Basic Reinforced Concrete Detailing

Chapter 1
Introduction
and
Drawing Standards
 1
Introduction

 What is the objective?

 Where you can find more
information?
Objectives
 to interpret structural framing plan

 to prepare reinforcement details for simple

reinforced concrete structural elements

Slide 3
References
 Basic references:

 BSI, BS8110: 1997: Structural Use of

Concrete

 IStructE & Concrete Society, Standard

Method of Detailing of Structural Concrete

Slide 4
References
 Hong Kong local practices :

 Hong Kong Buildings (Construction)

Regulations

 Hong Kong Code of Practice on Structural

Use of Concrete --- 2013

Slide 5
References
 More information on drawing presentation
and structural detailing:-
 BSI, BS1192: Part 3: 1987: Construction
Drawing Practice - Recommendation for
symbols and other graphic convention.
 BSI, BS1192: Part 5: 1998: Construction
Drawing Practice - Guide for the structuring
and exchange of CAD data

Slide 6
References
 More information on drawing presentation
and structural detailing:-
 BSI PP7319: Construction Drawing Practice
for Universities, Polytechnics and Colleges
 BSI, BS4466: 1989: Scheduling,
dimensioning, bending and cutting of steel
reinforcement for concrete
 Charles E. Reynolds, James C. Steedman,
Reinforced Concrete Designer’s Handbook,
10ed.
Slide 7
References
 Usage of AutoCAD:

 You can refer to the AutoCAD User Guide

 Online help manual.

Slide 8
 2
DRAWING MANAGEMENT

What is good management of a

drawing office?
A Good Management System
 Effective communication btw the
designer and the detailer
 ensure the intention of the design can be
effectively translated into drawing.

 Checking and approval

 ensure the accuracy of the drawing before
issuing.

Slide 10
A Good Management System
 Control
 ensure the uniformity of style and format
of the drawing.

 Documentation and filing

 ensure efficiency retrieval of the most
updated drawing and traceable of
amendment history.

Slide 11
A Good Management System
 Resources management
 ensure that there are adequately trained
staff and appropriate facilities and
efficient deployment of the resources to
meet the need of the design office.

Slide 12
A Good Management System

 There are various ways in achieving the

above objectives depending on:
 the size of the drawing office
 scale of the project.

Slide 13
 3
Drawing Style and Format

How can the drafting practice

facilitate communication,
management and editing ?
Drawing sheets
 Size
 The A-series of drawing sheets -
 The length:width ratio = 1:√2.
 A0 sheet has an area of one square meter.
 The area reduced by 1/2 down the series A1,
A2, A3 A4 and A5.

Slide 15
Slide 16
Drawing sheets
 Keep the range of sizes to a minimum.
 For most of the building structure,
 all the drawings can be presented in A1 size
drawing sheets with
 a booklet of A4 size standard drawings.

Slide 17
 Dimensions Applications
(mm x mm)
Table 1.1 - ‘A’ Series Drawing Sheets
A0 841 x 1189 To show large area of layout on one-off drawing, e.g. site
layout plan or framing plan of a very large project.
It is an inconvenience size for handling and storing.
Sometimes, the layout is divided and presented in a set of
A1 size drawing sheets and a Key Plan is given on each
drawing.
A1 594 x 841 Commonly adopted for all types of drawings.
A2 420 x 594 For small scale project or details drawings.
A3 297 x 420 To show large-scale standard details which cannot be
shown in A4 size drawing sheet.
A4 210 x 297 Standard details for binding into book form.
Sketches used in facsimile communications.

Slide 18
 Drawing sheets
 Borders
 0.5mm width
 to indicate the complete drawing

Table 2.1 - Width of Border Margin (mm)

Size of drawing sheet A0,A1,A2 (to plotter) A3, A4 (to printer)
Left 25 20
Right, top and bottom 20 10

Slide 19
Drawing sheets
 Border
 Check the plottable area of the
plotter/printer
 Additional information may be provided
along the border:
• centring marks for microfilming
• grid reference
• scale bar
• orientation mark
• folding marks, etc.

Slide 20
Slide 21
Drawing sheets
 Title box
 bottom right hand corner
 essential information:
• Name of the design office
• Title and reference of the project
• Drawing title
• Drawing number and revision
• Date of issue
• Drawn by
• Checked by
• Scale

Slide 22
Drawing sheets
 Title Box
 Additional information:
• Name of the developer
• Approved by and date
• Amendment records
• AutoCAD file name

Slide 23
Slide 24
Line Properties
 weights (widths)
 types
 to make the drawing easier to interpret.

Slide 25
 Line Properties
 Weight
 no more than three line weights for one
drawing.
Table 3.1 – Line Weightings Propertion

Width Line width

Wei gh t
proportion W = 0.35mm W = 0.5mm W = 0.7mm
Hea vy W 0.35 0.50 0.70
Medi um 0.5W 0.18 0.25 0.35
Li gh t 0.35W 0.13 0.18 0.25

Slide 26
Line Properties
 The value of W
 scale and complexity of the drawing
 one W for one drawing or detail.
 W = 0.5mm is most frequently adopted.
 For microfilming, W = 0.7mm is preferred.

Slide 27
 Line Properties
 Colour
 Use colour to distinguish lineweight for on-
screen display.
 Check the pen assignment before plotting.
 Plot in black and white (monochrome)

Colour code 10-19 50-59 90-99 130-139 170-179 210-219

Pen width (mm) 0.13 0.18 0.25 0.35 0.50 0.70

Slide 28
 Table 1.5 - Line Types and Application
Type Weight Application
Continuous Heavy Visible outline of columns, walls and other vertical supports on the
framing plan.
Reinforcement bars.
Visible outlines requires emphasis.
Medium Visible outlines and edges.
Light Dimension and leader lines, hatching, projection lines.
Hidden Heavy Hidden outline of columns, wall and other vertical supports on the
framing plan.
Hidden reinforcement bars.
Hidden outline requires emphasis.
Medium Hidden outlines and edges.
Light Hidden outlines and edges of minor details.
Centre Light Gridlines, centrelines, lines of symmetry, reference lines, etc.
Zigzag Light Limits of partial or interrupted views and sections, if the limit is not an
axis.

Slide 29
Lettering
 Use simple lettering style

 ROMANS.SHX is recommended.

 ROMAND.SHX may be used for titles.

Slide 30
Lettering
 Orientation
 readable from either the base or the RHS of
the drawing.
 Height
 according to the final plot scale.
 For example, if the drawing is to be plotted
in 1:100, the text height in the model space
should be set to 500mm to reflect the plotted
size of 5mm.

Slide 31
 Table 1.6- Recommended Text Sizes
Height (mm) Applications
7.0 Titles for A1 and above drawing sheets.
5.0 Titles
3.5 Subtitles, notes, annotations and major dimensions
2.5 General dimensions and annotations of details
1.8 Detail dimensions and annotations of complex details

Slide 32
Layers

 Objects are drawn on layers.

 The display can be switched on and off.
 Can be locked to prevent it from editing.
 Group objects with common attributes
and draw on one layer.

Slide 33
Example - outline of a beam

Slide 34
Example - the layers of re-bars switched on

Slide 35
Example - the layers of re-bars dimensions switched on

Slide 36
Layers
 Sharing of information.
 Example
The grid system and the setting out of the
building are drawn by the Architect but are
shared by all the other parties in the
project.
It would be drawn on a specific layer in the
building plan so that the other parties can
extract this information from the building
plan easily.
Slide 37
Layers
 An important tool in information
sharing.

 Keep the number of layers to a minimum

for ease of management

 Use unified nomenclature.

Slide 38
Layers
 Nomenclature
reflect the following essential information:

 The professional discipline originates and

be responsible

 The type of entities of elements shown in

the layer

Slide 39
Layers
 There are various systems of naming.
 Most of them use alphanumeric coding
system.
 For example
BS1192: Part 5: 1998 uses Cl/SfB coding
system.
 They are not intuitive and not easy to
interpret. A well-documented manual is
required.

Slide 40
Layers
 In AutoCAD R14, a layer name can
contain up to 31 number of characters.

 In this manual, a more intuitive layer

naming system using full text description
is adopted.

Slide 41
Layers
 Table 1.7 - Layers for Framing Plan
• Gridlines
• Outline_visible
• Outline_hidden
• Outline_heavy
• Labels
– Label_element
• Hatch
• Notes
• Dim
– Dim_gridline
• Construction_line

Slide 42
Layers
 Table 1.8 - Layers for Re-bars Details
• Gridlines
• Outline_visible
• Outline_hidden
• Bars
– Bar_T1, Bar_T2, Bar_T1, Bar_T2
– Bar_long, Bar_links
• Labels
– Label_bar
• Notes
• Dim
– Dim_bar
• Construction_line

Slide 43
Symbols
 BS1192: Part 3 provides a complete list of
symbols to be used in construction
drawing.

 If the symbols recommended in BS1192:

Part 3 are used, provide a statement in
the drawing to that effect.

Slide 44
Symbols
 Engineers in Hong Kong developed some
of their own conventions.

 Provide legends in the drawing to explain

the symbols.

 Be consistent throughout the whole set of

drawing.

Slide 45
Slide 46
Slide 47
 4
PLOTTING SCALE

 How to produce scaled

drawing on drawing sheet?
 How to produce single scale
and multi-scaled drawings?
Scales
 The drawing object is input using real life
scale, 1:1 or one drawing unit = 1mm.

 The drawing is then plotted using

reduced scale on drawing sheet.

Slide 49
Scales
 Although the drawing object can be input
to exact precision and plotted accurately
to scale, do not measure the dimensions
from the drawing.

 Read figured dimensions. In case of

doubt, ask the designer.

Slide 50
Scales
 The common plotting scales are:
1:1
1:2
1:5
1:10
1:20
1:25
1:50
1:100
1:200
1:500
1:1000
etc.

Slide 51
Scales
 Although it is unnecessary for you to
bother about the scale when inputting the
drawing entity,

 you still have to pre-determine the

plotting scale when setting the size of
the text and inserting the drawing
border for the drawing.

Slide 52
Single Scale Drawing
 2 methods to plot scaled drawing
 Method A is to insert an enlarged
drawing border into the model
space of the drawing and plot on
reduced scale.
 Method B is to open a view port in
the paper space of the drawing
sheet and zoom the drawing object
into the paper space using
appropriate scale.

Slide 53
Method A
a. Magnify the geometry (text height, arrow sizes,
etc.) of the text and dimension styles with a
magnification factor of 100.
b. Insert the A1 size border and title box as a block
or external reference into the model space of the
drawing using a magnification factor of 100.
c. Move the drawing objects inside the drawing
border or move the border to enclose the drawing
objects.
d. In the plot menu, use the ‘window’ option to pick
the border and the object within it and set the
plotting scale to 1 mm = 100 drawing units.

Slide 54
Method B
a. No need to magnify the geometry of the text and
dimension styles, but the linear scale of the
dimensions is set to 100. (Note: draw the texts and
dimensions on the layout.)
b. Insert the A1 size border and title box as a block or
external reference onto the layout (or paper space) of
the drawing using a magnification factor of 1.
c. Open a viewport inside the drawing border and set the
scale of the view port to 1:100 by the typing 0.01xp in
the ZOOM command.
d. Pan the object into the viewport and draw the texts and
dimensions on the layout.
e. Plot the layout using a scale to 1mm = 1 drawing unit.

Slide 55
Multi-scale Drawing
 As far as possible, use single scale
drawing.

 If multi-scale drawing has to be plotted, it

can also be done using Method A or B.

Slide 56
Method A
a. Draw the detail with a magnification factor of 2
within the border. The magnification factor of the
geometry of the text and annotation remains
unchanged.
b. Set the linear scale of the dimension styles to 0.5.
The overall scale remains unchanged, i.e. 100.
c. Plot the drawing as above.

Slide 57
Method B
a. Draw the detail using real life scale, i.e. 1:1 in the
model space.
b. Open another viewport on the layout for the
detail and zoom to a scale of 1:50.
c. Draw the text and dimensions for the detail on
the layout. The magnification factor for the
geometry remains unchanged but the linear scale
of the dimensions shall be set to 50.
d. Then plot the drawing as above.

Slide 58
 5
DRAWING NUMBERING
SYSTEM
 How to define a drawing
number and file name?
 How to keep track of the
drawings in the drawing
office?
Drawing number/file name system
 One of most important aspect in document
control of drawing is to provide a good
drawing number/file name system.
 There are various ways to do so. In the
following pages, two typical examples are
presented.

Slide 60
 System A

 Drawing number: T NN R
 Read the handout for the meaning

 For example, S05b means:

 the second revision
 of the fifth drawing
 of slab re-bars details

Slide 61
 System B

 Drawing number: YY AAA / B FF D T S NNN R

 Read the handout for the meaning

 For example, Dwg no. 98031/D03SP012d means:

 Job number 31 in 1998,
 Block D, 3rd floor,
 structural plan,
 approval plan,
 sheet number 12,
 the fourth revision.

Slide 62
Drawing Schedule
For a large building project, the number of
drawings may be up to hundreds or even
thousands. The drawings are kept on amending
and updating. Some of the drawings are draft for
comment. Some of the drawings are for tendering
purposes. Some of the drawings are for
construction. Some are sketches of amendment
proposals. Some are as-built records.
Drawings are prepared by different professionals,
e.g. Architect, Structural Engineer, Piling
Contractor, Building Services Engineer, Interior
Designer, etc.

Slide 63
Drawing Schedule
During the design stage, drawings are used as a
means of communication between different
professionals of the design team. During the
construction stage, drawings are used as a means
of communication between the design team and the
construction team.
Drawings are also used as contract document.
Drawings are used for measuring the cost of the
works during budget estimating and tendering
stage. Drawings serve the purpose of recording the
variation to the original contract during the progress
of the works and the amount of works completed.

Slide 64
Drawing Schedule
The duties of the project engineer is to ensure
efficient communication of design information
between all the parties of the project team and to
ensure the drawings are updated regularly and
issued to the right parties at the right moment. The
most important of all is to ensure the works is
constructed according to the latest issue of the
plans.
In order to keep track of the amendment history and
distribution of the drawings, a file of Drawing
Schedule/Register should be kept. Discuss what
information should be kept in this file and suggest a
format of the Drawing Schedule/Register.
Slide 65
 End

of
Chapter One
Basic Reinforced Concrete
Detailing

Chapter 2

Framing Plan
 1
TYPES OF PLAN FOR A
TYPICAL BUILDING PROJECT
A building project involves a large team of
professionals. Drawings are one of the major
means of communication. They are
catagorised according to their purposes and
professional stream for ease of identification.
Building Plan

 Prepared by the Architect

 Show the general arrangement of the building.
 Plans of all floors, elevations and sections of the
building with detailed dimensions, setting out,
floor areas, usage, etc.
 The base for preparation of other plans.

Slide 3
Structural Plan

 Prepared by the Structural Engineer

 Show the setting out and details of the structure

frame of the building.

Slide 4
Example of Building Plan and Framing Plan

Slide 5
Building Services Plan

 Prepared by the Building Services Engineer (or

M&E Engineer)

 Show the drainage, plumbing, lift and escalator,

HVAC, electrical, etc. of the building.

Slide 6
Architectural Plan

 Prepared by the Architect

 Show the architectural details, finishes schedule,

door and window schedules, waterproofing, etc.
of the building.

Slide 7
Other Plans

 Depends on the complexity of the project

a. Master Layout Plan – showing the layout of
buildings, roads, amenities, etc in the project site.
b. Site formation plan
c. Plans of specialist works, e.g. curtain wall,
skylight, landscaping, street works, etc.
d. Piling Plan – it is common practice in Hong
Kong that, if pile foundation is adopted, the
contractor does the design of pile foundation.

Slide 8
 2
STRUCTURAL PLAN
Consist of 3 parts:
1) General Notes, Block Plan and Typical Details
2) Framing Plans
3) Reinforcement Details.
There is a cover sheet on which the project title
and plan index are presented.
General Notes

 Provide the following general information

a. Standards or code of practices to which the

construction of the structure shall be complied
b. Material specifications, e.g. grade of steel, grade
of concrete, PFA, admixture, etc.
c. Fire resisting requirements, corrosion
protection and concrete covers

Slide 10
General Notes

d. Design imposed load on the structure (for

complicated structure, it may be presented in the
form of a key plan)
e. General requirements on bond length and lap
length of re-bars
f. Workmanship and other particular method of
construction
g. Statutory requirements
h. Relationship with other plans
i. Units

Slide 11
Typical Details

 To show repetitive details.

Example:
a. Typical end anchorage of re-bars in slabs and
beam
b. Typical lapping of re-bars for column
c. Typical radius of bend for re-bars
d. Typical links details
e. Minor structures, e.g. parapets, non-structural
partitions, etc.

Slide 12
Block Plan/Key Plan

 Location map to show the location of the site.

 For large project,

 a location plan of smaller scale is used to show
the location of the project site and
 a block plan of larger scale is used to show the
detailed setting out of the proposed structure in
the project site.

Slide 13
Block Plan/Key Plan

 Show the following information

a. The Northings and Eastings
b. The setting out of the structure or grid system
c. The names of the district, streets/roads.
d. The general levels and widths of the adjacent
streets/roads
d. The adjacent structure, foundation, u/g utilities

Slide 14
Framing Plan

 Show the structural frame of the building.

 Called general arrangement (GA) plan.

 Indicate and label all the structural elements, e.g.

slabs, beams, columns, walls, etc.

 The non-structural elements are not shown.

Slide 15
Framing Plan

 Provide full dimensions on the sizes, setting out

and levels of all structural elements.

 Show all the information on plan. Common

scales are 1:100 but in no case less than 1:200.

 For complicated structure, draw sections of 1:50

or larger to elicit the details.

Slide 16
Framing Plan

Provide
all the necessary information and dimensions
for
the carpenter to construct the formwork.

Slide 17
Reinforcement Details

 Show the number, size,

bending and curtailment of
the re-bars for all the structural
elements.

 Provides all the necessary

information of the steel fixer to
fix the re-bars.

Slide 18
Reinforcement Details

 Common scales are 1:50, 1:25 or 1:20.

 For complicated details, enlarged details of 1:10
or 1:5 may be used.
 For very complicated details, scales of 1:2 or
even 1:1 may be used.

 Group plans according to the type of structural

elements, e.g. slab, beam, column, wall, staircase,
watertank, etc.

Slide 19
 3
INFORMATION SHOWN ON
FRAMING PLAN

Provide all the necessary information

for the carpenter to construct the
concrete formwork
Grid System

 Provide a convenient datum for referencing,

locating and dimensioning structural elements.

 A grid of vertical and horizontal gridlines placed

at or near to major structural elements, e.g.
columns or walls.

 Polar system or even a set of irregular gridlines

with a well-defined setting out can be used.

Slide 21
Example of Gridline System

Slide 22
Grid Lines Label

 The gridlines are labeled with numbers, 1, 2, 3,

etc. in one direction and
 with letters, A, B, C, … , X, Y, AA, AB, etc
(omitting I, O & Z) in the other direction.

 For complex structure, sub-system, such as 1-1,

1-2, 1-3, etc. in one direction and 1-A, 1-B, A-C,
etc. in another direction may be used.

Slide 23
Grid System

 Drawn in light dash-dot lines.

 Use different line types for the subsystems.

 Provide a common grid system for all types of

plans for a building.
 Provide the base of referencing and
communication btw different parties of the
project.

Slide 24
Grid System

Essential features:

 Convenient datum for referencing, locating and

dimensioning structural elements.

 Well-defined setting out.

 Unique, non-confusing and systematic labeling.

Slide 25
Labeling of Structural Elements

 For the convenience of referencing and

communication
 Provide each structural element with a unique
label
 Sometimes, structural elements of the same
detail may be provided with the same label.
 Write near to (preferably immediately above) the
structural element.
 The member size is given to the right or below
the label in brackets.

Slide 26
Labeling of Structural Elements

Reflect the following information:

 Type of structural element.

 Location of the structural element.

Slide 27
Format of Label

#Mxxxx
where
# = floor number, it may be omitted for column,
hanger, wall and footing.
M = Type of Element S (slab), SS (stair slab), B
(beam), C (column), W (wall), H (hanger), F
(footing)
xxxx = Serial number. Two numbering systems are
commonly adopted (In Serial or Grid System)

Slide 28
Format of Label

 In serial
 The value of xxxx starts with 1 at the top most
member on the framing plan counting from left to
right and then top to bottom.
 For example, 3B1, 3B2, 3B3, … for the beams at
the third floor and 3C1, 3C2, 3C3, … for
columns, etc.

Slide 29
Format of Label

 Grid system
 The value of xxxx for column simply refers to the
gridlines, for example, 3C5D means the column
at the intersection of gridlines 5 and D on 3/F.
 The floor is divided into panels according to the
gridlines systems. For beams and slabs within a
panel, xxxx prefixes with the labels of the left and
bottom gridlines of the panel and suffixes with a
number counting from left to right and bottom to
top of the penal.

Slide 30
Format of Label

 Grid system
For example, 4B7D3 means the third beam in the floor
penal bound by the gridlines D, E, 7 & 8 on 4/F.
D E

4D8D1
8

4B7D4
4B7D2
4B7D3

4B7D1
7

Slide 31
Format of Label

 There are also some variances to the above

systems, for example, add letter X or Y to the
beam label to indicate its direction on the framing
plan.

Slide 32
Columns

 For rectangular or circular columns, the setting

out is usually referred to the centre of the
column except edge or corner columns.
 If the centre or edge of the column is not coincide
with the gridlines, the offset dimensions are
given.
 The size of rectangular columns are usually
presented in Depth x Breadth (i.e. largest
dimension first).
 If the shape of the column is irregular, enlarged
detail for dimensioning is provided.

Slide 33
Columns

 Continuous and Discontinuous Column:

 Continuous columns (i.e. columns
continuous from the lower floor) are
drawn in heavy continuous lines and
shaded.
 Discontinuous columns (i.e. columns
determinate at the floor plan level) are
drawn in heavy hidden lines and half
shaded.

Slide 34
Columns

 Sometimes column starts at the floor plan level

(i.e. there is no column immediately below itself),
for example, columns just above the transfer
plate. These columns are usually labeled by a
legend or a description "NO COL B/L".

 Hanger is high-risk structure and requires special

construction sequence. It is usually labeled with
“HANGER”

Slide 35
Beams

 The setting out is usually referred to the centre

lines of the beams except edge beams or beams
around opening.
 The size of rectangular beam is presented in
Depth x Breadth. In Hong Kong, some
engineers prefer to use Breadth x Depth. Provide
legend.
 Depth of a beam is the overall depth including
the thickness of the slab.
 For irregular shaped beams, provide local
sections.

Slide 36
Downstand Beams

Floor level

Slab

Depth

Section of a
downstand flanged
beam Breadth

Slide 37
Beams

 Downstand Beams and Upstand Beams:

 Downstand beams (i.e. beams below the floor

slab) shows by medium hidden lines.

 Upstand beams (sometimes called inverted

beam) shows by medium continuous lines with
the top level marked on the top of it. For clarity,
the beam mark is usually suffixed with "INV".

Slide 38
Upstand Beam

Section of a upstand
beam
Depth
Floor level

Slab

Breadth

Slide 39
Cantilever Beam

 High-risk structure

 Highlight it

 Label suffix with "CANT"

Slide 40
Slabs

 Arrows to indicate the direction of span

Span in 1 direction Span in 2 direction Cantilever

Slide 41
Slabs

 Present the thickness of slab in brackets below

the slab mark.

 For slab with variable thickness or change in

levels, provide local sections to illustrate the
details.

 Cantilever slab is high-risk structure, and in

order to highlight it, its slab mark is usually
suffixed with "CANT"

Slide 42
Walls

 Presented in heavy continuous lines and hatched.

 The setting out is referred to the nearest gridlines.

 If the thickness of the wall under is different, show it in

hidden line and indicate the thickness at the lower floor
plan.

 The construction of hanger wall requires special attention.

Its wall mark is usually highlighted with the suffix “HW”.

Slide 43
Levels

 The levels are usually referred to the structural

floor level (SFL) in mPd.

 Sometimes, finished floor level (FFL) and

existing level (EL) may be shown.

 Different symbols are used.

Slide 44
Reference Levels

 Use reference level, when the absolute level is

unknown.
 A note is usually provided on each plan to show
the relationship of the reference level and the
mPd level.

(e.g. The reference level 0.00 shown on this

drawing = 5.84 mPd)

Slide 45
Change in Levels

 In order to identify clearly any change in level,

sectional hatching is usually added on the line of
change in level.

Slide 46
 Example of Framing Plan

Tappered
Cantilever
Change in level
Beam

Structural
Floor
Level Upstand Beam

Cantilever
Slab

Slide 47
Openings

 Openings are usually shown with a cross at the

centre (see Appendix A of Chapter 1).

 For small rectangular or circular openings, the

setting out is referred to the centre of the opening
and labeled with its size.

Slide 48
Openings

500 x 500 opening

Slide 49
Stairs

 On floor plans, complicated areas such as

staircase are often referred to an enlarged layout
drawing. The direction of stair flights is indicated
as though standing on the subject floor.

Slide 50
Slide 51
 4
Discussions

What is a good gridline system?

What is a good element labeling
system?
Gridlines System

A building consists of an office tower over a

shopping podium. Due to the functional and
aesthetic requirements, the layout of the columns for
the office tower is according to a rectangular grid
system and that for the shopping podium is
according to a polar grid system. A transfer plate is
designed to transfer the loading from the columns of
the office tower to the columns of the shopping
arcade. Two separate grid systems are defined, one
for the office tower above the transfer plate and
another for the shopping podium below the transfer
plate. (See DWG 202).
Slide 53
Gridlines System

However, when the tower was constructed to only

half the height, cracks were found on the transfer
plate. Investigation finds the setting outs of some of
the columns of the office tower were wrong and the
grid systems were blamed as one of the factors
contributed to the mistake.

Slide 54
 Gridlines System

Study DWG202 carefully and discuss what is wrong with

the grid systems. DWG202A is the modified presentation
of the grid systems. Compare the two presentation
carefully and suggest some guidelines for presentation of
grid system for similar situation.

Slide 55
Element Labeling System

Section 3.2 presented two methods of labeling

structural element: Serial System and Gridlines
System. Open Drawing DWG203 switch on the
following layers (a) Element_Label_Serial and
(b) Element_Label_Grid, alternatively to study
the differences in the two labeling system.
Discuss the merits and demerits of the two system

Slide 56