EE EEEEEEEEIESES'S!SCSZ ee UNIT- Tl @ SET THEORY z Basic Conceple of set Mheovyy t— A sek is ang well = defined collection of object called the elements (AD members of He Seb. A collection of well-defined objectt is called a seb. Each of the objeclF th He set fs called a membey of an element of Ke seb. : Ex: Books, Cities, numbers, animals ete, | Elemenlk eof a Set are Usually dencted by Lowey - case Lelteys ishile sets ave denoted by capital Letters EX: Natuvel Numbers N= t a | the owels 0 =fa.e,t,o,u } Formaltzelon of selfs t- —theve ave bio wap by tolich fe Sets Can be clesevibed 1 Roskey Notation .- Roster Notation is a complete les of all He elementi of the Set. gx Be feebOeBi tet } 2. Sek- Builder Notation 2- Tt ts used he Yottey meloq is tmngosst ble - Ex: B= i xf 2erx240, and a Sein | the vertical bay /) fe vead as such thet. Symbod Meaning € | Belongs wt for all A Theve_€xis& Scanned with CamScannerRE Sul sek y- ‘ = cre 4 €very element fra sel A is also element of a sek B® then A tS called Subset of g- Bk is denoted by A SB null sek fe a Subset of every sek and every Note : the supcet of iksel& - Sek te & te qc and ACA: re Rafe HS wehbe 3 57h, cehsg then CEA and CSB propey Subset t- 1G A is a subsek of B and ‘Bis of & fe a mre gubsek of A A ts called @ propery subset then ik is Aenoted by ace re A is subset of & then DW ts called a supey set of A and WE is demokd by BOA Nok: we at ffevent sets are equal %& A=G is ana only if AcB and BCA: Ty pes ae sek t= he eam pneu) Seb tm the sek with no elements ts called ne Le “in empty sek (ov) Null sek - A null set fe? denate by hs athe null sek fs % Sub Sek of Every sek um eA set is acseb wilh Ze counkatle sek & Fs ae subset of the Seb A counkable wee the Same eavatnanhly as, Seme e of naturel Numbers > ex: R72 a[x is a naterel member } = R tsminfimik seb fafa Ts a Even number bekween ty? and bo 3 A= A ts a finthe set Scanned with CamScanner® — the tin Coun kaki Lety of 3 uncountable sek ¢ asek fs closely velaled + TK cardinal Number a set is uncountable @ it cardinal number fs larger tkan that of the natural numbers ye. Universal cel t- In mang ctsensstons all the alg woe tomsidaved ‘te he! Swbsed of one particulay sek. this sek fs called the Universal set for hak discussion: the Universal seé is denoted by BW OP Vv 5. power sek te the Sek of all Subsets of a See ix et ee ic called The power sek of A- and te ts demoted bg plAd- zen hee elawants: th then p(Ar has 2% elements. wee ee we dete = a fou bse dry tush 103 Auris f ‘¢ Equivalent sets t— Two sel? ave Said te be Equivalent ee ee ig there (S * one — one Covve spondence between He elements of the Ewe cels - . ex: TF iy okie eye HY pe lxiPit fs then A and a agit equivalent sets - “+ prsjoin® sels t- Two cots ave satd te be disjein& wo 2 tp they have wo Clement TH Commer ex. 4 ashe eb PF jews Me A and ‘e’ = ne= > ave dts joint sets. Here ANB = Union ef to heli 2 the onion of two sek ‘A’ and 'e) is the Sek those elements ave all of the elements th por in &" oy" in bel”. ThE Onion of sets Kons Scanned with CamScannerts clenotd ky AUB is vead as “A Unien 'B ex: Leb A= {23,4} B= 43,4,5,6,75 Aue = {1,2,3,6,5,6,7 3 Trley section of two sels :— the inberse chon of hu wwtt “Ko wed “a te We: sake thee element? are all of tke elements common ts both WK and ‘Bp the inkey section of the sefS of A’ and ‘Bis clenoted by ANG is yead as A intey section RB” px: tek me {hed 4 3 8 =4a,4 5, 6,7 } anes 13,435 piffevence of Sels I> TH A and B ave subse of the Compliment of & th A is the Sek of all element fh A which are not In A. one fe ts denoted by A-® aces fxfaen ana x god- ao Ex: 2 ae {ue 4.55 pee he 3.43 pews fumes cave = 18S Complement of cek t-te pe few Universal set ee an a e called the Comple - sek A then BOA mE nang he A ; 4b ts denoted by A’! ment of & and pea ee gxfagad- i ex: lee pond party GiB. Fo y wees Pe en wTevrtrssey $< Bo Heese 3,5, 71708 corse phe BO BF fu Scanned with CamScanner@ which Tr clusion - Exclusion principle s— The inctaston- Exclusion pytnezple fe a Countin technique P gq 4 generalizes the familtar methed of obtaining the number ef element in the Union of Ewo Singh seta - Sym bok cally expressed as nOaus) = nad tn (Bs) — nCAns)- theve nays number of element th A n@®) = namber of elemenk th B A’ and (8 nC AUB) = nos of elements both ndanB) = no: of elementi fn Rand & WitE Common. seh A,B,C We have Fer any Keni te nCaAuBYc) = NA+ NA +N —nCane) —nCanc) _n Cenc) + nCansnc) 4 the no of malkematics students at a college Ex: Fin one of He Languages Telugu, Winds kating at lewk and English atven the following date 6s Study Telrsue ao Study Telugu ancl Hind? Gs Study Winds 2s Study Telugu and Ensttsh Yr study “English, 1s study Hindi ahd Engish - & Study all three Lan quages- seki Given w(t) = 65, ncays 45, neo = +E nora) = 20, n(aneye2zs, NCHNE)=I5, nitn tne) = 8 dnclusten — Exclusten principle By (Ce) _n(tnn) =n(rne) —n(nne) nO tuhVe) = nity a nGaan an (Tanne) = GS4bSH URW 2O- IE AB = 10d 4° Scanned with CamScannerCartesian produck 3 aw Oe deveck pre cluck of cela and & the Set of all ord bes by ARB: ex: bee Aas 2ed fp Bef, sp Ren R. * he st AX B= fae? GS), @) BXA = JG GW 4.2 AxB = BxXA Laws of sek Weory 37 pemination laws: AU LM - cardesian proctuct ba s Leb us Consider two sely A ey pal (a,b) there a€A and is called the procduck of A ond B and i denote iS) 6.4) G9} G12) 13), 13) F lads: AUPE A and ANMAA = ond and-4 Telem potent laws 1 pRpUA=A ond ANKaA Com plementatisn Lat : Commutative Laws 1: cain a AUB = BUA ond ang: BNA Associative Laws: pau(BUC) =(AUBIUC fe Disty? bulive laua: n(ancd=(Cans) ac an(auc) = @ng) yu (ANC) au(anc) =@us)atauc) \ Demovgan's bewst caua)'= alng cans)! = alo! absorption Laws: Au(ang) =A and An(AUB)=A Complement laws: ' aual= and ANA = G. Scanned with CamScannerEx! pAeve hab aun ne = (Aum) MALE) . @® Let ‘a! fe an avbidvarg tlemenk of autenc) Proofs ees aw € AU(B AC) & EA (or) KE (ANY ey ER (x€B and XEC) > (KER oy xEB) and (xEA ry XEC ) = xe AUR) and xe(AU oD ger xe@ ve) Naud) enee au (nt) = @uB) n(auc), Ex. pheve thak (ane) = ad ‘ Prof: Lek *%e (ANB) eo * é ane we ~( XEA ond KERB) iy ei Cx] 108) key ACKER) oF ~(xes) \ 1 = xd A oF x¢Bb eyieh oy LEB is xedue \ baci Hane CAMB) = AUB. (AanB) Vand by using men bey Ex: prove Trak an(Buc) = ship table peceale le [eve | anioue jane [ane |@nsyuiana | ede oy Scanned with CamScannerRelakions t- Any sek of ovdey paiys defines « neers ae binary yelation. ancl it Ts avbi kyary association of Clements wilhin a Sek oy With elementz ef amelhry Seb. mathematically tek A and & are ang Ewe sek oA ye dation Sram A HB is a Subseb of AXG pz jaws ond B=has Ex: = axB =e {@.4) ein Any subset of AX® js called relation _ ie (aa) €AXG (o,a) #8 a velotion Note: 1+ (abd ER tren We Say “a ts velated 4 L” ana ie can be Hriltin ob “arb” (ev) R(a,») 2. @mer ER tren we say "9 ts not velated Bb" and i ean be uritten aS “a KE" ovdeved pay t= TF ak & and bEB ten He ovdered pair et a is He Set {es fabs} of the pair fay} ond Con si Skiing fe singiebon feb sapire tarda, shy) Gi dn Yee ovdey pot (a,b), the element ‘a’ is called the first tot ts called Phe Second element. element and “bh stab) and (4 jh) ave tie ordeved pairs Hen Cae 2 (LED HF one ed Bae, fe rca, b>) and (6,9) ave Ewo oi ffement ovdered pairs (a,b) = Chi” a. The bile objects fh an ordered pairs do nok have uw (@,4) fs a Well- defined ovdeyed by pe dastincl- aly . Scanned with CamScanner© Ex: bel Asdry2} , Badge h | c= [3,43 then find AK BKC sok: ners, Set es “ mee (1 8D <: xe SO} ul a 6 3 O19) =3 GS ola 4 > (read V2 aoxce LEY 2<—— 3 =3 ag KS 3 7 <4 2 Gass z a Ts 2914) Ss, - Gay Cad Domain ond Range ea “the demain © of the of elements the Range pomath CR) a. Range (®) cen oF aaj ii23s ‘ and Renee Sai Given A= Re AX B= Given Relation Raf) pomain R= R = Ranse fa velation of valabions <- R fs He Sek of oll Ctyst ordered pair which ‘@ is the Seb of Se belongs Te Rand dond elament z= Jacn/ cep fey some beB ft 2 ql veB/ oan iy Some ae} - Be fake 5 be Jae WO) 21h), 3,095 | ind damiats Gof TF §i,2.3f pBeforbec § hae db? Oe) 12,92.) G10 BV Gib» The Seb Of yrs s The ser of fare, bS Qo, 8,9 § fivsk elements fn R Second elements fh R Scanned with CamScannerpropey Hes of Binary Relations 1 I. Universal yelation t= A velation Reon a Ske A is Univeycal ff A= AXA™ 12434 tien AXA =f Gv a & Gre ex: If A @1), G1) GB Bw} fs the Universal velation on A 2. void veletion t— A velatien Rona Set A is void vyelation 16 RE tke null sek. ex. oe Bais 4 Sh then R=jarb> lef fs a null seb ae ram yelalien t= A Yelatten Ron ase A Is Bden tly yelation 7F RYO arfacag ond ie fe dencted by Tat Be: TE Aah 2d} then Rf (1d @2) GB) F ye Inverse velation t— TF 'R’ is any velalton frem a sete the inverse of Rg ts demoted Py at g JG] yea, xen, ayer 5 ex: 24 wah2i3,5h , B= 36, 8,10} then Ra}Q.0) (2,8), Gro) (2,6) Gio Nos =} G.r) Bir) (lor) (e3),Clo,sy f &. Reflexive velation t- A velation on a seb A ic Foy Every AeA & TE @,arER, WxEa ye flextve TE aka re Raed y then R=f0 2) Gud 2.2, sf EX: "ge fs called weflextve velatton. olkeywite Tk te called Seve Flexive . ext Re {Gd 29, @3) GW Ff. a Scanned with CamScannerWe velabion i- te (ba) ER eshen ever (ab) ER 6+ symme kvic a ralateos’ 9 a 20k HE is called symune bie Bho all ayb@ A> Anti syrame Evie veletion:- Rt an ante squmebri 4. th theye existe ib) and (ba) €R then a=b- ge. Transitive velalion t- A velation R on = sek A is wajlive Fe aREAES a Rb and bRe then aRC- dvansitive i€ whenever & G,b) tbe) © B then (a,c) €R- me ae RE Wetinny oF R=Say O13) (24) ,(3,0 03,3) (4,3) $0 Then find if velation is yeflexive syn metyic and transitive. Sof: me fons Wis? (242,217,972) F RUS@PR S47 SF i Re flexrve (BO G13), G3), G12) 44) F eR AGN) v trig to neuf G2? 1G. f are 8) eat? B89), C49 GOT G3) Qy4) Ruf 3,040] iy TWanst kive in aa ws Cast), nd.) 32, 439,00) F Re ‘ we ' apes owner exe 26 Be ‘iakehl 3 and R= (WN) 0122 213), (3.29 429 ~ (Hid) Y then tyes Wl dtrecked JVaph- ca g =f pyre CHVC8 2,00 | “ 9 Gt 8 uO) Scanned with CamScannerMahix ve pre sentation of velations +— ee NN Lek A and & ave both finite Sebs and ‘Risa welakion from At B- then R may be vepresented af a dnadvix called the velation matric of R- Tt is densked by Mrpo finite sel Containing ‘wi and “n’ elements respectively Mp = [mas TV nen is defined by mi ~{e i€ (ay, ba) EK it Gi, by ER ex: Wee aast23,4 J and R=[Giy/ xo4 3 Find Ma: sd. Given Bahn 2,34 F R= f Gn (4.3) G2? BIG Ca) F The corresponding veleHen matrix for the R are seven 1 . 2 2 ‘foo oe © Me = ® 1000 3} 110 0 af tr to hey. exr th tee fend. 4) aetiwed by R= 0,1) (2) G3) aed C403), C412) 410, G29, G09 F Rind the matrix and aAtrecled ove ph of velation R- set, The matrix of yelation R fs a 4X4 mMabixn as tia t if. coo orvected avaph is Mr®l ore Q Q | 1 1 o W @) \ 2| 0 \ { 4 a4 Ll Scanned with CamScannerEquivalence yelations A ts called symme bee Let A> then ae i ay Sarame We ay Transt ex: (2,3) 032) ye wy iil re . . y t— A velabion R fh a seb @ an €quivelence velakion f€ ik fs veflextve and bransibive. a,b,c ave aybibvarg elements of Some Seb . by denoles ‘a’ fs Equivalent Re Flexive : ate tek Re qiven Re flexive bive fork anb then bam xh dud. aay Poe Gea Bate uae) wal g =f, Git Crd iH) 212d io 3 preve thal ‘R’ fS an Equivalence. a afr CH) CHntd G8) Cr) (213) (3,2) (3.3) f fe Pag ag a AER 1) 12) 3?. ‘gts ve Flexive ye cu $ xER ARK > Symmeryic 1m Fev ong agg EB ae Ga) G8 ies awa 2 and « pea ym & R . d 2 ue avr? ney > yr = (R fs Sgmmetvic aRran su kive t= Poy any K,Gi2ZEA waa G.q) and (ay xRY and Hence Me ~velation 2 ER tren GD ER Rt XQ ‘el is transitive. Hoh We Ate RS an Cquivalence Relation. a U4) 99) f (ay3), i292 G2? (3,29 (413) 33 etc..- Scanned with CamScanneree ee ee congruence Relakbion :— an Congrwence velation exam ple is of equivalence yelation . Lee ‘a and “b ave ang tie integers and “y’ be a Fixed positive integer then ‘a and ‘by’ aye Satd te be Congruent treelulo “y? i Mathematically ik “<’ devices a= b (mod y) (a-b) - Ex: $3 213 Cmoas) since 3-13 = 10 is Ayyt sible by S gx: prove That the relation CongYuence wedule wm" covey fe Sek of postbtve integers fs an Sol: Lee x, GY EN 1% Equivelence velation gy (mod m) ts divisible Thand oly TE 4 by ‘wm’ - jy be x04? en then xn =0-m OF Wy tek *E xex( mod m) for all xen 4 Cmodm) > then x-g fs divisible by ‘mv te > —(%-4) = G7 XS alse Atvi st ble by “! & g=Ex (med m) the yelation = is ity Let Sym metvic x=y (modm) and st (nod m) te (x-q) and (Y-2)y ave aivisible by ‘mm! Mors (xaypaly-2) is atvisible by Sw! tHe t& atvt sible by ‘wy > x= 2 Cmod m) Hence athe relation Equivalence is transitive mB relation Scanned with CamScannerek 'R denole a velation on the set order paire®) Ex; ob of posi tive integers Such that (19) RG) igh vegu shes tkat & 1S an equivalence relation sol; Let X14, 4 and ¥ be positive integers Given (ig) RW) ey EVE YH since xY 4% is true for all posi tive, integers a Og) BR G0g) athe veation R is ye f lexi ve- Quy A mvs yt a yarrv 2 uy ave > MHwrRerg) iy Lek CG) athe yelation ‘R'is sgmme ty ic - ily ve erg and 'n are positive integers Lek (eg) RV? and (iv) ROD a eee and one 3 avun= yoy™ ay xunegm by canelling OW 2 x4) Rm? > othe velation RS transitive. athe velation 'R fs equtvalence yelatton . Hence ex. Nfs the Set of Natwral numbers the velation ‘rR’ 7S o b> R ©,4) atde= btc- prove thal actined wy Car R fs en equivalence velation. sol: Let a,b, ¢ amd ‘dA be natuyel num keys - @iven (aro) RC) wey aed a bt v (aby R (ah) 4 ath =eto Ris ye flextve Scanned with CamScannerty cay RED FB atd = PFS > byes ard dta 3 (A) Rash) =) ¢tb = ‘pi ie symmetyrie WW) Gyby R Cid? and ©,d) & (mind ay ards bre and cans at ca at dt Orn = p+¢t+arm (arb) atin) ay Aatne bem A ‘eh fs transitive mene “RS SH equivalence velation - Compatibi ke & yelation t- A Relation plinn is Said tj be & Compaki bile § yelation Fe Te fs ve Flexive and seymmerric- so all equivalence velaHens are compat — tele tg velations and Th is Some mes denoted by ag. of velations t= bee ‘pi be @ elation fom Compost Lien ‘s) be & yelation Frem Y & zZ -Tthen avelation xy and ee called a Composite yelabien of RK ana ‘S whee ROS = 4 (x29) «ex 2% hen wer “ey wilh (xg) © R and wes 3 ex: Lek wah? Gi 2) F and §S =¢ 2), Gis), Gi) 13d 3 Find Ros and SOR: cle Give RE Sain GWG y ~ ge Orr @srk 30 (eS Ros -Fus G2) ,@) j sok = fr?) Hae (ub clenvlg Res + Sok. Scanned with CamScanner