(iv) Zero polynomial : A polynomial whose all coefficients are zeros is called as zero
polynomial i.e. f(x) = 0, we cannot determine the degree of zero polynomial.
ALGEBRAIC IDENTITY
An identity is an equality which is true for all values of the variables
Some important identities are
(i) (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 (ii) (a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2 (iii) a2 - b2 = (a + b) (a - b)(iv) a 3 + b3 = (a
+ b) (a2 - ab + b2)
(v) a3 - b3 = (a - b) (a2 + ab + b2) (vi) (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b) (vii) (a - b) 3 = a3 - b3 - 3ab
(a - b)
(viii) a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ac)
Special case : if a + b + c = 0 then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.
Exercise-1
1. The product of (x + a) (x + b) is :
(A) x2 + (a + b) x + ab (B) x2 - (a - b) x + ab (C) a2 + (a - b)x + ab (D) x2 + (a - b)x - ab.
2. The value of 150 × 98 is :
(A) 10047 (B) 14800 (C) 14700 (D) 10470
2
3 The expansion of (x + y - z) is :
(A) x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx (B) x2 + y2 - z2 - 2xy + yz + 2zx
(C) x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy - 2yz - 2zx (D) x2 + y2 - z2 + 2zy - 2yz - 2zx
4. The value of (x + 2y + 2z)2 + (x - 2y - 2z)2 is:
(A) 2x2 + 8y2 + 8z2 (B) 2x2 + 8y2 + 8z2 + 8xyz
(C) 2x2 + 8y2 + 8z2 - 8yz (D) 2x2 + 8y2 + 8z2 + 16yz
5. The value of 25x2 + 16y2 + 40 xy at x = 1 and y = -1 is :
(A) 81 (B) -49 (C) 1 (D) None of these
3 3 2 2
6. On simplifying (a + b) + (a - b) + 6a(a - b ) we get :
(A) 8a2 (B) 8a2b (C) 8a3b (D) 8a3

a 3 +b 3 +c 3 −3 abc
2 2 2
7. Find the value of ab+bc +ca−a −b −c , when a = -5, 5 = -6 , c = 10.
(A) 1 (B) -1 (C) 2 (D) -2
8. If (x + y + z) = 1, xy + yz + zx = -1 xyz = -1 then value of x + y3 + z3 is :
3

(A) -1 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) -2

9. In method of factorisation of an algebraic expression. Which of the following statement is false ?
(A) Taking out a common factor from two or more terms.(B) Taking out a common factor from a
group of terms.
(C) By using remainder theorem.(D) By using standard identities.
10. Factors of (a + b)3 - (a - b)3 is :
(A) 2ab(3a2 + b2) (B) ab(3a2 + b2) (C) 2b(3a2 + b2) (D) 3a2 + b2
11. Degree of zero polynomial is :
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) Both 0 & 1 (D) Not defined
Exercise-2
1 1
a 4+ =119 − 3
1. If a4 , then find the value of a .

2. If x = 152, y = -91 find the value of 9x2 + 30xy + 25y2.

( )
2
1
2 x−
3. Evaluate : (i) (5x + 4y)2 (ii) (4x - 5y)2 (iii) x

4. If x + y = 3 and xy = - 18, find the value of x3 + y3.

1 1
x 2+ =51 x 3− 3 .
5. If x2 find the value of x .

()() ()
3 3 3
1 1 5
6. Evaluate : (i) 253 - 753 + 503 (ii) + − (iii) (0.2)3 - (0.3)3 + (0.1)3
2 3 6

7. Find the product of :

1 1
( x+ )( x +5 ) ( P2 − )
(i) (x + 4) (x + 7) (ii) 5 2
(iii) (P + 16) 4

8. Evaluate :

(i) 102 × 106 (ii) 994 × 1006 (iii) 34 × 36

9. Factorise : 4x4 + (7a)4.

10. Factorise : x12 = 1.

11. Evaluate ¿ ¿.

Exercise-3

1. Factors of (42 - x - x2) are:

(A) (x - 7)(x - 6) (B) (x + 7)(x - 6) (C) (x + 7)(6 - x) (D) (x + 7)

(x + 6)

2. Factors of x + −( 2 x
6
1
6)are :

1 1 1 1
(A) 6 (2x + 1)(3x + 1) (B) 6 (2x + 1)(3x - 1) (C) 6 (2x - 1)(3x - 1) (D) 6 (2x - 1)(3x + 1)

3. Factors of polynomial x3 - 3x2 - 10x + 2x are :

(A) (x - 2)(x + 3)(x - 4) (B) (x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 4)

(C) (x + 2)(x - 3)(x - 4) (D) (x - 2)(x - 3)(x - 4)

4. If (x + a) is a factor of x2 + px + q and x2 + mx + n then the value of a is :

m− p n−q n+ q m+ p
(A) n−q (B) m− p (C) m+ p (D) n+ q

Exercise-4

1. Factorise : 8x3 + 16 - 9.
2. Factorise : x4 + x3 - 7x2 - x + 6.

3. Factorise : 9z3 - 27z2 - 100z + 300.

4. Determine whether x - 3 is a factor of polynomial p(x) = x3 - 3x2 + 4x - 12.

5. Using factor theorem, prove that p(x) is divisible by g(x) if P(x) = 4a 4 + 5x3 - 12x2 - 11x + 5, g(x)

= 4x + 5.

6. Determine if (x + 1) is a factor of x3 - x2 - (2 -√ 2 )x + √2.

7. x3 - 23x2 + 142x -120.

8. x3 + 13x2 + 32 x + 20.

9. 2x3 + y2 - 2y - 1.

10. 4z3 + 20z2 + 33z + 18.

11. x4 + 5x2 + 4.

12. x3 - 10x2 - 53x - 42.

ANSWER KEY

(exercise-1)
Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Ans. A C C D C D A B C C D

(exercise-2)
1
2
1. 36 2. 1 3. 2
(i) 25x + 40xy + 16y 2
(ii)16x - 40xy + 25y (iii) 4x - 4 + x
2 2 2

5
−
4. 189 5. 364 6. (i) -281250 (ii) 12 (iii) -0.018 7. (i) x2 + 11x + 28 (ii)

26 63 2
x 2+ x +1 P4 + P −4
5 (iii) 4 8. (i) 10812 (ii) 999964 (iii) 1224 9. (2x2 + 49a2 + 14ax)(2x2
+ 49a2 - 14ax)

10. (x - 1) (x + 1) (x2 + 1)(x2 + x + 1)(x2 - x + 1)(x4 - x2 + 1) 11. 3 12. (i) x6 + 7x5 - 34 + 5x2 + √2 x +
4 (ii) m7 + 4m6 + 8m5 - 3m2 + 6m – 11 13. (x2 + 5x + 3)(x2 + 5x + 7) 14. (4a - 3b)3 15. (x - y)
(x + y)3
(exercise-3)
Qus. 1 2 3 4

Ans. C B A B

(exercise-4)
1. (2x - 1)(4x2 + 2x + 9) 2. (x + 1)(x - 1)(x + 3)(x - 2) 3. (3z + 10)(z - 3)(3z - 10) 4. Yes 6. (x + 1) is a
factor.
7. (x - 1)(x - 10)(x - 12) 8. (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 10)9. (y - 1)(y + 1)(2y + 1) 10. (z + 2)(2z + 3)(2z +
3)
11. (x - 1)(x + 1)(x - 2)(x + 2) 12. (x + 1)(x - 14)(x + 3)