Calculus III Second Examination Solutions, 11/30/23

Question 1
Let f (x, y, z) = x3 − x2 sin(yz) + y 2 cos(xz).

• Find the gradient vector of f .

∇f = [fx , fy , fz ] = [3x2 −2x sin(yz)−zy 2 sin(xz), −zx2 cos(yz)+2y cos(xz), −x2 y cos(yz)−xy 2 sin(xz)]

• Find the linear approximation to f (x, y, z) based at the point A =

(1, 3, 0) and use it to estimate f (0.9, 3.1, −0.1).

We first put x = 1, y = 3 and z = 0 in ∇f giving:

∇f |(1,3,0) = [3, 6, −3]

Also we have f (1, 3, 0) = 1 − 0 + 9 = 10.

Then the required linear approximation is:

flin (x, y, z) = f (1, 3, 0)+∇f |(1,3,0) .[x−1, y−3, z−0] = 10+[3, 6, −3].[x−1, y−3, z]

= 10 + 3x − 3 + 6y − 18 − 3z = 3x + 6y − 3z − 11.
Putting x = 0.9, y = 3.1 and z = −0.1, our estimate is:

flin (0.9, 3.1, −0.1) = 3(0.9)+6(3.1)−3(−0.1)−11 = 2.7+18.6+0.3−11 = 10.6

• Find the direction of maximum rate of increase of the function f at the

point A = (1, 3, 0) and determine that maximum rate of increase.

The direction of maximum increase is that of the gradient, so of [1, 2, −1] or

as a unit vector √16 [1, 2, −1].

The maximum rate of increase is:

p √ √ √
|∇f | = 32 + 62 + (−3)2 = 9 + 36 + 9 = 54 = 3 6.

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Question 2
Let a function f (x, y), defined for all real x and y be given as follows:

f (x, y) = 2x2 + 3xy − 2y 2

Let D denote the closed disc in the plane, center the origin, whose boundary
has the equation x2 + y 2 = 10.
• Find and classify all critical points of the function f in the interior of
the disc D.

• Using Lagrange multipliers, or otherwise, find the maximum and min-

imum values of the function f (x, y) on the disc D.

We have fx = 4x +3y and fy = 3x − 4y. These both vanish only if x = y = 0,

so the origin (0, 0) gives the only interior critical point.
The Hessian matrix at the origin is:

fxx fxy 4 3
H= =
fxy fyy 3 −4

Here the determinant is 4(−4) − 3(3) = −25, so this is a saddle.

So the maximum and minimum values of f occur on the boundary of the disc.
√ √
We can parametrize the boundary x = 10 cos(t), y = 10 sin(t), giving:

f = 2x2 +3xy−2y 2 = 20 cos2 (t)+30 cos(t) sin(t)−20 sin2 (t) = 20 cos(2t)+15 sin(2t).

Differentiating, we get for the critical point −40 sin(2t) + 30 cos(2t) = 0, so

tan(2t) = 34 .
We recognize a [3, 4, 5] right-angled triangle, so we have:
3 4
[sin(2t), cos(2t)] = ±[ , ].
5 5
At these points we then have:
 
20(4) 15(3)
f = 20 cos(2t) + 15 sin(2t) = ± + = ±(16 + 9) = ±25.
5 5
There must be a maximum and a minimum, so we see that f has maximum
value 25 and maximum value −25 attained on the boundary.

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We can find precisely where by using the double angle formula for tan(2t):
3 2 tan(t)
= tan(2t) = ,
4 1 − tan2 (t)
3 − 3 tan2 (t) = 8 tan(t),
3 tan2 (t) + 8 tan(t) − 3 = 0,
(tan(t) + 3)(3 tan(t) − 1) = 0.
√
Here we have a [1, 3, 10] right-angled triangle.

So we get: [cos(t), sin(t)] = ± √110 [3, 1] or [cos(t), sin(t)] = ± √110 [1, −3].

At the points [x, y] = ±(3, 1) we get f = 18 + 9 − 2 = 25,

At the points [x, y] = ±(1, −3), we get f = 2 − 9 − 18 = −25.

So the maximum value of f is 25 attained at (x, y) ± [(3, 1), whereas the

minimum value of f is −25 attained at (x, y) = ±(1, −3).

Alternatively we use Lagrange multipliers:

∇f = [4x + 3y, 3x − 4y] = λ∇(x2 + y 2 − 10) = λ[2x, 2y],
4x + 3y = 2λx, 3x − 4y = 2λy.
If x = 0, then y = 0 also, so x2 + y 2 is not 10,
So x ̸= 0.
Put y = ux, giving:
4 + 3u = 2λ, 3 − 4u = 2λu, 3 − 4u = u(2λ) = u(4 + 3u),
1
3u2 + 8u − 3 = 0, (3u − 1)(u + 3) = 0, u = or u = −3.
3
• When u = 13 , x = 3y, so 10 = x2 + y 2 = 10y 2 , so y = ±1 so (x, y) =
±(3, 1) and f has the value 25.
• When u = −3, y = −3x, so 10 = x2 + y 2 = 10x2 , so x = ±1 and
(x, y) = ±(1, −3) and f has the value −25.
This gives the same critical points and maximum and minimum values for f
as those found above.

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Question 3
Let f (x, y) = 15x − x3 − 3y 2 x + y 3 , defined for all real x and y.
Find all local maxima, minima and saddle points of the function f (x, y).

We have:

fx = 15 − 3x2 − 3y 2 , fy = −6xy + 3y 2 = 3y(y − 2x).

We see that fy = 0, when y = 0, or y = 2x.

√
• When y = 0, we have fx = 15 − 3x2 which vanishes when x = ± 5.

• When y = 2x, we have fx = 15−3x2 −3y 2 = 15−3x2 −12x2 = 15−15x2 ,

which vanishes when x = ±1 and then (x, y) = ±(1, 2).
√ √
So we have four critical points A = ( 5, 0), B = (− 5, 0), C = (1, 2) and
D = (−1, −2). The Hessian matrix of f is:

fxx fxy −6x −6y

H= = .
fxy fyy −6y 6y − 6x

We evaluate H at each critical point:

√
• At the point A, we have x = 5 and y = 0, so:
√
−6 5 0√
H= .
0 −6 5
det(H) = 180 > 0.
The determinant is positive and the diagonal entries negative, so we have a
local maximum.
√
• At the point B, we have x = − 5 and y = 0, so:
√
6 5 √ 0
H= ,
0 6 5
det(H) = 180 > 0.
The determinant is positive and the diagonal entries positive, so we have a
local minimum.

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 • At the point C, we have x = 1 and y = 2, so:
−6 −12
H= ,
−12 6
det(H) = −180, 0.
The determinant is negative, so we have a saddle.

• At the point D, we have x = −1 and y = −2, so:

6 12
H= ,
12 −6
det(H) = −180 < 0.
The determinant is negative, so we have a saddle.
√ √
Summarizing, there
√ is a local maximum√at ( 5, 0), where f = 10 5, a local
minimum at (− 5, 0), where f = −10 5, a saddle at (1, 2), where f = 10
and another saddle at (−1, −2), where f = −10.

Finally note that there are no global maxima or minima, since at fixed x, f
takes all real values and at fixed y f takes all real values, as is easy to see,
since the x3 and y 3 terms are dominant.

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Question 4
Sketch the parabolas y = x2 − 5x + 4 and y = −x2 + 7x − 12 on the same
graph and find the area of the region they enclose.

These are standard parabolas, the first concave up with intercepts (1, 0),
5 9


(4, 0) and (0, 4) and vertex at 2 − 4 , the second
concave down with inter-
cepts (3, 0), (4, 0) and (0, −12) and vertex at 72 , 41 .

The two parabolas meet where:

x2 − 5x + 4 = −x2 + 7x − 12,

2x2 − 12x + 16 = 0,
x2 − 6x + 8 = 0 = (x − 2)(x − 4).
So they meet at the points (2, −2) and (4, 0).

So the required area in units of area is:

Z Z Z 4 Z −x2 +7x−12
dA = dydx
2 x2 −5x+4
Z 4
2
= [y]y=−x +7x−12
y=x2 −5x+4 dx
2
Z 4
−x2 + 7x − 12 − (x2 − 5x + 4) dx


=
2
Z 4
−2x2 + 12x − 16


=
2
1
= [−2x3 + 18x2 − 48x]42
3
1
= (−128 + 288 − 192 − (−16 + 72 − 96))
3
1 8
= (−32 + 40) = .
3 3

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Question 5
A lamina occupies the region bounded by y = x2 − 4 and y = 0 for x ≥ 0
and has density ρ(x, y) = x. Find the x co-ordinate of its center of mass.

The mass m is: Z Z Z 2 Z 0

m= ρdA = xdydx
0 x2 −4
Z 2
= [xy]y=0
y=x2 −4 dx
0
Z 2
= x(4 − x2 )dx
0
1 2
=− (4 − x2 )2 0 = 4.
4
The x moment is:
Z Z Z 2 Z 0
Mx = xρdA = x2 dydx
0 x2 −4
Z 2
= [x2 y]y=0
y=x2 −4 dx
0
Z 2
= x2 (4 − x2 )dx
0
Z 2
= (4x2 − x4 )dx
0
2
4x3 x5

= −
3 5 0
32 32 64
= − = .
3 5 15
So the x co-ordinate of the center of mass is:
Mx Mx 16
x= = = .
m 4 15

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Question 6 I
Using Green’s Theorem or otherwise, find the integral F .dr where Γ is
Γ
the boundary of the diamond ABCD in the Cartesian plane with vertices
A = [4, 0], B = [0, 4], C = [−4, 0] and D = [0, −4], traced once around from
A to A counterclockwise and F is the following force field:
F = [3x2 − x2 y, 3y 2 + y 2 x].
By Green, if F = [P, Q], we have:
I I Z Z
F .dr = (P dx + Qdy) = (Qx − Py )dA.
Γ Γ R

Here R denotes the diamond shaped-region bounded by Γ.

Now we have:
Qx − Py = y 2 − (−x2 ) = x2 + y 2 .
So we need: Z Z
J= (x2 + y 2 )dA.
R
By symmetry this is: Z Z
J =2 x2 dA.
R
By symmetry again this is:
Z Z
J =4 x2 dA.
R+

Here R+ is the part of R with x ≥ 0, so is the triangle with left edge the
y-axis, upper edge the line y = 4 − x and lower edge the line y = x − 4, with
x going from 0 to 4.

So we get: Z 4 Z 4−x Z 4
J =4 2
x dydx = 4 x2 [y]y=4−x
y=x−4 dx
0 x−4 0
Z 4 Z 4
2
=4 x (x − 4 − (4 − x))dx = 8 (x3 − 4x2 )dx
0 0
 4 3
4  
x 4x 256 512
=8 − = 8 64 − = .
4 3 0 3 3

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Question 7
Exactly two of the following three force fields are conservative.
Identify with proof which are conservative and which is not and for each that
is conservative find a function whose gradient gives the force field in question.

• F = [3x2 sin(y), x3 cos(y) + 4y 3 ]

We have:

F .dr = 3x2 sin(y)dx + x3 cos(y)dy + 4y 3 dy = d(x3 sin(y) + y 4 ).

So F is conservative with potential f = x3 sin(y) + y 4 , such that ∇f = F .

• G = [y + 4x3 cos(y), −x − x4 sin(y)]

We have

G.dr = ydx + 4x3 cos(y)dx − xdy − x4 sin(y)dy = d(x4 cos(y)) + ydx − xdy.

However with P = y and Q = −x, we have Qx − Py = −1 − 1 = −2 ̸= 0, so

the differential ydx − xdy is not exact.

So G is not conservative.

Alternatively, if we write G directly as [P, Q], with P = y + 4x3 cos(y) and

Q = −x − x4 sin(y) we get:

Qx − Py = −1 − 4x3 sin(y) − (1 − 4x3 sin(y)) = −2.

Since this is non-zero, G is not conservative and we are done.

• H = [yz 2 + 2xy 2 , xz 2 + 2yx2 , 2xyz − 5z 4 ].

We have:

H.dr = (yz 2 +2xy 2 )dx+(xz 2 +2yx2 )dy+(2xyz−5z 4 )dz = d xyz 2 + x2 y 2 − z 5 .

So H is conservative with potential h = xyz 2 + x2 y 2 − z 5 , such that ∇h = H.

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Question 8
Find the volume of the region in space bounded above by the sphere x2 +
y 2 + z 2 = 125 and below by the cone z 2 = 4(x2 + y 2 ).

In spherical polars, the upper part of the lower cone is:

z 2 = 4r2 , z = 2r,

ρ cos(ϕ) = 2ρ sin(ϕ),
1
tan(ϕ) = .
2
So ϕ is the√smaller of the two acute angles of the right-angled triangle with
sides [1, 2, 5].
2
In particular we have cos(ϕ) = √ .
5
√
The upper sphere is ρ2 = 125, so ρ = 5 5.

Then the required volume V is:

√
Z Z Z Z 2π Z arctan( 12 ) Z 5 5
V= dV = ρ2 sin(ϕ)(dρ)(dϕ)(dθ)
0 0 0

= 2πAB,
Z arctan( 21 )
arctan( 12 ) 2
A= sin(ϕ)dϕ = − [cos(ϕ)]0 =1− √ ,
0 5
√ √
5 5
1  3 5√5 54 5
Z
2
B= ρ dρ = ρ 0 = .
0 3 3
So we get:
2π(54 ) √ 
V = 2πAB = 5−2 .
3

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Alternatively if we√use cylindrical polars, the sphere is z 2 + r2 = 125, so the
upper part is z = 125 − r2 .

Also the upper part of cone is z = 2r as above.

These meet where:

√
2r = 125 − r2 , 4r2 = 125 − r2 , 5r2 = 125, r2 = 25, r = 5.

So the required intergal is:

√
Z Z Z Z 2π Z 5 Z 125−r2
V= dV = rdzdrdθ
0 0 2r
Z 5 √
2
= 2π r[z]2r125−r dr
0
Z 5 √ 
= 2π r 2
125 − r − 2r dr
0
2π h 3
i5
= −(125 − r2 ) 2 − 2r3
3 0
2π  3

= −1000 − 250 + (125) 2
3
2π  4 √ 
= 5 5 − 1250
3
2π(54 ) √ 
= 5−2 .
3

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