Polynomials

Exercise 2.1

Write the correct answer in each of the following:

1. Which of the following is a polynomials?
x2 2
(a) −
2 x2
(b) 2 x − 1
2
3
3x
(c) x 2 +
x
x −1
(d)
x +1
x2 2 x2
Sol. (a) − 2 = − 2 x −2
2 x 2
Second term is −2 x −2 . Exponent of x −2 is – 2, which is not a whole number.
So, this algebraic expression is not a polynomial.
1
(b) 2x −1 = 2x 2 −1
1 1
1
First term is 2x 2 . Here, the exponent of the second term, i.e., x 2 is , which is not a
2
whole number. So, this algebraic expression is not a polynomial.
2
3x 3
(c) x 2 + = x 2 + 3x
x
In this expression, we have only whole number as the exponent of the variable in each
them. Hence, the given algebraic expression is a polynomial.

2. 2 is a polynomial of degree
(a) 2
(b) 0
(c) 1
1
(d)
2
Sol. 2 is a constant polynomial. The only term here is 2 which can be written as 2 x0 .
So, the exponent of x is zero. Therefore, the degree of the polynomial is 0.
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.

3. Degree of the polynomial of 4 x 4 + 0 x3 + 0 x5 + 5 x + 7 is

(a) 4
(b) 5
(c) 3
 (d) 7
Sol. The height power of the variable in a polynomial is called the degree of the polynomial. In
this polynomial, the term with highest power of x is 4 x 4 . Highest power of x is 4, so the
degree of the given polynomial is 4.

4. Degree of the zero polynomial

(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) Any natural number
(d) Not defined.
Sol. Degree of the zero degree polynomial (0) is not defined.
Hence, (d) is the correct answer.

5. If p ( x ) = x 2 − 2 2 x + 1, then p (2 2) is equal to
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 4 2
(d) 8 2 + 1
Sol. We have p ( x ) = x 2 − 2 2 x − 1
∴ p (2 2 ) = (2 2) 2 − 2 2 (2 2 + 1)
= 8 − 8 +1
=1
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.

6. The value of the polynomial 5 x − 4 x 2 + 3, when x = −1 is

(a) – 6
(b) 6
(c) 2
(d) – 2
Sol. Let P( x) = 5 x − 4 x 2 + 3
Therefore, P(−1) = 5(−1) − 4(−1)2 + 3 = −5 − 4 + 3 = −6
Hence, (a) is the correct answer.

7. If p( x) = x + 3, then p( x) + p(− x) is equal to

(a) 3
(b) 2x
(c) 0
(d) 6
Sol. We have p( x) = x + 3, then
p(− x) = − x + 3
Therefore, p( x) + P(− x) = x + 3 + (− x + 3) = x + 3 − x + 3 = 6
Hence, (d) is the correct answer.
8. Zero of the zero polynomial is
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) Any real number
(d) Not defined
Sol. The zero (or degree) of the zero polynomial is undefined.
Hence, (d) is the correct answer.

9. Zero of the polynomial p( x) = 2 x + 5 is

2
(a) −
5
5
(b) −
2
2
(c)
5
5
(d)
2
Sol. Finding a zero of p(x) is the same as solving an equation P(x) = 0.
Now, p( x) = 0 ⇒ 2 x + 5 = 0,
5
Which give us x = − .
2
5
Therefore, − is the zero of the polynomial.
2
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.

10. One of the zeroes of the polynomial 2 x 2 + 7 x − 4 is

(a) 2
1
(b)
2
1
(c) −
2
(d) −2
Sol. We have p( x) = 2 x 2 + 7 x + 4
(a) p(2) = 2(2)2 + 7(2) − 4
= 8 + 14 − 4
= 18 ≠ 0
2
1 1 1
(b) p   = 2   + 7   − 4
2 2 2
1 7 1 7
= 2× + − 4 = + − 4 = 4 − 4 = 0
4 2 2 2
 2
 1  1  1
(c) p  −  = 2  −  + 7  −  − 4
 2  2  2
1 7 1 7
= 2× − − 4 = − − 4
4 2 2 2
= −3 − 4
= −7 ≠ 0
(d) p(−2) = 2(−2)2 + 7(−2) − 4
= 8 − 14 − 4 = −10 ≠ 0
1 1 1
As p   = 0, we say that is a zero of the polynomial. Hence, is one of the zero of the
2 2 2
2
polynomial 2 x + 7 x − 4.
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.

11. If x51 + 51 is divided by x + 1, the remainder is

(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 49
(d) 50
Sol. If p(x) is divided by x + a, then the remainder is p(-a).
Here p( x) = x51 + 51 is divided by x +1, then
Remainder = p(−1) = (−1)51 + 51 = 50 = −1 + 51 = 50
Hence, (d) is the correct answer.

12. If x +1, is a factor of the polynomial 2 x2 + kx, then the value of k is

(a) – 3
(b) 4
(c) 2
(d) – 2
Sol. Let p( x) = 2 x 2 = kx
If x + 1 is a factor of p(x), then by factor theorem p(−1) = 0
Now, p(−1) = 0 ⇒ 2(−1)2 + k (−1) = 0
⇒ 2 − k = 0; k = 2
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.

13. x + 1, is a factor of the polynomial

(a) x3 + x 2 − x + 1
(b) x3 + x 2 + x + 1
(c) x 4 + x3 + x 2 + 1
(d) x 4 + 3x3 + 3x 2 + x + 1
Sol. If x +1 is a factor of p(x), then p (-1) = 0
 (a) Let p( x) = x3 + x 2 − x + 1
∴ p(−1) = (−1)3 + (−1) 2 − (−1) + 1
= −1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 2 ≠ 0
So, x + 1 is not a factor of p(x).

(b) Let p( x) = x3 + x 2 + x + 1
∴ p(−1) = (−1)3 + (−1) 2 + (−1) + 1
= −1 + 1 − 1 + 1 = 0
(c) Let p( x) = x 4 + x3 + x 2 + 1
∴ p(−1) = (−1) 4 + (−1)3 + (−1) 2 + (−1) + 1
= 1−1+1+1 = 2 ≠ 0
(d) Let p( x) = x 4 + 3x3 + 3x 2 + x + 1
∴ p(−1) = (−1)4 + 3(−1)3 + 3(−1)2 + (−1) + 1
= 1− 3 + 3 −1+1 = 1 ≠ 0
Hence, x +1 is a factor of x3 + x 2 + x + 1.
So, (b) is the correct answer.

14. One of the factor of (25 x 2 − 1) + (1 + 5 x)2 is

(a) 5 + x
(b) 5 – x
(c) 5x – 1
(d) 10x
Sol. (25 x 2 − 1) + (1 + 5 x) 2 = (5 x) 2 − 12 + (5 x + 1) 2
= (5 x − 1)(5 x − 1) + (5 x + 1) 2 = (5 x + 1)(5 x − 1 + 5 x + 1)
= (5 x + 1)(10 x) = 10 x(5 x + 1)
Hence, one of the factors of (25 x 2 − 1) + (1 + 5 x)2 is 10x. Therefore, (d) is the correct
answer.

15. The value of 2492 − 2482 is

(a) 12
(b) 477
(c) 487
(d) 497
Sol. (249) 2 − (248)2 = (249 + 248)(249 − 248)
= (497) (1) = 497
Hence, (d) is the correct answer.

16. The factorization of = 4 x 2 + 8 x + 3 is

(a) ( x + 1)( x + 3)
(b) (2 x + 1)(2 x + 3)
 (c) (2 x + 2)(2 x + 5)
(d) (2 x − 1)(2 x − 3)
Sol. 4 x2 + 8x + 3 = 4 x2 + 6 x + 2 x + 3
= 2 x(2 x + 3) + 1(2 x + 3) = (2 x + 1)(2 x + 3)
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.

17. Which of the following is a factor of ( x + y) 2 − ( x3 + y 3 ) ?

(a) x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy
(b) x 2 + y 2 − xy
(c) xy 2
(d) 3xy
Sol. ( x + y )3 − ( x3 + y 3 ) = x3 + y 3 + 3xy( x + y) − x3 − y 3
= 3xy ( x + y)
So, 3xy is a factor of ( x + y)3 − ( x3 + y 3 ).
Hence, (d) is the correct answer.

18. The coefficient of x in the expansion of ( x + 3)3 is

(a) 1
(b) 9
(c) 18
(d) 27
Sol. Using (a + b)3 = a 3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b), we get
( x + 3)3 = x3 + 33 + 3 × x × 3( x + 3)
= x3 + 27 + 9 x 2 × 27 x
Therefore, the coefficient of x is 27.
Hence, (d) is the correct answer.

x y
19. If + = −1 the value of x3 − y 3 is
y x
(a) 1
(b) – 1
(c) 0
1
(d)
2
x y x2 + y 2
Sol. + = −1 ⇒ = −1
y x xy
⇒ x 2 + y 2 = − xy
Now, x3 − y 3 = ( x − y)( x 2 + y 2 + xy)
= ( x − y )(− xy + xy ) [∵ x 2 + y 2 = − xy]
 = ( x − y)(0)
=0
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.

 1  1
20. If 49 x 2 − b =  7 x +   7 x −  , then the value of b is
 2  2
(a) 0
1
(b)
2
1
(c)
4
1
(d)
2
 1  1
Sol. 49 x 2 − b =  7 x +   7 x − 
 2  2
2
1
⇒ 2 2
49 x − b = (7 x) −  
2
1
= 492 − [∵ (a + b)(a − b) = a 2 − b 2 ]
4
1
So, we get b = .
4
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.

21. If a + b + c = 0, then the value of a3 + b3 + c3 is equal to

(a) 0
(b) abc
(c) 3abc
(d) 2abc
Sol. We know that
a 3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc = (a + b + c)(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca)
As a + b + c = 0, so, a 3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc = (0) (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca) = 0
Hence, a 3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.
Therefore, (c) 3abc is the correct answer.
 Polynomials
Exercise 2.2

1. Which of the following expression are polynomials? Justify your answer.

(i) 8
(ii) 3x2 − 2 x
(iii) 1 − 5x
1
(iv) −2 + 5 x + 7
5x
( x − 2)( x − 4)
(v)
x
1
(vi)
x +1
1 2 2
(vii) a 3 − a + 4a − 7
7 3
1
(viii)
2x
Sol. (i) 8 is a constant polynomial.
(ii) 3x2 − 2 x
In each term of this expression, the exponent of the variable x is a whole number. Hence,
it is a polynomial.
1
(iii) 1 − 5 x = 1 − 5 x 2
1
1
Here, the exponent of the second term, i.e., x ,2
, which is not a whole number Hence,
2
the given algebraic expression is not a polynomial.
1 1
(iv) −2 + 5 x + 7 = x 2 + 5 x + 7
5x 5
In each term of this expression, the exponent of the variable x is a whole number. Hence,
it is a polynomial.
( x − 2)( x − 4) x 2 − 6 x + 8 8
(v) = = x − 6 + = x − 6 + 8 x −1
x x x
Here, the exponent of variable x in the third term, i.e., in 8 x −1 , is – 1, which is not a whole
number. So, this algebraic expression is not a polynomial.
1
(vi) = ( x + 1) −1 which cannot be reduced to an expression in which the exponent of the
x +1
variable x have only whole numbers in each of its terms. So, this algebraic expression is
not a polynomial.
1 2 2
(vii) a 3 − a + 4a − 7
7 3
 In this expression, the exponent of a in each term is a whole number, so this expression is
a polynomial.
1 1 −1
(viii) = x
2x 2
Here, the exponent of the variable x is – 1, which is not a whole number so, this algebraic
expression is not a polynomial.

2. Write whether the following statements are True or False. Justify your answer.
(i) A binomial can have at most two terms
(ii) Every polynomial is a binomial
(iii) A binomial may have degree 5
(iv) Zero of a polynomial is always 0
(v) A polynomial cannot have more than one zero
(vi) The degree of the sum of two polynomials each of degree 5 is always 5.
Sol. (i) The given statement is false because binomial have exactly two terms.
(ii) A polynomial can be a monomial, binomial trinomial or can have finite number of
terms. For example, x 4 + x3 + x 2 + 1 is a polynomial but not binomial.
Hence, the given statement is false.
(iii) The given statement is true because a binomial is a polynomial whose degree is a
whole number ≥ 1. For example, x5 − 1 is a binomial of degree 5.
(iv) The given statement is false, because zero of polynomial can be any real number.
(v) The given statement is false, because a polynomial can have any number of zeroes
which depends on the degree of the polynomial.
(vi) The given statement is false. For example, consider the two polynomial − x5 + 3x 2 + 4
and x5 + x 4 + 2 x3 + 3. The degree of each of these polynomial is 5. Their sum is
x 4 + 2 x3 + 3x 2 + 7. The degree of this polynomial is not 5.
 Polynomials
Exercise 2.3

1. Classify the following polynomial as polynomials in one variable, two variable etc.
(i) x2 + x + 1
(ii) y 3 − 5 y
(iii) xy + yz + zx
(iv) x 2 − 2 xy + y 2 + 1
Sol. (i) x2 + x + 1 is a polynomial in one variable.
(ii) y 3 − 5 y is a polynomial in one variable.
(iii) xy + yz + zx is a polynomial in three variable.
(iv) x 2 − 2 xy + y 2 + 1 is a polynomial in three variable.

2. Determine the degree of each of the following polynomials:

(i) 2x – 1
(ii) – 10
(iii) x3 − 9 x + 3x5
(iv) y 3 (1 − y 4 )
Sol. (i) Since the highest power of x is 1, the degree of the polynomial 2x – 1 is 1.
(ii) – 10 is a non-zero constant. A non-zero constant term is always regarded as having
degree 0.
(iii) Since the highest power of x is 5, the degree of the polynomial x3 − 9 x + 3x5 is 5.
(iv) y3 (1 − y 4 ) = y 3 − y 7 Since the highest power of y is 7, the degree of the polynomial is 7.

x2 + 2 x + 1 7 2
3. For the polynomial − x − x 6 , write
5 2
(i) the degree of the polynomial
(ii) the coefficient of x 3 .
(iii) the coefficient of x6 .
(iv) the constant term.
Sol. (i) We know that highest power of variable in a polynomial is the degree of the
polynomial.
In the given polynomial, the term with highest of x is − x 6 , and the exponent of x in this
term in 6.
1
(ii) The coefficient of x3 is .
5
6
(iii) The coefficient of x is – 1.
1
(iv) The constant term is .
5
4. Write the coefficient of x2 in each of the following:
π
(i) x + x2 − 1
6
(ii) 3 x − 5
(iii) ( x − 1)(3 x − 4)
(iv) (2 x − 5)(2 x 2 − 3 x + 1)
Sol. (i) The coefficient of x2 in the given polynomial is 1.
(ii) The given polynomial can be written as 0. x 2 + 3x − 5. So, the coefficient of x2 in the
given polynomial is 0.
(iii) The given polynomial can be written as:
( x − 1)(3 x − 4) = 3x 2 − 4 x − 3x + 4
= 3x2 − 7 x + 4
So, coefficient of x2 in the given polynomial is 3.
(iv) The given polynomial can be written as:
(2 x − 5)(2 x 2 − 3x + 1) = 4 x3 − 6 x 2 + 2 x − 10 x 2 + 15 x − 5
= 4 x3 − 16 x 2 + 17 x − 5
So, the coefficient of x2 in the given polynomial is – 16.

5. Classify the following as a constant, linear quadratic and cubic polynomials:

(i) 2 − x 2 + x3
(ii) 3x3
(iii) 5t − 7
(iv) 4 − 5y 2
(v) 3
(vi) 2 + x
(vii) y 3 − y
(viii) 1 + x + x3
(ix) t 2
(x) 2 x − 1
Sol. We know that
(a) a polynomial in which exponent of the variable is zero, is called a constant term.
Here, (v) 3 is a constant polynomial because 3 = 3x 0 , exponent of the variable x is 0.
(b) a polynomial of degree 1 is called a linear polynomial.
5t − 7 , 2 + x and 2 x + 1 are linear polynomial.
(c) A polynomial of degree 2 is called a quadratic polynomial.
4 − 5 y 2 ,1 + x + x 2 and t 2 are quadratic polynomials.
(d) A polynomial of degree 3 is called a cubic polynomial.
2 − x + x3 ,3 x3 and y 3 − y are cubic polynomials.
6. Give an example of a polynomial, which is:
(i) monomial of degree 1.
(ii) binomial of degree 20.
(iii) trinomial of degree 2.
Sol. We know that a polynomial having only one term is called a monomial, a polynomial
having only two terms is called binomial, a polynomial having only three terms is called a
trinomial.
(i) 3x is monomial of degree 1.
(ii) x20 − 7 is a binomial of degree 20.
(iii) 5 x 2 + 3x − 1 is a trinomial of degree 2.

7. Find the value of the polynomial 3x3 − 4 x 2 + 7 x + 5, when x = 3 and also when x = - 3.
Sol. Let p( x) = 3x 2 − 4 x 2 + 7 x − 5
∴ p(3) = 3(3)3 − 4(3)2 + 7(3) − 5
= 3(27) – 4(9) + 21 – 5
= 81 – 36 + 21 – 5
= 61
Now, p(−3) = 3(−3)3 − 4(−3) 2 + 7(−3) − 5
= 3(−27) − 4(9) − 21 − 5
= – 81 – 36 – 21 – 5
= – 143

1
8. If p( x) = x 2 − 4 x + 3, evaluate p (2) − p ( −1) + p  
2
2
Sol. We have p( x) = x − 4 x + 3
 1  1 
2
1
∴ p (2) − p (−1) + p   = (22 − 4 × 2 + 3) − {(−1)2 − 4(−1) + 3} +   − 4 × + 3
2  2  2 
1 
= (4 − 8 + 3) − (1 + 4 + 3) +  − 2 + 3 
4 
5
= −1 − 8 +
4
5 −36 + 5 −31
= −9 + = =
4 4 4

9. Find p (0), p(1), p(- 2) for the following polynomials:

(i) p( x) = 10 x − 4 x 2 − 3
(ii) p( y ) = ( y + 2)( y − 2)
Sol. (i) We have p( x) = 10 x − 4 x 2 − 3
∴ p (0) = 10(0) − 4(0) 2 − 3
 = 0 − 0 − 3 = −3
And, p(1) = 10(1) − 4(1) 2 − 3
= 10 − 4 − 3 = 10 − 7 = 3
And, P(−2) = 10(−2) − 4(−2) 2 − 3
= −20 − 4(4) − 3 = −20 − 16 − 3 = −39

(ii) We have p( y) = ( y + 2)( y − 2) = y 2 − 4

∴ p (0) = (0) 2 − 4
= 0 − 4 = −4
And, p(1) = (1) 2 − 4
= 1 − 4 = −3
And, p(−2) = (−2) 2 − 4
= 4−4= 0

10. Verify whether the following are true or false.

(i) – 3 is a zero of x – 3.
1
(ii) − is a zero of 3x +1.
3
−4
(iii) is a zero of 4 – 5y.
5
(iv) 0 and 2 are the zeroes of t 2 − 2t.
(v) − 3 is a zero of y 2 + y − 6.
Sol. A zero of a polynomial p(x) is a number c such that p(c) = 0
(i) Let p( x) = x − 3
∴ p(−3) = −3 − 3 = −6 ≠ 0
Hence, - 3 is not a zero of x – 3.

(ii) Let p( x) = 3x + 1
 1  1
∴ p  −  = 3  −  + 1 = −1 + 1 = 0
 3  3
1
Hence, − is zero of p(x) = 3x +1.
3
(iii) Let p ( y ) = 4 − 5 y
 4  −4 
∴ p  −  = 4 − 5  = 4 + 4 = 8 ≠ 0
 5  5 
4
Hence, − is not a zero of 4 – 5y.
5
(iv) Let p(t ) = t 2 − 2t
∴ p(0) = (0)2 − 2(0) = 0
 And p(2) = (2) 2 − 2(2) = 4 − 4 = 0
Hence, 0 and 2 are zeroes of the polynomial p(t ) = t 2 − 2t.
(v) Let p( y) = y 2 + y − 6
∴ p (−3) = (−3) 2 + (−3) − 6 = 9 − 3 − 6 = 0
Hence, - 3 is a zero of the polynomial y 2 + y − 6.

11. Find the zeroes of the polynomial in each of the following:

(i) p( x) = x − 4
(ii) g ( x) = 3 − 6 x
(iii) q( x) = 2 x − 7
(iv) h( y) = 2 y
Sol. (i) Solving the equation p( x) = 0, we get
x − 4 = 0, which give us x = 4
So, 4 is a zero of the polynomial x − 4.

(ii) Solving the equation g ( x) = 0, we get

1
3 − 6 x = 0, which gives us x =
2
1
SO, is a zero of the polynomial 3 − 6 x.
2
(iii) Solving the equation q( x) = 0, we get
7
2 x − 7 = 0, which gives us x =
2
7
So, is a zero of the polynomial 2 x − 7.
2
(iv) Solving the equation h( y) = 0, we get
2 y = 0, which gives us y = 0
So, 0 is a zero of the polynomial 2y.

12. Find the zeroes of the polynomial ( x − 2) 2 − ( x + 2) 2 .

Sol. Let p( x) = ( x − 2) 2 − ( x + 2) 2
As fining a zero of p(x), is same as solving the equation p(x) = 0
So, p( x) = 0 ⇒ ( x − 2) 2 − ( x + 2)2 = 0
⇒ ( x − 2 + x + 2)( x − 2 − x − 2) = 0
⇒ 2 x(−4) = 0 ⇒ −8 x = 0 ⇒ x = 0
Hence, x = 0 is the only one zero of p(x).

13. By acute division, find the quotient and the remainder when the first polynomial is
divided by the second polynomial: x 4 + 1; x + 1.
Sol. By acute division, we have

14. By remainder Theorem find the remainder, when p(x) is divided by g(x), where
(i) p( x) = x3 − 2 x 2 − 4 x − 1, g ( x) = x + 1
(ii) p( x) = x3 − 3 x 2 + 4 x + 50, g ( x) = x − 3
(iii) p( x) = 4 x3 − 12 x 2 + 14 x − 3, g ( x) = 2 x − 1
3
(iv) p( x) = x3 − 6 x 2 + 2 x − 4, g ( x) = 1 − x
2
Sol. (i) We have g ( x) = x + 1
⇒ x +1 = 0
⇒ x = −0
Remainder = p ( -1)
= (−1)3 − 2( −1) 2 − 4(−1) = −1 − 2 + 4 − 1
=0
(ii) We have g ( x) = x − 3
⇒ x−3= 0
⇒ x=3
Remainder = p(3)
= (3)3 − 3(3)2 + 4(3) + 50 = 27 − 27 + 12 + 50
= 62

(iii) We have g ( x) = 2 x − 1
⇒ 2x −1 = 0
1
⇒ 2x −1 ⇒ x =
2
1
Remainder = p  
2
 3 2
1 1 1
= 4   − 12   + 14   − 3
2 2 2
1 1
= 4   − 12   + 7 − 3
8 4
1 1 −3
= −3+ 7 −6 = − 2 =
2 2 2
3 2
(iv) g ( x) = 0 ⇒ 1 − x = 0; x =
2 3
 2  8 24 4
Remainder p   = − + −4
 3  27 9 3
8 − 72 + 36 − 108 −136
= =
27 27

15. Check whether p(x) is a multiple of g(x) or not:

(i) p( x) = x3 − 5 x 2 + 4 x − 3, g ( x) = x − 2
(ii) p( x) = 2 x3 − 11x 2 − 4 x + 5, g ( x) = 2 x + 1
Sol. (i) p(x) will be a multiple g(x) if g(x) divides p(x).
Now, g ( x) = x − 2 gives x = 2
Remainder = p(2) = (2)3 − 5(2) 2 + 4(2) − 3
= 8 − 5(4) + 8 − 3 = 8 − 20 + 8 − 3
= −7
Since remainder ≠ 0, So p(x) is not a multiple of g(x).

(ii) p(x) will be a multiple of g(x) if g(x) divides p(x).

1
Now, g ( x) = 2 x + 1 give x = −
2
3 2
 1  −1   −1   −1 
Remainder = p  −  = 2   − 11  − 4   + 5
 2  2   2   2 
 −1  1 −1 11
= 2   − 11   + 2 + 5 = − +7
 8  4 4 4
−1 − 11 + 28 16
= = =4
4 4
Since remainder ≠ 0, So, p(x) is not a multiple of g(x).

16. Show that:

(i) x +3 is a factor of 69 + 11x − x 2 + x3 .
(ii) 2 x − 3 is a factor of x + 2 x3 − 9 x 2 + 12.
Sol. (i) Let p( x) = 69 + 11x − x 2 + x3 , g ( x) = x + 3.
g ( x) = x + 3 = 0 gives x = −3
 g(x) will be a factor of p(x) if p(−3) = 0 (Factor theorem)
2 3
Now, p(−3) = 69 + 11(−3) − (−3) + (−3)
= 69 − 33 − 9 − 27
=0
Since, p (−3) = 0, So g(x) is a factor of p(x).

(ii) Let p( x) = x + 2 x3 − 9 x 2 + 12 and g ( x) = 2 x − 3

3
g ( x) = 2 x − 3 = 0 gives x =
2
 
3
g(x) will be factor of p(x) if p   = 0 (Factor theorem)
2
3 2
3 3 3 3 3  27   9 
Now, p   = + 2   − 9   +12 = + 2   − 9   + 12
2 2 2 2 2  8  4
3 27 81 6 + 27 − 81 + 48 0
= + − + 12 = = =0
2 4 4 4 4
3
Since, p   = 0, so, g(x) is a factor of p(x).
2

17. Determine which of the following polynomials has x– 2 a factor:

(i) 3x 2 + 6 x − 24
(ii) 4 x 2 + x − 2
Sol. We know that if ( x − a) is a factor of p(x), then p(a) = 0.
(i) Let P( x) = 3x 2 + 6 x − 24
If x – 2 is a factor of p( x) = 3x 2 + 6 x − 24, then p(2) should be equal to 0.
Now, p(2) = 3(2)2 + 6(2) − 24
= 3(4) + 6(2) − 24
= 12 + 12 – 24
=0
∴ By factor theorem, ( x − 2) is factor of 3 x 2 + 6 x − 24.

(ii) Let p( x) = 4 x 2 + x − 2.
If x – 2 is a factor of p( x) = 4 x 2 + x − 2, then, p(2) should be equal to 0.
Now, p(2) = 4(2) 2 + 2 − 2
= 4(4) + 2 − 2
= 16 + 2 – 2
= 16 ≠ 0
∴ x − 2 is not a factor of 4 x 2 + x − 2.
18. Show that p – 1 is a factor of p10 − 1 and also of p11 − 1.
Sol. If p − 1 is a factor of p10 − 1 , then (1)10 − 1 should be equal to zero.
Now, (1)10 − 1 = 1 − 1 = 0
Therefore, p − 1 is a factor of p10 − 1.
Again, if p – 1 is a factor of p11 − 1 , then (1)11 − 1 should be equal to zero.
Now, (1)11 − 1 = 1 − 1 = 0
Therefore, p – 1 is a factor of p11 − 1.
Hence, p – 1 is a factor of p10 − 1 and also of p11 − 1.

19. For what value of m is x3 − 2mx 2 + 16 divisible by x + 2 ?

Sol. If x3 − 2mx 2 + 16 is divisible by x + 2, then x + 2 is a factor of x3 − 2mx 2 + 16.
Now, let p( x) = x3 − 2mx 2 + 16.
As x + 2 = x − (−2) is a factor of x3 − 2mx 2 + 16.
So p(−2) = 0
Now, p(−2) = (−2)3 − 2m(−2) 2 + 16
= −8 − 8m + 16 = 8 − 8m
Now, p(−2) = 0
⇒ 8 − 8m = 0
⇒ m = 8÷8
⇒ m =1
Hence, for m + 1, x + 2 is a factor of x3 − 2mx 2 + 16, so x3 − 2mx 2 + 16 is completely
divisible by x +2.

20. If x + 2a is a factor of x5 − 4a 2 x3 + 2 x + 2a + 3, find a.

Sol. Let p( x) = x5 − 4a 2 x3 + 2 x + 2a + 3
If x − ( −2a ) is a factor of p(x), then p(−2a) = 0
∴ p(−2a) = (−2a)5 − 4a 2 (−2a)3 + 2(−2a) + 2a + 3
= −32a 5 + 32a 5 − 4a + 2a + 3
= −2 a + 3
Now, p(−2a) = 0
⇒ −2 a + 3 = 0
3
⇒ a=
2

21. Find the value of m so that 2x – 1 be a factor of 8 x 4 + 4 x3 − 16 x 2 + 10 x + m.

Sol. Let p( x) = 8 x 4 + 4 x3 − 16 x 2 + 10 x + m.
As (2 x − 1) is a factor of p(x)
 1
∴ p  = 0 [By factor theorem]
2
4 3 2
1 1 1 1
⇒ 8   + 4   − 16   + 10   + m = 0
2 2 2 2
 1  1 1
⇒ 8   + 4   − 16   + 5 + m = 0
 16  8 4
1 1
⇒ + −4+5+m = 0
2 2
⇒ 2 + m = 0 ⇒ m = −2

22. If x + 1 is a factor of ax3 + x 2 − 2 x + 4a − 9, find the value of a.

Sol. Let p( x) = ax3 + x 2 − 2 x + 4a − 9.
As (x + 1) is a factor of p(x)
∴ p(−1) = 0 [By factor theorem]
⇒ a(−1)3 + (−1) 2 − 2(−1) + 4a − 9 = 0
⇒ a (−1) + 1 + 2 + 4a − 9 = 0
⇒ − a + 4a − 6 = 0
⇒ 3a − 6 = 0 ⇒ 3a = 6 ⇒ a = 2

23. Factorise:
(i) x 2 + 9 x + 18
(ii) 6 x 2 + 7 x − 3
(iii) 2 x 2 − 7 x − 15
(iv) 84 − 2r − 2r 2
Sol. (i) In order to factorise x 2 + 9 x + 18, we have to find two numbers p and q such that
p + q = 9 and pq = 18.
Clearly, 6 + 3 = 9 and 6 × 3 = 18.
So, we write the middle term 9x as 6x + 3.
∴ x 2 + 9 x + 18 = x 2 + 6 x + 3x + 18
= x( x + 6) + 3( x + 6)
= ( x + 6)( x + 3)

(ii) In order to factorise 6 x 2 + 7 x − 3, we have to find two numbers p and q such that
p + q = 7 and pq = −18.
Clearly, 9 + (−2) = 7 and 9 × (−2) = −18.
So, we write the middle term 7x as 9 x + (−2 x), i.e., 9 x − 2 x.
∴ 6 x2 + 7 x − 3 = 6 x2 + 9 x − 2 x − 3
= 3x(2 x + 3) − 1(2 x + 3)
= (2 x + 3)(3 x − 1)
 (iii) In order to factorise 2 x3 − 7 x − 15, we have to find two numbers p and q such that
p + q = −7 and pq = −30.
Clearly, (−10) + 3 = −7 and (−10) × 3 = −30.
So, we write the middle term −7 x as (−10 x) + 3x.
∴ 2 x 2 − 7 x − 15 = 2 x 2 − 10 x + 3x − 15
= 2 x( x − 5) + 3( x − 5)
( x − 5)(2 x + 3)

(iv) In order to factorise 84 − 2r − 2r 2 , we have to find two numbers p and 1 such that
p + q = −2 and pq = - 168.
∴ 84 − 2r − 2r 2 = −2r 2 − 2r + 84
= −2r 2 − 14r + 12r + 84
= −2r (r + 7) + 12(r + 7)
= (r + 7)(−2r + 12)
= −2(r + 7)(r − 6) = −2(r − 6)(r + 7)

24. Factorise:
(i) 2 x3 − 3x 2 − 17 x + 30
(ii) x3 − 6 x 2 + 11x − 6
(iii) x3 + x2 − 4 x + 4
(iv) 3x3 − x 2 − 3 x + 1
Sol. (i) Let f ( x) = 2 x3 − 3x 2 − 17 x + 30 be the given polynomial. The factors of the constant term
+30 are ±1, ±2, ±3, ±5, ±6, ±10, ±15, ±30. The factor of coefficient of x3 is 2. Hence, possible
rational roots of f(x) are:
1 3 5 15
±1, ±3, ±5, ±15, ± , ± , ± , ± .
2 2 2 2
We have f (2) = 2(2) − 3(2) 2 − 17(2) + 30
3

= 2(8) − 3(4) − 17(2) + 30

= 16 − 12 − 34 + 30 = 0
And f (−3) = 2(−3)3 − 3(−3) 2 − 17(−3) + 30
= 2(−27) − 3(9) − 17(−3) + 30
= −54 − 27 + 51 + 30 = 0
So, ( x − 2) and ( x + 3) are factors of f ( x).
⇒ x 2 + x − 6 is a factor of f ( x).
Let us now divide f ( x) = 2 x3 − 3x 2 − 17 x + 30 by x 2 + x − 6 to get the other factors of f ( x).
Factors of f ( x).
By long division, we have
∴ 2 x3 − 3x 2 − 17 x + 30 = ( x 2 + x − 6)(2 x − 5)
⇒ 2 x3 − 3x 2 − 17 x + 30 = ( x − 2)( x + 3)(2 x − 5)
Hence, 2 x3 − 3x 2 − 17 x + 30 = ( x − 2)( x + 3)(2 x − 5)

(ii) Let f ( x) = x3 − 6 x 2 + 11x + 6 be the given polynomial. The factors of the constant term
– 6 are ±1, ±2, ±3 and ±6.
We have, f (1) = (1)3 − 6(1) 2 + 11(1) − 6 = 1 − 6 + 11 − 6 = 0
And, f (2) = (2)3 − 6(2) 2 + 11(2) − 6 = 8 − 24 + 22 = 6 = 0
So, ( x − 1) and ( x − 2) are factor of f ( x).
⇒ ( x − 1)( x − 2) is also factor of f ( x).
⇒ x3 − 3x + 2 is a factor of f ( x).
Let us now divide f ( x) = x3 − 6 x 2 + 11x − 6 by x 2 − 3x + 2 to get the other factors of f ( x).
By long division, we have

∴ x3 − 6 x 2 + 11x − 6 = ( x 2 − 3 x + 2)( x − 3)
⇒ x3 − 6 x 2 + 11x − 6 = ( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3)
Hence, x3 − 6 x 2 + 11x − 6 = ( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3)

(iii) Let f ( x) = x3 + x 2 − 4 x − 4 be the given polynomial. The factors of the constant term
−4 are ±1, ±2, ±4.
We have,
f (−1) = (−1)3 + (−1) 2 − 4(−1) − 4 = −1 + 1 + 4 − 4 = 0
And, f (2) = (2)3 + (2) 2 − 4(2) − 4 = 8 + 4 − 8 − 4 = 0
So, ( x + 1) and ( x − 2) are factors of f ( x).
⇒ ( x + 1)( x − 2) is also a factor of f ( x).
 ⇒ x 2 − x − 2 is a factor of f ( x).
Let us know divide f ( x) = x3 + x 2 − 4 x − 4 by x 2 − x − 2 to get the other factors of f ( x).
By long division, we have

∴ x3 + x 2 − 4 x − 4 = ( x 2 − x − 2)( x + 2)
⇒ x3 + x 2 − 4 x − 4 = ( x + 1)( x − 2)( x + 2)
Hence, x3 + x 2 − 4 x − 4 = ( x − 2)( x + 1)( x + 2)

(iv) Let f ( x) = 3x3 − x 2 − 3x + 1 be the given polynomial. The factors of the constant term +
1 are ±1. The factor of coefficient of x3 is 3. Hence, possible rational roots of f ( x) are:
1
± .
3
We have,
f (1) = 3(1)3 − (1) 2 − 3(1) + 1 = 3 − 1 − 3 + 1 = 0
And f (−1) = 3(−1)3 − (−1) 2 − 3(−1) + 1 = −3 − 1 + 3 + 1 = 0
So, ( x − 1) and ( x + 1) are factors of f ( x).
⇒ ( x − 1)( x + 1) is also a factor of f ( x).
⇒ x2 − 1 is a factor of f ( x).
Let us now divide f ( x) = 3x3 − x 2 − 3x + 1 by x2 − 1 to get the other factors of f ( x).
By long division, we have

∴ 3x3 − x 2 − 3x + 1 = ( x 2 − 1)(3x − 1)
⇒ 3x3 − x 2 − 3x + 1 = ( x − 1)( x + 1)(3x − 1)
Hence, 3x3 − x 2 − 3x + 1 = ( x − 1)( x + 1)(3x − 1)

25. Using suitable identify, evaluate the following:

(i) 1033
(ii) 101×102
 (iii) 9992
Sol. (i) 1032 = (100 + 3)3
Now using identify (a + b)3 = a 3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b), we have
(100 + 3)3 = (100)3 + (3)3 + 3(100)(3)(100 + 3)
= 1000000 + 27 + 900(100 + 3)
= 1000000 + 27 + 90000 + 2700
= 1092727

(ii) 101×102 = (100 + 1) (100 + 2)

Now, using identify ( x + a)( x + b) = x 2 + (a + b) x + ab, we have
(100 + 1)(100 + 2) = (100)2 + (1 + 2)100 + (1)(2)
= 10000 + (3)100 + 2 = 10000 + 300 + 2
= 10302

(iii) (999) 2 = (1000 − 1)2 = (1000) 2 − 2 × (1000) ×1 + 12

= 100000 – 2000 + 1
= 998001

26. Factorise the following:

(i) 4 x 2 + 20 x + 25
(ii) 9 y 2 − 66 yz + 121z 2
2 2
 1  1
(iii)  2 x +  −  x − 
 3  2
Sol. (i) We have,
4 x 2 + 20 x + 25 = (2 x)2 + 2(2 x)(5) + (5) 2
= (2 x + 5) 2 [∵ a 2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2 ]
= (2 x + 5)(2 x + 5)
(ii) We have,
9 y 2 − 66 yz + 121z 2 = (−3 y ) 2 + 2(−3 y)(11z ) + (11z ) 2
= (−3 y + 11z ) 2 [∵ a 2 + 2ab + b 2 = (a + b) 2 ]
= (−3 y + 11z )(−3 y + 11z )
= (3 y − 11z )(3 y − 11z )
2 2
 1  1
(iii)  2 x +  −  x − 
 3  2
2 2
Using identity a − b = (a + b)(a − b)
 1  1    1  1 
=  2 x +  +  x −     2 x +  −  x −  
 3  2    3  2 
  1 1  1 1  1  5
=  2 x + + x −   2 x + − x +  =  3x −   x + 
 3 2  3 2  6  6

27. Factorise the following:

(i) 9 x 2 − 12 x + 3
(ii) 9 x 2 − 12 x + 4
Sol. (i) 9 x 2 − 12 x + 3 = 9 x 2 − 9 x − 3x + 3
= 9 x( x − 1) − 3( x − 1)
= (9 x − 3)( x − 1)
= 3(3x − 1)( x − 1)
(ii) We have,
9 x 2 − 12 x + 4 = (3x) 2 − 2(3x)(2) + (2)2
= (3x − 2) 2 [∵ a 2 − 2ab + b 2 = (a − b) 2 ]
= (3x − 2)(3x − 2)

28. Expand the following:

(i) (4a − b + 2c) 2
(ii) (3a − 5b − c)2
(iii) (− x + 2 y − 3z )2
Sol. (i) We have,
(4a − b + 2c) 2 = (4a )2 + (−b) 2 + (2c) 2 +2(4a)(−b) + 2(−b)(2c) + 2(2c)(4a)
∵ a + b + c + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca = ( a + b + c ) 
2 2 2 2

= 16a 2 + b 2 + 4c 2 − 8ab − 4ac + 16ca

(ii) We have,
(3a − 5b − c)2 = (3a) 2 + (−5b) 2 + (−c) 2 +2(3a) 2 − 5b + 2(−5b)(−c) + 2(−c)(3a)
∵ a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca = ( a + b + c ) 2 
= 9a 2 + 25b 2 + c 2 − 30ab + 10bc − 6ca.
(iii) (− x + 2 y − 3z ) 2 = {(− x) + 2 y + (−3z )}2
= (− x)2 + (2 y )2 + (−3z ) 2 + 2(− x)(2 y ) + 2(2 y )(−3 z ) + 2(−3 yz )(− x)

29. Factorise the following:

(i) 9 x 2 + 4 y 2 + 16 z 2 + 12 xy − 16 yz − 24 xz
(ii) 25 x 2 + 16 y 2 + 4 z 2 − 40 xy + 16 yz − 20 xz
(iii) 16 x 2 + 4 y 2 + 9 z 2 − 16 xy − 12 yz + 24 xz
Sol. (i) We have,
9 x 2 + 4 y 2 + 16 z 2 + 12 xy − 16 yz − 24 xz
 = (3x) 2 + (2 y )2 + (−4 z ) 2 +2(3x)(2 y) + 2(2 y)(−4 z ) + 2(−4 z )(3 x)
= {3 x + 2 y + (−4 z )}2 ∵ a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca = ( a + b + c ) 2 
= (3x + 2 y − 4 z )2 = (3x + 2 y − 4 z )(3x + 2 y − 4 z )

(ii) 25 x 2 + 16 y 2 + 4 z 2 − 40 xy + 16 yz − 20 xz
= (−5 x) 2 + (4 y) 2 + (2 z ) 2 + 2.(−5 x)(4 y ) + 2(4 y)(2 z ) + 2(2 z )(−5 x)
= (−5 x + 4 y + 2 z )2

(ii) We have,
16 x 2 + 4 y 2 + 9 z 2 − 16 xy − 12 yz + 24 xz
= (4 x)2 + (−2 y) 2 + (3z ) 2 +2(4 x)(−2 y) + 2(−2 y)(3z ) + 2(3 z )(4 x)
= {4 x + (−2 y) + 3z}2 ∵ a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca = ( a + b + c ) 2 
= (4 x − 2 y + 3z ) 2
= (4 x − 2 y + 3z )(4 x − 2 y + 3 z )

30. If a + b + c = 9 and ab + bc + ca = 26, find a 2 + b 2 + c 2 .

Sol. We have that
(a + b + c) 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + bc + 2ca
⇒ (a + b + c) 2 = (a 2 + b2 + c 2 ) + 2(ab + bc + ca)
⇒ 92 = (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) + 2(26)
[Putting the value of a + b + c and ab + bc + ca ]
⇒ 81 = ( a + b + c ) + 52
2 2 2

⇒ (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) = 81 − 52 = 29

31. Expand the following:

(i) (3a − 2b)3
3
1 y
(ii)  + 
x 3
3
 1 
(iii)  4 − 
 3x 
Sol. (i) We have
(3a − 2b)3 = (3a)3 − (2b)3 − 3(3a)(2b)(3a − 2b)
∵ ( a − b)3 = a 3 − b3 − 3ab(a − b) 
= 27a 3 − 8b3 − 18ab(3a − 2b)
= 27a 3 − 8b3 − 54a 2b + 36ab 2
 (ii) ∵ ( x + y )3 = x3 + y 3 + 3xy ( x + y )
3 3 3
1 y 1  y 1 y1 y
∴  +  =   +   + 3× ×  + 
 x 3  x  3 x 3x 3
1 y3 y  1 y 
= 3+ +  + 
x 27 x  x 3 
1 y3 y y3 1 y y 2 y3
= 3+ + 2+ = + + +
x 27 x 3 x x 3 x 2 3x 27

(iii) We have,
3 3
 1  3  1   1  1 
 4 −  = (4) −   − 3(4)   4 − 
 3x   3x   3x  3x 
∵( a − b)3 = a 3 − b3 − 3ab( a − b) 
1 4 1 
= 64 − 3
− 4− 
27 x x 3x 
1 16 4
= 64 − 3
− + 2
27 x x 3x

32. Factorise the following:

(i) 1 − 64a3 − 12a + 48a 2
12 6 1
(ii) 8 p3 + p 2 + p+
5 25 125
Sol. (i) We have,
1 − 64a3 − 12a + 48a 2 = (1)3 − (4a)3 − 3(1)(4a)(1 − 4a)
= (1 − 4a)3 ∵ a 3 − b3 − 3ab( a − b) = ( a − b)3 
= (1 − 4a)(1 − 4a)(1 − 4a)

12 2 6 1
(ii) 8 p3 + p + p+
5 25 125
2 3
3 1 2 1 1
= (2 p ) + 3 × (2 p) × + 3 × (2 p ) +   +  
5 5 5
3
1 3 1 1
= (2 p) +   + 3 × (2 p) ×  2 p + 
5 5 5
3 3 3
Now, using a + b + 3ab(a + b) = (a + b)
3
 1  1  1  1
=  2 p +  =  2 p +  2 p +  2 p + 
 5  5  5  5

33. Find the following produces:

 x  x 
2
(i)  + 2 y   − xy + 4 y 2 
2  4 
(ii) ( x 2 − 1)( x 4 + x 2 + 1)
Sol. (i) We have,
  x   x  
2
x  x 2 x 2
2

 + 2 y  − xy + 4 y =
  + 2 y    −   (2 y ) + (2 y ) 
2  4  y   2   2  
3
x
=   + (2 y )3 ∵ ( a + b)( a − ab + b ) = a + b 
2 2 3 3

2
x3
= + 8 y3
8

(ii) We have,
( x 2 − 1)( x 4 + x 2 + 1) = ( x 2 − 1){( x 2 )2 + ( x 2 )(1) + (1) 2 }
= ( x 2 )3 − (1)3
[∵(a − b)(a 2 + ab + b)2 = a 3 − b3 ]
= x6 − 1

34. Factorise:
(i) 1 + 64x3
(ii) a 3 − 2 2b3
Sol. (i) We have,
1 + 64 x3 = (1)3 + (4 x)3
= (1 + 4 x){(1)2 − (1)(4 x) + (4 x) 2 }
[∵ a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a 2 − ab + b 2 )]
= (1 + 4 x)(1 − 4 x + 16 x 2 )
= (1 + 4 x)(16 x 2 − 4 x + 1)
= (4 x + 1)(16 x 2 − 4 x + 1)

(ii) We have,
a 3 − 2 2b3 = (a )3 − ( 2b)3
= ( a − 2b ){( a ) 2 + ( a )( 2b ) + ( 2b ) 2 }
∵ a 3 − b3 = ( a − b)( a 2 + ab + b 2 ) 
= ( a − 2b)( a 2 + 2 ab + 2b 2 )

35. Find the following product:

(2 x − y + 3z )(4 x 2 + y 2 + 9 z 2 + 2 xy + 3 yz − 6 xz )
Sol. We have,
(2 x − y + 3z )(4 x 2 + y 2 + 9 z 2 + 2 xy + 3 yz − 6 xz )
= {2 x + (− y) + 3z}{(2 x)2 + (− y) 2 + (3z ) 2 −(2 x)(− y ) − (− y )(3z ) − (3z )(2 x)}
= (2 x)3 + (− y)3 + (3z )3 − 3(2 x)(− y )(3z )
[∵ (a + b + c)(a 2 + b2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca) = a 3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc ]
= 8 x3 − y 3 + 27 z 2 + 18 xyz

36. Factorise:
(i) a 3 − 8b3 − 64c3 − 24abc
(ii) 2 2a 3 + 8b3 − 27c3 + 18 2abc
Sol. (i) We have,
a 3 − 8b3 − 64c3 − 24abc
= {(a)3 + (−2b)3 + (−4c)3 − 3(a)(−2b)(−4c)}
= {a + (−2b) + (−4c)}{a 2 + (−2b) 2 +(−4c) 2 − a(−2b) − (−2b)(−4c) − (−4c)a}
[∵ a3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc = (a + b + c)(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca) ]
= (a − 2b − 4c)(a 2 + 4b 2 + 16c 2 + 2ab − 8bc + 4ca )
(ii) We have,
2 2a 3 + 8b3 − 27c3 + 18 2abc
= {( 2a )3 + (2b )3 + ( −3c )3 − 3( 2 a )(2b)( −3c )}
= { 2a + 2b + (−3c)}{( 2a ) 2 + (2b) 2 + (−3c) 2 − ( 2a )(2b) − (2b)(−3c) − (−3c)( 2a )}
= ( 2a + 2b − 3c)(2a 2 + 4b 2 + 9c 2 −2 2ab + 6bc + 3 2ca )

37. Without actually calculating the cubes, find the value of:
2 3 3
1 1 5
(i)   +   −  
 2  3  6
(ii) (0.2)3 − (0.3)3 + (0.1)3
1 1 5
Sol. (i) Let a = , b = , c = −
2 3 6
1 1 5
∴ a+b+c = + −
2 3 6
3+ 2−5 0
= = =0
6 6
⇒ a 3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 5 1 1  5
∴   +  −  =   +  +− 
 2  3  6  2  3  6
 1 1 5 5
= 3× ×  −  = −
2 3 6 12
(ii) We have,
(0.2)3 − (0.3)3 + (0.1)3 = (0.2)3 + (−0.3)3 + (0.1)3
Let a = 0.2, b = −0.3 and c = 0.1. Then,
a + b + c = 0.2 + (−0.3) + 0.1
= 0.2 − 0.3 + 0.1 = 0
∵ a+b+c = 0
∵ a 3 + b3 + c3 = 0 = 3abc
⇒ (0.2)3 + (−0.3)3 + (0.1)3 = 3(0.2)(−0.3)(0.1) = −0.018
Hence, (0.2)3 + (−0.3)3 + (0.1)3 = −0.018

38. Without finding the cubes, factorise

( x − 2 y)3 + (2 y − 3z )3 + (3z − x)3
Sol. Let x − 2 y = a, 2 y − 3 z = b and 3z − c = x
∴ a + b + c = x − 2 y + 2 y − 3z + 3z − x = 0
⇒ a 3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
Hence, ( x − 2 y)3 + (2 y − 3z )3 + (3z − x)3
= 3( x − 2 y )(2 y − 3z )(3z − x)

39. Find the value of

(i) x3 + y 3 − 12 xy + 64, when x + y = −4
(ii) x3 + 8 y 3 − 36 xy − 216, when x = 2 y + 6
Sol. (i) x3 + y 3 − 12 xy + 64 = x3 + y 3 + 43 − 3x × y × 4
= ( x + y + 4)( x 2 + y 2 + 42 − xy − 4 y − 4 x)
[∵ x + y = −4]
= (0)( x 2 + y 2 + 42 − xy − 4 y − 4 x) = 0

(ii) x3 + 8 y 3 − 36 xy − 216 = x3 + (−2 y )3 + (−6)3 − 3x(−2 y)(−6)

= ( x − 2 y − 6)
[ x 2 + (−2 y )2 + (−6) 2 − x(−2 y ) − (−2 y )(−6) − (−6) x]
= ( x − 2 y − 6)( x 2 + 4 y 2 + 36 + 2 xy − 12 y + 6 x)
= (0)( x 2 + 4 y 2 + 36 + 2 xy − 12 y + 6 x) = 0
[∵ x = 2 y + 6]
40. Give possible experiments for the length and breadth of the rectangle whose area is
given by 4a 2 + 4a − 3.
Sol. Area: 4a 2 + 4a − 3.
Using the method of splitting the middle term, we first two numbers whose sum is +4 and
produce is 4 × (−3) = −12.
Now, +6 − 2 = +4 and (+6) × (−2) = −12
We split the middle term 4a as 4a = +6a − 2a,
So, that 4 a + 4a − 3 = 4a 2 + 6 a − 2 a − 3
= 2a(2a + 3) − 1(2a + 3)
= (2a − 1)(2a + 3)
Now, area of rectangle = 4a 2 + 4a − 3
Also, area of rectangle = length × breadth and 4a 2 + 4a − 3 = (2a − 1)(2a + 3)
So, the possible expressions for the length and breadth of the rectangle are length
= (2a − 1) and breadth = (2a + 3) or, length = (2a + 3) and breadth = (2a − 1).
 Polynomials
Exercise 2.4

1. If the polynomials az 3 + 4 z 2 + 3z − 4 and z 3 − 4 z + a leave the same remainder when

divided by z − 3, Find the value of a.
Sol. Let p( z ) = az 3 + 4 z 2 + 3z − 4
And q( z ) = z 3 − 4 z + a
As these two polynomials leave the same remainder, when divided by z − 3, then p(3) =
q(3).
∴ p(3) = a(3)3 + 4(3) 2 + 3(3) − 4
= 27 a + 36 + 9 − 4
Or p(3) = 27 a + 41
And q(3) = (3)3 − 4(3) + a
= 27 − 12 + a = 15 + a
Now, p(3) = q(3)
⇒ 27 a + 41 = 15 + a
⇒ 26a = −26a; a = −1
Hence, the required value of a = −1.

2. The polynomial p( x) = x 4 − 2 x3 + 3x 2 − ax + 3a − 7 when divided by x + 1 leave

remainder 19. Also, find the remainder when p ( x) is divided by x + 2.
Sol. We know that if p ( x) is divided by x + a, then the remainder = p(−a).
Now, p( x) = x 4 − 2 x3 + 3x3 − ax + 3a − 7 is divided by x + 1, then the remainder = p(−1)
Now, p(−1) = (−1) 4 − 2(−1)3 + 3(−1) 2 − a(−1) + 3a − 7
= 1 − 2(−1) + 3(1) + a + 3a − 7
= 1 + 2 + 3 + 4a − 7
= −1 + 4a
Also, remainder = 19
∴ −1 + 4a = 19
⇒ 4a = 20; a = 20 ÷ 4 = 5
Again, when p(x) is divided by x + 2, then
Remainder = p(−2) = (−2) 4 − 2(−2)3 + 3(−2)2 − a(−2) + 3a − 7
= 16 + 16 + 12 + 2a + 3a − 7
= 37 + 5a
= 37 + 5(5) = 37 + 25 = 62

 1
3. If both ( x − 2) and  x −  are factors of px 2 + 5 x + r , Show that p = r.
 2
2
Sol. Let p( x) = px + 5 x + r.
 As ( x − 2) is a factor of p(x)
So, p(2) = 0 ⇒ P(2) 2 + 5(2) + r = 0
⇒ 4 p + 10 + r = 0 …(1)
 1
Again,  x −  is factor of p ( x).
 2
1
∴ p  = 0
2
2
1 1 1
Now, p   = p   + 5   + r
2 2 2
1 5
= p+ +r
4 2
 
1 1 5
∴ p  = 0 ⇒ p + + r = 0 …(2)
2 4 2
From (1), we have 4 p + r = −10
From (2), we have p + 10 + 4r = 0
⇒ p + 4r = −10
∴ 4 p + r = p + 4r [∵ Each = - 10]
∴ 3 p = 3r ⇒ p = r
Hence, proved.

4. Without actual division, prove that 2 x 4 − 5 x3 + 2 x 2 − x + 2 is divisible by x 2 − 3x + 2.

Sol. We have,
x 2 − 3x + 2 = x 2 − x − 2 x + 2
= x( x − 1) − 2( x − 1)
= ( x − 1)( x − 2)
Let p( x) = 2 x 4 − 5 x3 + 2 x 2 − x + 2
Now, p(1) = 2(1) 4 − 5(1)3 + 2(1)2 − 1 + 2 = 2 − 5 + 2 − 1 + 2 = 0
Therefore, (x – 1) divides p(x)
And p(2) = 2(2)4 − 5(2)3 + 2(2) 2 − 2 + 2
= 32 – 40 + 8 – 2 + 2 = 0
Therefore, ( x − 2) divides p(x).
So, ( x − 1)( x − 2) = x 2 − 3 x + 2 divides 2 x 4 − 5 x3 + 2 x 2 − x + 2

5. Simplify (2 x − 5 y)3 − (2 x + 5 y)3 .

Sol. We have,
(2 x − 5 y )3 − (2 x + 5 y )3
= {(2 x − 5 y) − (2 x + 5 y)} {(2 x − 5 y) 2 + (2 x − 5 y )(2 x + 5 y) + (2 x + 5 y) 2 }
∵ a 3 − b3 = ( a − b)( a 2 + ab + b 2 ) 
 = (2 x − 5 y − 2 x − 5 y) (4 x 2 + 25 y 2 − 20 xy + 4 x 2 − 25 y 2 + 4 x 2 + 25 y 2 + 20 xy)
= (−10 y )(2 x 2 + 25 y 2 )
= −120 x 2 y − 250 y 3

6. Multiply x 2 + 4 y 2 + z 2 + 2 xy + xz − 2 yz by (− z + x − 2 y ).
Sol. We have,
(− z + x − 2 y)( x 2 + 4 y 2 + z 2 + 2 xy + xz − 2 yz )
= {( x + (−2 y) + (− z )} {( x)2 + (−2 y) 2 + (− z )2 − ( x)(−2 y) − (−2 y)(− z ) − (− z )( x)}
= x3 + (−2 y)3 + (− z )3 − 3( x)(−2 y)(− z )
[∵(a + b + c) (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca ) = a 3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc ]
= x3 − 8 y 3 − z 3 − 6 xyz

7. If a, b, c are all non-zero and a + b + c = 0, prove that

a2 b2 c2
+ + = 3.
bc ca ab
Sol. We have a, b, c are all non-zero and a + b + c = 0, therefore
a 3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
a 2 b 2 c 2 a 3 + b3 + c 3 3abc
Now, + + = = =3
bc ca ab abc abc

8. If a + b + c = 5 and ab + bc + ca = 10, then prove that a 3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc = −25

Sol. We know that,
a 3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc = (a + b + c) (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca )
= (a + b + c) [a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − (ab + bc + ca )]
= 5{a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − (ab + bc + ca)}
= 5(a 2 + b2 + c 2 − 10)
Now, a + b + c = 5
Squaring both sides, we get
(a + b + c)2 = 52
⇒ a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2(ab + bc + ca) = 25
∴ a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2(10) = 25
⇒ a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 25 − 20 = 5
Now, a 3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc = 5(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − 10)
= 5(5 − 10) = 5(−5) = −25
Hence, proved.

9. Prove that (a + b + c)3 − a3 − b3 − c3 = 3(a + b)(b + c)(c + a )

Sol. (a + b + c)3 = [a + (b + c)]3
= a 3 + 3a 2 (b + c) + 3a (b + c)2 + (b + c)3
= a 3 + 3a 2b + 3a 2c + 3a (b 2 + 2bc + c 2 ) + (b3 + 3b2 c + 3bc 2 + c3 )
= a 3 + 3a 2b + 3a 2c + 3ab 2 + 6abc +3ac 2 + b3 + 3b2 c + 3bc 2 + c3
= a 3 + b3 + c3 + 3a 2b + 3a 2 c + 3b 2c +3b 2 a + 3c 2 a + 3c 2b + 6abc
= a 3 + b3 + c3 + 3a 2 (b + c) + = a 3 + b3 + c3 + 3a 2 (b + c) +
Hence, above result can be put in the form
(a + b + c)3 = a3 + b3 + c3 + 3(a + b)(b + c)(c + a )
∴ (a + b + c)3 − a3 − b3 − c3 = 3(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)