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Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
To reduce the impact of colisions on the network performance, Ethernet uses an algorithm
called CSMA with Collision Detection (CSMA / CD): CSMA/CD is a protocol in which the station
senses the carrier or channel before transmitting frame just as in persistent and non-persistent
CSMA. If the channel is busy, the station waits. it listens at the same time on communication
media to ensure that there is no collision with a packet sent by another station. In a collision, the
issuer immediately cancel the sending of the package. This allows to limit the duration of
collisions: we do not waste time to send a packet complete if it detects a collision. Aftera
collision, the transmitter waits again silence and again, he continued his hold for a random
number; but this time the random number is nearly double the previous one: it is this called back
-off (that is tosay, the "decline") exponential. In fact, the window collision is simply doubled
(unless it has already reached a maximum). From a packet is transmitted successfully, the
window will return to its original size.

Again, this is what we do naturally in a meeting roomn if many people speak exactly the same
time, they are realizing account immediately (as they listen at the same time they speak), and
they interrupt without completing their sentence. After a while, one of them speaks again. If a
new collision occurs, the two are interrupted again and tend to wait a little longer before
speaking again.

Colision de period

Frame Frame

Transmission Tranismission Time

period period
CSMA CD with three states
The entire scheme of CSMA/CD is depicted in the fig

A Beton chennel eppears qulot

A sterte Trenemesion
Ab Tranemltng
As elgnal roechos B:Blocls any
transmeelon by B
C lstons hannel appears quiet
Cstarts trenemieeion
A and C both are tranemlting
Collsalon talcos pleoe
Cdolecateeoollelons;stope lte
tranemleelonçeende jam elgnal
qolslon A oontnue is trenemit
Han sgnal
Adøtecte oollelonsiope le
tranemlsclon:0onds Jam elgnel
No stolon ls transmlng but
hore arO sOll slonele on tho bus
Trasmission from A Collslon Transnisson from C jam signal

CSMA/CD

CSMA/CD Procedure:

Explanation:

"The station that has a ready frame sets the back off parameter to zero.

" Then it senses the line using one of the persistent strategies.
"If then sends the frame. If there is no collision for a period corresponding to one complete
frame, then the transmission is successful.

" Otherwise the station sends the jam signal to inform the other stations about the collision.

"The station then increments the back off time and waits for a random back off time and sends
the frame again.

" If the back off has reached its limit then the station aborts the transmission.

" CSMA/CD is used for the traditional Ethernet.

" CSMA/CD is an important protocol. IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) is an example of CSMNCD. It is an

international standard.

" The MAC sublayer protocol does not guarantee reliable delivery. Even in absence of collision
the receiver may not have copied the frame correctly.
Fig. Shows a flow chart for the CSMA/CD protocol.

Start

Set back off

to Zero

Persistent
Strategy

Wait back
of time

Send the
frame

Back ot Increment Send jam Yes Collislon

Limit back off Signal

Yes No

Abort Success

CSMACD Procedure