CVE 151

(Structural Theory 1)

Chapter 5:
Beams and Frames: Shear and Bending Moment
Internal Forces
They are the forces and couples exerted on a portion of the
structure by the rest of the structure.

(Sample Beam) (FBD or the Load Diagram)

FBD of the Left Portion FBD of the Right Portion

(when the beam is cut at pt C) (when the beam is cut at pt C)

Internal Forces (Q, S, and M) at the beam cross-section at pt. C

▸ Q is the axial force in the direction of the centroidal axis of the
beam. S is the shear force in the direction perpendicular to the
centroidal axis. And, M is the bending moment.
▸ Q, S and M have different values on every section of the beam.
Internal Axial Force, Q
The internal axial force at any section of a member is equal in
magnitude, but opposite in direction, to the algebraic sum
(resultant) of the components in the direction parallel to the axis of
the member of all the external loads and support reactions acting
on either side of the section.
We consider it to be positive when the external forces tend to
produce tension.
Internal Shear, S (or V in other textbooks)
The shear at any section of a member is equal in magnitude, but
opposite in direction, to the algebraic sum (resultant) of the
components in the direction perpendicular to the axis of the
member of all the external loads and support reactions acting on
either side of the section.
We consider it to be positive when the external forces tend to
push the portion of the member on the left of the section upward
with respect to the portion on the right of the section.
Internal Bending Moment, M
The bending moment at any section of a member is equal in
magnitude, but opposite in direction, to the algebraic sum of the
moments about the section of all the external loads and reactions
acting on either side of the section.
We consider it to be positive when the external forces and
couples tend to bend the member concave upward, causing
compression in the upper fibers and tension in the lower fibers at
the section.
Important Notes
▸ Q, S, and M on the two portions of the cut beam/frame have the
same values but in opposite directions. This is in accordance with
Newton’s third law.
▸ The magnitudes and the correct senses of the internal forces
can be determined by simply applying the three equations of
equilibrium to one of the two portions of the beam.
▸ The application of the equations of equilibrium to the two
portions of the beam will yield the same magnitude.
Beam Convention (Illustration)
Determining
Internal
Forces at
a Specified
Location on
a Beam
(According
to the
Book)
Determining
Internal
Forces at
a Specified
Location on
a Beam
(Cont.)
 Sample Problem
Determine the axial force, shear, and bending moment at point B of the beam
shown.
[2] FBD of Left Cut Portion
𝑴𝑩
⤹
𝑑= 32 + 42 =5 𝑸𝑩
𝑨𝒙
𝑽𝑩
(We’ll use V
𝑨𝒚 𝑪𝒚 instead of S)

Solution: ▸The directions of the internal forces should always be

[1] Support Reactions (referring to assumed as shown for left portion, downward for S,
whole beam) rightward for Q, and ccw for M.
𝑀𝐴(↺) = 𝑀𝐴(↻)
𝐶𝑦 36 = 30 12 + [25(3 5)](24) [3] Internal Forces (referring to left cut
portion of the beam)
𝐶𝑦 = 𝟐𝟎 𝒌 ↑ 𝐹(↓) = 𝐹(↑)
(This means
𝐹(↑) = 𝐹(↓) 𝑉𝐵 + 30 = 25 𝑉𝐵 = −𝟓 𝒌 negative shear)
𝐴𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦 = 30 + 25(3 5) 𝐹(→) = 𝐹(←)
(This means
𝐴𝑦 = 𝟐𝟓 𝒌 ↑ 𝑄𝐵 + 20 = 0 𝑄𝐵 = −𝟐𝟎 𝒌 compression)
𝐹(→) = 𝐹(←)
𝑀𝐵(↺) = 𝑀𝐵(↻)
𝐴𝑥 = 25(4 5)
𝑀𝐵 + 30 6 = 25(18) 𝑀𝐵 = 𝟐𝟕𝟎 𝒌 ∙ 𝒇𝒕
𝐴𝑥 = 𝟐𝟎 𝒌 →
Sample Problem
Determine the shear and bending moment at point B of the beam shown.
[2] FBD of Left Cut Portion
𝑴𝑨 𝑴𝑩
⤹
⤹ 𝑨𝒙
⤹
𝑸𝑩

𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 𝑽𝑩
𝑨𝒚
Solution: ▸Using the right cut portion is actually faster and
simpler. Solving for support actions there is not needed.
[1] Support Reactions (referring to
However, the directions of the internal forces given here
whole beam)
𝑀𝐴(↺) = 𝑀𝐴(↻) should be reversed.

𝑀𝐴 + 500 = 20 10 1 2 10 (referring to left cut

[3] Internal Forces portion of the beam)
𝑀𝐴 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎 ↺
𝐹(↑) = 𝐹(↓) 𝐹(↓) = 𝐹(↑)
𝐴𝑦 = 20(10) 𝑉𝐵 + 20(6) = 200 𝑉𝐵 = 𝟖𝟎 𝒌𝑵
𝐴𝑦 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 ↑ 𝐹(→) = 𝐹(←) 𝑄𝐵 = 0
𝐹(→) = 𝐹(←) 𝑀𝐵(↺) = 𝑀𝐵(↻)
𝐴𝑥 = 𝟎 𝑀𝐵 + 500 + 20 6 3 = 200(6)
𝑀𝐵 = 𝟑𝟒𝟎 𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams
Shear and bending moment diagrams depict the variations of
shear and bending moment quantities, respectively, along the
length of the member.

Such diagrams can be constructed by determining and plotting

the equations expressing these internal forces in terms of the
distance of the section from an end of the member (usually from
the left end).

To determine the shear and moment equations, sections are

passed proceeding along the length of the member from one end
to the other (usually from left to right). After each successive
change in loading, section is selected and the corresponding
shear and moment is calculated expressing them in terms of the
distance of the section from a fixed origin (usually the left end).
Sample Problem [2] Shear and Moment Equations
𝑴
⤹
Draw the shear and bending moment When cut somewhere 𝑉 = 46
between A and B,
diagrams for the beam shown. (0 < x < 10ft) 𝑥
𝑽 𝑀 = 46𝑥
When cut somewhere
between B and C,
𝑨 (10ft < x < 20ft) 𝑴
⤹
𝑫
𝑩 𝑪 𝑬
𝑉 = 46 − 60 = −14
𝑨𝒙 𝑥 𝑽
𝑀 = 46𝑥 − 60 ‹𝑥 − 10› 𝑥 − 10
𝑨𝒚 𝑫𝒚
When cut somewhere
▸Assign letters to important locations (start, end, between C and D, 𝟐 𝒌/𝒇𝒕
point load location, couple moment location, (20ft < x < 30ft)
𝑨 𝑴
⤹
support location, start and end of distributed load,
and location of change of loading. 𝟒𝟔 𝒌 𝑥
𝑥 − 20 𝑽
Solution: 𝑉 = 46 − 60 − 2 ‹𝑥 − 20› = −14 − 2 ‹𝑥 − 20›
[1] Support Reactions and FBD 𝑀 = 46𝑥 − 60 ‹𝑥 − 10› − 180 − [2 ‹𝑥 − 20›2 ]/2
𝐴𝑥 = 0 (Since there’s no horizontal loading)
𝑀𝐴(↺) = 𝑀𝐴(↻) When cut somewhere between D and E, (30ft < x < 40ft)

𝐷𝑦 30 + 180 = 60 10 + [2(20)](30)
𝐷𝑦 = 𝟓𝟒 𝒌 ↑ ⤹
𝑨 𝑴
𝐹(↑) = 𝐹(↓)
𝐴𝑦 + 𝐷𝑦 = 60 + 2(20) 𝐴𝑦 = 𝟒𝟔 𝒌 ↑ 𝟒𝟔 𝒌 𝑽
𝑥
𝑥 − 30

𝑨 𝑉 = 46 − 60 − 180 ‹𝑥 − 20› + 54 = 40 − 2 ‹𝑥 − 20›

𝑬 2 ‹𝑥 − 20›2
𝑀 = 46𝑥 − 60 ‹𝑥 − 10› − 180 − + 54 ‹𝑥 − 30›
𝟒𝟔 𝒌 𝟓𝟒 𝒌 2
Solution: (Cont.)
[3] Coordinates of Shear Diagram
A A B B C D D E

x (ft) 0 0 5 10 10 15 20 25 30 30 35 40

V (k) 0 46 46 46 -14 -14 -14 -24 -34 20 10 0

(Just before (Just after (Just before (Just after the (Just before the (Just after the
the reaction) the reaction) the point load) point load) reaction point load) reaction point load)
[4] Coordinates of Moment Diagram
A B C C D E

x (ft) 0 5 10 15 20 20 25 30 35 40

M (k-ft) 0 230 460 390 320 140 45 -100 -25 0

(Just before the (Just after the

moment load) moment load)
[5] Plotting the Coordinates ▸ We can locate this zero-
moment in the moment
diagram by equating the
corresponding moment
equation to a value of 0.

Shear Diagram (k) Moment Diagram (k-ft)

Sample Problem [2] Shear and Moment Equations
Draw the shear and bending moment ▸Establish relationship first between x and y (the
vertical loading) using ratio and proportion.
diagrams for the beam shown.
27 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 𝑦
= 𝑦 = 3𝑥
9𝑚 𝑥
𝑨 𝑩 𝑪
When cut somewhere ⤹ 𝑴
𝑩𝒙 between A and B,
𝑩𝒚 𝑪𝒚 (0 < x < 3m)
𝑽
▸Assign letters to important locations (start, end,
support location, start and end of distributed load.
𝑉 = − 1 2 𝑥 𝑦 = −0.5𝑥 3𝑥 = −1.5𝑥 2
Solution:
[1] Support Reactions and FBD 𝑀=− 1 2 𝑥 𝑦 1 3 𝑥
𝐴𝑥 = 0 (Since there’s no horizontal loading) 𝑀 = − 0.5𝑥 3𝑥 1 3 𝑥 = −0.5𝑥 3
𝑀𝐶 (↻) = 𝑀𝐶 (↺)
𝐵𝑦 6 = 1 2 27 9 1 3 9 When cut somewhere ⤹
𝑴
between B and C,
𝐵𝑦 = 𝟔𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝑵 ↑ (3m < x < 9m)
𝑽
𝐹(↑) = 𝐹(↓)
𝐶𝑦 + 𝐵𝑦 = 1 2 27 9 𝑥−3
𝐶𝑦 = 𝟔𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝑵 ↑
𝑉 = −0.5𝑥 3𝑥 + 60.75 = −1.5𝑥 2 + 60.75
𝑀 = − 0.5𝑥 3𝑥 1 3 𝑥 + 60.75 ‹𝑥 − 3›
𝑀 = −0.5𝑥 3 + 60.75 ‹𝑥 − 3›
Solution: (Cont.)
[3] Coordinates of Shear Diagram
A B B C C

x (m) 0 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9

V (kN) 0 -1.5 -6 -13.5 47.25 36.75 23.25 6.75 -12.75 -35.25 -60.75 0

(Just before the (Just after the (Just before (Just after
reaction point load) reaction point load) the reaction) the reaction)
[4] Coordinates of Moment Diagram
A B C

x (m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

M (kN∙m) 0 -0.5 -4 -13.5 28.75 59 74.25 71.5 47.75 0

▸ Solving for zero-shear location:

[5] Plotting the Coordinates ▸ We’ll use the V-equation for B
to C. Equate it to a value of 0.
𝑉 = −1.5𝑥 2 + 60.75 = 0
𝑥 = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟔 𝒎
▸ Solving for maximum moment:
𝑀 = −0.5𝑥 3 + 60.75 ‹𝑥 − 3›
𝑀 = −0.5 6.36 3 + 60.75 (6.36 − 3)
𝑀 = 𝟕𝟓. 𝟒𝟗 𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎
▸ Solving for zero-moment location:
𝑀 = −0.5𝑥 3 + 60.75 ‹𝑥 − 3› = 0
Moment Diagram (kN-m) 𝑥 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟗 𝒎
Shear Diagram (kN) (Tip: Use the “SOLVE” function in your calculator)
Qualitative Deflected Shapes
A qualitative deflected shape (elastic curve) of a structure is
simply a rough/approximate (usually exaggerated) sketch of the
neutral surface of the structure, in the deformed position, under
the action of a given loading condition.

Considerations:
▸ A positive bending moment bends a beam concave upward (or
toward the positive y direction), whereas a negative bending
moment bends a beam concave downward (or toward the
negative y direction). Thus, the sign (positive or negative) of the
curvature at any point along the axis of a beam can be obtained
from the bending moment diagram.

▸ Depending on the support conditions, the deflections are

normally zero at the support. But, their slopes may not be zero.
Qualitative
Deflected Shape
of a Sample Beam:
Relationships between Loads, Shears, and Bending
Moments:
Procedure
for
Constructing
Shear and
Bending
Moment
Diagrams for
Beams
(According
to the Book)
Procedure
for
Constructing
Shear and
Bending
Moment
Diagrams for
Beams
(Cont.)
Procedure
for
Constructing
Shear and
Bending
Moment
Diagrams for
Beams
(Cont.)
Procedure
for
Constructing
Shear and
Bending
Moment
Diagrams for
Beams
(Cont.)
Sample Problem Solution:
Draw the shear and bending moment [1] Support Reactions and FBD
diagrams and the qualitative deflected 𝐴𝑥 = 𝟎 (Since there’s no horizontal loading)
shape for the beam shown. ▸Compute Ay & Dy using proportion and superposition.
20 10
𝐴𝑦 = 12 + 30 = 𝟏𝟖 𝒌 ↑
30 30
𝑩 10 20
𝑨 𝑪 𝑫 𝐷𝑦 = 12 + 30 = 𝟐𝟒 𝒌 ↑
30 30
𝑨𝒙
𝑫𝒚 𝟏𝟐 𝒌 𝟑𝟎 𝒌
𝑨𝒚
▸Assign letters to important locations (start, end, point
load location, and support location). 𝟏𝟖 𝒌 Load Diagram (or FBD) 𝟐𝟒 𝒌
[3] Calculate Areas in the V-Diagram [2] Draw the Shear Diagram
No change in shear Subtract the 12 k
𝐴1 = 18𝑘 10𝑓𝑡 since no load is downward load. No change in shear
A1 𝐴𝑉−𝐴𝐵 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝒌 ∙ 𝒇𝒕 between A and B. since no load is
between B and C.
Add the 18 k Return to 0.
A2 𝐴2 = 6𝑘 10𝑓𝑡 upward load.
𝐴𝑉−𝐵𝐶 = 𝟔𝟎 𝒌 ∙ 𝒇𝒕
Start from 0.
Subtract the 30 k
𝐴3 = −24𝑘 10𝑓𝑡 downward load.
A3 𝐴𝑉−𝐶𝐷 = −𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝒌 ∙ 𝒇𝒕 No change in shear
V-Diagram (k)
since no load is Add the 24 k
between C and D. upward load.
 Solution: (Cont.)
[4] Draw the moment Diagram [5] Draw the Qualitative Deflected Shape

𝑀𝐶 = 𝑀𝐵 + 𝐴𝑉−𝐵𝐶
𝑀𝐶 = 180 + 60 = 240
𝑀𝐵 = 𝑀𝐴 + 𝐴𝑉−𝐴𝐵 Slope = 6
𝑀𝐵 = 0 + 180 = 180 (the shear
at V-Diag.) Qualitative Deflected Shape
Slope = -24 ▸Since the moments are all positive in
Slope = 18 the M-Diagram, the approximated
(the shear deflected shape is concave upward in
(the shear at V-Diag.)
at V-Diag.) all its sections.
𝑀𝐷 = 𝑀𝐶 + 𝐴𝑉−𝐶𝐷
𝑀𝐷 = 240 + −240 = 0

Start from 0. Return to 0.

These lines are straight lines because
they have uniform slopes (as indicated ▸Note that the maximum moment
in the shear values in the V-Diagram. occurs at the location where the shear
diagram intersects the line of the beam
Moment Diagram (k-ft) ABCD (at the zero-shear location).
 Sample Problem Solution:
Draw the shear and bending moment [1] Support Reactions and FBD
diagrams and the qualitative deflected 𝐴𝑥 = 𝟎 (Since there’s no horizontal loading)
shape for the beam shown. 𝐹(↑) = 𝐹(↓) 𝐴𝑦 = 𝟕𝟎 𝒌𝑵 ↑
𝑀𝐴(↺) = 𝑀𝐴(↻)
𝑨𝒙 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪
𝑀𝐴 = 200 + 70 6 = 𝟔𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎 ↺
⤹
𝑴𝑨 𝑨 𝟔𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎 𝟕𝟎 𝒌𝑵
𝒚
▸Assign letters to important locations.
𝟕𝟎 𝒌𝑵 Load Diagram (or FBD)
Add the 200 kN∙m
[4] Draw the Moment Diagram cw moment load. [2] Draw the Shear Diagram
Subtract the 620 kN∙m No change in shear Subtract the 70 kN
Start from 0. ccw moment load. Return to 0.
Add the 70 kN since no load is downward load.
upward load. between A and B.
𝑀𝐵 = 𝑀𝐴 + 𝐴𝑉−𝐴𝐵
𝑀𝐵 = −620 + 420
Return to 0.
𝑀𝐵 = −200
M-Diagram (kN∙m)
No change in moment V-Diagram (kN) No change in shear
−𝟔𝟐𝟎 Uniform slope as since no shear Start from 0. since no load is
indicated in V-diag. between B and C. between B and C.
(thus a straight line)
[5] Draw the Qualitative Deflected Shape [3] Calculate Areas in the V-Diagram
𝐶𝑦 = 𝟔𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝑵 ↑
𝐴1 = 70 𝑘𝑁 6 𝑚
A1 𝐴𝑉−𝐴𝐵 = 𝟒𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎
Sample Problem Solution:
Draw the shear and bending moment [1] Support Reactions and FBD
diagrams and the qualitative deflected 𝐹(→) = 𝐹(←) 𝐴𝑥 = 50 3 5 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒌𝑵 →
shape for the beam shown.𝑑 = 32 + 42 = 5 𝑀𝐴(↺) = 𝑀𝐴(↻)
𝐷𝑦 27 = 162 + 10 15 7.5 + 50 4 5 (21)
𝐷𝑦 = 𝟕𝟖. 𝟕𝟖 𝒌𝑵 ↑ Negative because the
𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 𝑫
𝐹(↑) = 𝐹(↓) load is downward
𝑨𝒙 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐷𝑦 = 10 15 + 50 4 5
𝑨𝒚 𝑫𝒚
𝐴𝑦 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝑵 ↑
▸Assign letters to important locations (start, end, point
load and moment load location, and support location).
[3] Calculate Areas in the V-Diagram 𝐴 = −10𝑘𝑁/𝑚 15𝑚
▸Calculate the location of zero-shear, E. 𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝑵 𝐴1 𝟕𝟖. 𝟕𝟖 𝒌𝑵
Add the 111.22 kN 𝐿−𝐴𝐵 = −𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑵
(Either using shear equation or using the
upward load. [2] Draw the Shear Diagram
slope of the shear diagram).
𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑘𝑁 111.22 𝑘𝑁 No change in shear
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 10 = 𝑥 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟐 𝒎 since no load is
𝑟𝑢𝑛 𝑚 𝑥 Uniform slope as
indicated in L-diag. between C and D.
1 (thus a straight line)
𝐴1 = (11.12𝑚) 111.22 𝑘𝑁
2 Return to 0.
(−75.18)
A1 𝐴𝑉−𝐴𝐸 = 𝟔𝟏𝟖. 𝟓𝟐 𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎
(618.52)

−232.67
−472.67
Start from 0. 𝑉𝐵 = 𝑉𝐴 + 𝐴𝐿−𝐴𝐵
1 𝑉𝐵 = 111.22 + −150
A2 𝐴2 = (15𝑚 − 11.12𝑚) −38.78 𝑘𝑁 𝑉𝐵 = −38.78 Subtract the 40 kN −𝟕𝟖. 𝟕𝟖
2 No change in shear since no downward load.
𝐴𝑉−𝐸𝐵 = −𝟕𝟓. 𝟏𝟖 𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎 Add the 78.8 kN
load is between B and C.
V-Diagram (kN) upward load.
Solution: (Cont.)
[3] Calculate Areas in the V-Diagram (Cont.)
[4] Draw the Moment Diagram
A3 𝐴3 = −38.78 𝑘𝑁 6 𝑚
𝐴𝑉−𝐵𝐶 = −𝟐𝟑𝟐. 𝟔𝟕 𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎
(−75.18)
(618.52)

−232.67
𝐴4 = −78.78 𝑘𝑁 6 𝑚
A4 𝐴𝑉−𝐶𝐷 = −𝟒𝟕𝟐. 𝟔𝟕 𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎
−472.67
▸The slope from E to B increases from a
−𝟕𝟖. 𝟕𝟖
zero slope to a high negative value (-38.78
Add the 162 kN∙m
as indicated in the V-diagram).
cw moment load.
𝑀𝐸 = 𝑀𝐴 + 𝐴𝑉−𝐴𝐸
▸The slope from A to E decreases from a 𝑀𝐸 = 0 + 618.52 𝑀𝐶 = 𝑀𝐵 + 𝐴𝑉−𝐵𝐶
high positive value (111.22 as indicated in 𝑀𝐸 = 618.52 𝑀𝐶 = 705.34 + (−232.67)
the V-diagram) to a zero slope value (the 705.34 𝑀𝐶 = 472.67
highest point of the 2nd degree curve).
472.67
[5] Qualitative Deflected Shape 618.52
543.34
705.34
2nd degree curve
618.52 472.67
543.34
Start from 0. Uniform Slope
2nd degree curve 𝑀𝐵 = 𝑀𝐸 + 𝐴𝑉−𝐸𝐵 Return to 0.
𝑀𝐵 = 618.52 + (−75.18)
𝑀𝐵 = 543.34 𝑀𝐷 = 𝑀𝐶 + 𝐴𝑉−𝐶𝐷
𝑀𝐷 = 472.67 + (−472.67)
𝑀𝐷 = 0
Moment Diagram (k-ft)
Important Notes:
▸ The diagram levels increases from [1] Load Diagram (L-diag.), to [2] Shear
Diagram (V-diag.), then to [3] Moment Diagram (M-diag.).
▸ (A rule of the thumb): A lower level diagram has usually a corresponding diagram
in the higher level.
▸ Slope illustrations
Lower level diagram Higher level diagram
Point load Rectangular diagram
Rectangular Diagram Triangular Diagram
(Uniformly distributed load) (with uniform slope) With high positive Zero slope.
Triangular Diagram/Load value of slope.
2nd degree curve diagram
(with uniform slope)
2nd degree curve diagram 3rd degree curve diagram

▸ Usual curves encountered in V- and M- diagram With high negative

value of slope.
Slope is decreasing Slope is increasing Slope is decreasing Slope is increasing
from a high positive from zero to a high from a high negative from zero to a high
value to zero. negative value. value to zero. posititive value.
Important Notes: (Cont.)
Sample Problem [2] Draw the Shear Diagram
Draw the V- and M- diagrams for the
beam shown.
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐
𝑹𝟑 𝟓𝟎. 𝟕 𝒌 Load Diagram (or FBD) 𝟑𝟔. 𝟑 𝒌
𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 𝑫 𝟑𝟐. 𝟕 2nd degree
𝑩𝒙 V-Diagram (k) curve
𝑩𝒚 𝑪𝒚

▸Assign letters to important locations (start, end, point

of change of loading, and support location).
▸Calculate the resultant of the distributed loading
2nd degree curve
(which is equal to the area of the loading).
1 ▸Explanations:
𝑅1 = 𝐴𝐿−𝐴𝐵 = (12 𝑓𝑡) 3 𝑘/𝑓𝑡 = 𝟏𝟖 𝒌
2 At A: 𝑉𝐴 = 0 (start at 0) ▸The load increases from 0
𝑅2 = 𝐴𝐿−𝐵𝐶 = 20 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑘/𝑓𝑡 = 𝟔𝟎 𝒌 to -3 k/ft, so thus the slope of
1 At B: 𝑉𝐵,𝐿 = 𝑉𝐴 + 𝐴𝐿−𝐴𝐵
the V-diagram from A to B.
𝑅3 = 𝐴𝐿−𝐶𝐷 = (6 𝑓𝑡) 3 𝑘/𝑓𝑡 = 𝟗 𝒌 𝑉𝐵,𝐿 = 0 + −18 = −18 𝑘
▸ All the external loads
2
Solution: 𝑉𝐵,𝑅 = 𝑉𝐵,𝐿 + 50.7 = 32.7 𝑘 are regarded as negative
[1] Support Reactions because they are all
At C: 𝑉𝐶,𝐿 = 𝑉𝐵 + 𝐴𝐿−𝐵𝐶 downward in direction.
𝐵𝑥 = 𝟎 (Since there’s no horizontal loading) 𝑉 = 32.7 + −60 = −27.3 𝑘 ▸ 𝑉𝐵,𝐿 stands for the
▸The line from B to C 𝐶,𝐿
𝑀𝐵(↺) = 𝑀𝐵(↻) shear just at the left
has a uniform slope of 𝑉𝐶,𝑅 = 𝑉𝐶,𝐿 + 36.3 = 9 𝑘
𝐶𝑦 20 + 18 1 3 12 3 k/ft as indicated in the
side of B (before the
application of the
= 60 10 + 9 20 + 1 3 6 load diagram. At D: 𝑉𝐷 = 𝑉𝐶 + 𝐴𝐿−𝐶𝐷 (return to 0) point load).
𝑉 = 9 + −9 = 0
𝐶𝑦 = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟑 𝒌 ↑ 𝐷
▸ 𝑉𝐵,𝑅 stands for the shear just
▸The load decreases from -3
𝐹(↑) = 𝐹(↓) k/ft to 0, so thus the slope of at the right side of B (after the
𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦 = 18 + 60 + 9 𝐵𝑦 = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟕 𝒌 ↑ the V-diagram from C to D. application of the point load).
 Solution: (Cont.) [4] Draw the Moment Diagram
▸Solving for the location of ▸Same process
[3] Calculate Areas in the V-Diagram for solving the
2nd degree the 1st zero-moment from B.
𝟑𝟐. 𝟕 location of the 2nd
curve (106.22 + 72) 106.22
𝟐𝟎 − 𝟏𝟎. 𝟗 = zero-moment.
(10.9) 2 (10.9 − 𝑥)2
= 𝟗. 𝟏 𝒇𝒕
𝑥 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟗 𝒇𝒕 2nd degree
𝑨 𝑫 curve

𝟏𝟐 𝒇𝒕 6 𝒇𝒕
Moment Diagram
2nd degree 3rd degree 3rd degree
curve curve
(k-ft) curve

▸Explanations: ▸The shear increases

▸Calculate the location of zero-shear, E.
At A: 𝑀𝐴 = 0 (start at 0) from 0 to -18, so thus
𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑘 32.7 𝑘
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 3 = 𝑥 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟗 𝒇𝒕 At B: 𝑀𝐵 = 𝑀𝐴 + 𝐴𝑉−𝐴𝐵 the slope of the M-
𝑟𝑢𝑛 𝑓𝑡 𝑥
𝑀𝐵 = 0 + −72 = −72 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 diagram from A to B.
▸Calculate the areas of in the V-diagram. The same is the case for
1 At E: 𝑀𝐸 = 𝑀𝐵 + 𝐴𝑉−𝐵𝐸 M-diagram from E to C.
𝐴𝑉−𝐴𝐵 = 12 𝑓𝑡 −18 𝑘 = −𝟕𝟐 𝒌 ∙ 𝒇𝒕 𝑀𝐸 = −72 + 178.22 = 106.22 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
3
At C: 𝑀𝐶 = 𝑀𝐸 + 𝐴𝑉−𝐸𝐶
1
𝐴𝑉−𝐵𝐸 = 10.9 𝑓𝑡 32.7 𝑘 = 𝟏𝟕𝟖. 𝟐𝟐 𝒌 ∙ 𝒇𝒕 𝑀𝐶 = 106.22 + −124.22 = −18 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
2
1 𝑀𝐷 = 𝑀𝐶 + 𝐴𝑉−𝐶𝐷 (return to 0)
At D:
𝐴𝑉−𝐸𝐶 = 9.1 𝑓𝑡 −27.3 𝑘 = −𝟏𝟐𝟒. 𝟐𝟐 𝒌 ∙ 𝒇𝒕 𝑀𝐷 = −18 + 18 = 0
2 ▸The shear decreases from 32.7 to 0, so thus the slope of the
1 M-diagram from B to E. The same is the case for M-diagram
𝐴𝑉−𝐶𝐷 = 6 𝑓𝑡 9 𝑘 = 𝟏𝟖 𝒌 ∙ 𝒇𝒕
3 from C to D.
▸For calculating 𝐴𝑉−𝐴𝐵 and 𝐴𝑉−𝐶𝐷 refer to the given [5] Qualitative Deflected Shape
formula of spandrel area with n=2 (2nd degree curve).
Sample Problem [2] Draw the Shear Diagram
Draw the V- and M- diagrams for the
beam. 𝑹𝟏
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵
𝑨𝒙 𝑨 𝑪 𝑫 𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑵 Load Diagram (or FBD) 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑵
⤹
𝑴𝑨 𝑨𝒚
𝑩
𝑪𝒚

▸Assign letters to important locations.

▸ 𝑅1 = 𝐴𝐿−𝐵𝐶 = 10 𝑚 20 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵
Solution:
[1] Support Reactions ▸Explanations: V-Diagram (kN)
▸We cut the beam at pt B, then we consider
the right portion to solve for Cy. At A: 𝑉𝐴,𝐿 = 0 (start at 0)
▸Since we cut it at an internal hinge, MB = 0. 𝑉𝐴,𝑅 = 0 + 50 = 50 𝑘𝑁 ▸The V-diagram from
𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 (No load B to C has a uniform
𝑴𝑩 = 𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 At B: 𝑉𝐵 = 𝑉𝐴 = 50 𝑘𝑁
⤸ between A slope of 20 kN/m.
𝑸𝑩 𝑪 𝑫 At C: 𝑉𝐶,𝐿 = 𝑉𝐵 + 𝐴𝐿−𝐵𝐶 and B) ▸The 𝐴𝐿−𝐵𝐶 is considered
𝑩 𝑉𝐶,𝐿 = 50 + −200 = −150 𝑘𝑁 negative because the load
𝑽𝑩 𝑪𝒚 is downward.
𝑉𝐶,𝑅 = 𝑉𝐶,𝐿 + 250 = 100 𝑘𝑁
(No load between
𝑀𝐵(↺) = 𝑀𝐵(↻) At D: 𝑉𝐷,𝐿 = 𝑉𝐶 = 100 𝑘𝑁 C and D)
𝐶𝑦 10 = 200 5 + 100(15) 𝐶𝑦 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑵 ↑ 𝑉𝐷,𝑅 = 𝑉𝐶 − 100 = 0 (return to 0)
▸Then, we consider the whole beam.
𝐴𝑥 = 𝟎 (Since there’s no horizontal loading) ▸ 𝑉𝐶,𝐿 stands for the shear just at the left side of C (before the
𝐹(↑) = 𝐹(↓) application of the point load).
𝐴𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦 = 200 + 100 𝐴𝑦 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑵 ↑ ▸ 𝑉𝐶,𝑅 stands for the shear just at the right side of C (after the
application of the point load).
𝑀𝐴(↺) = 𝑀𝐴(↻)
𝑀𝐴 + 𝐶𝑦 20 = 200 15 + 100(25) 𝑀𝐴 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎 ↺
 Solution: (Cont.) [4] Draw the Moment Diagram
[3] Calculate Areas in the V-Diagram

𝟏𝟎 − 𝟐. 𝟓
= 𝟕. 𝟓 𝒎
2nd degree
curve
𝟏𝟎 𝒎 𝟓𝒎
Moment Diagram
▸Explanations: (kN-m)
−𝟏𝟓𝟎 ▸ccw moment load/couple
At A: 𝑀𝐴,𝐿 = 0 (start at 0)
▸Calculate the location of zero-shear, E. in the FBD (or load
𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑘𝑁 50 𝑘𝑁 𝑀𝐴,𝐿 = 𝑀𝐴,𝐿 + −500 diagram) is considered
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 20 = 𝑥 = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝒎 = −500 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 negative in the M-diagram.
𝑟𝑢𝑛 𝑚 𝑥
At B: 𝑀𝐵 = 𝑀𝐴 + 𝐴𝑉−𝐴𝐵 While cw moment is
▸Calculate the areas of in the V-diagram. 𝑀𝐵 = −500 + 500 = 0 considered positive.
𝐴𝑉−𝐴𝐵 = 10 𝑚 50 𝑘𝑁 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎 ▸M-diagram from A
At E: 𝑀𝐸 = 𝑀𝐵 + 𝐴𝑉−𝐵𝐸
1 𝑀𝐸 = 0 + 62.5 = 62.5 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 to B and M-diagram
𝐴𝑉−𝐵𝐸 = 2.5 𝑚 50 𝑘𝑁 = 𝟔𝟐. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎 from C to D have
2 At C: 𝑀𝐶 = 𝑀𝐸 + 𝐴𝑉−𝐸𝐶 uniform slopes.
1 𝑀𝐶 = 62.5 + −562.5 = −500 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
𝐴𝑉−𝐸𝐶 = 7.5 𝑚 −150 𝑘𝑁 = −𝟓𝟔𝟐. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎
2 At D: 𝑀𝐷 = 𝑀𝐶 + 𝐴𝑉−𝐶𝐷 (return to 0)
𝐴𝑉−𝐶𝐷 = 5 𝑚 100 𝑘𝑁 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎 𝑀𝐷 = −500 + 500 = 0
▸The shear decreases from 62.5 to 0 from B to E, so thus the
[5] Qualitative Deflected Shape slope of the M-diagram from B to E.
▸The shear increases from 0 to -150 from E to C, so thus the
slope of the M-diagram from E to C.
▸Solving for the location of the 2nd zero-moment from pt C.
▸This qualitative deflected shape is only an
(62.5 + 500) 62.5
approximate exaggerated shape/diagram of the beam 2
= 𝑥 = 𝟓𝒎
after being loaded with the given load (mainly based (7.5) (7.5 − 𝑥)2
on imagination).
Static Determinacy of Plane Frames
A frame is considered to be statically determinate if the bending moments,
shears, and axial forces in all its members, as well as all the external
reactions, can be determined by using the equations of equilibrium and
condition.
Summary:

▸ Where m is the number of members, r is the number of external

reactions, j is the number of joints, and ec is the equations of condition (one
equation for each internal hinge and two equations for each internal roller).

▸ The excess members and reactions are called redundants, and the
number of excess member forces and reactions is referred to as the degree
of static indeterminacy, i, which can be expressed as
Sample Problems
Analysis of Plane Frames

▸ A procedure for the determination of member end forces,

shears, bending moments, and axial forces in the members
of plane statically determinate frames is presented in Section
5.6 of our textbook.

▸ The analysis is almost the same for the analysis of beams.

Read the procedure. Then, try to understand the given
sample problems. This might be useful in the next lectures.
 “The most effective way of learning the
theories of structures is to solve problems.”
ASSIGNMENT!
Answer the following problems in our textbook.

Chapter 5 (pages 217-225): Problems 5.5, 5.22, 5.24, 5.34,

5.37, 5.40, 5.41, 5.46, 5.47, 5.52, 5.53, and 5.55

Write the solutions neatly and in an organized manner on short

bond papers (Do not encode). Scan them and save them to one
PDF file.

Due date: November 20, 2021