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Probability Class Note

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23 views4 pages

Probability Class Note

Uploaded by

Mehul Sinha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PROBABILITY CLASS NOTE

INTRODUCTION

Probability means the chances of happening/occurring of an event. So, in this chapter we discuss

about the predictability of an event to happen/occur. We usually predict about many events based

on certain parameters. For example

Getting a head or tail, when a coin is tossed

Getting a number from 1 to 6, when a die is rolled

It is represented as shown , Probability happening of an event P

Terms Related to Probability

Experiment

An action where the result is uncertain even though the all possible outcomes related to it is known
in advance. This is also known as random experiment, e. g., Throwing a die, tossing a coin etc.

Sample Space

A sample space of an experiment is the set of all possible outcomes of that experiment. It is denoted
by S. For example If we throw a die, then sample space S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} If we toss a coin, then
sample space S = {Head, Tail}

Possible outcomes

All possibilities related to an event are known as possible outcomes. Tossing a Coin When a coin is
tossed, these are two possible outcomes. So, we say that the probability of getting H is 1/2 or the
probability of getting T is 1/2,Throwing a Die When a single die is thrown, there are six possible
outcomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.

Event

Event is the single result of an experiment, e. g., Getting a head is an event related to tossing of a
coin.

Certain and Impossible Events

A certain event is certain to occur, i.e., S (sample space) is a certain event. Probability of certain
event is 1, i.e., P(S) = 1.

An impossible event has no chance of occurring, i.e., § is the impossible event. Probability of
impossible event is 0, i. e., P (0) = 0.
Ex. 1. A teacher chooses a student at random from a class of 30 boys. What is the probability that
the student chosen is a boy?

Ex. 2 A bag contains 20 black marbles, if a marble is picked at random from the bag. Find the
probability that marble picked is of Red colour.

Sol. The bag contains 20 black marbles and there is no red marble in the bag So favourable cases = 0
Total outcomes = 20

Equally Likely Events

Events related to an experiment are said to be equally likely events, if probability of occurrence of
each event is same.

For example When a dice is rolled the possible outcome of getting an odd number = possible out
come of getting an even number = 3. So getting a even number or odd number are equally likely
events.

Complement of an Event

The complement of an event A is the set of all outcomes in the sample space that are not included in
the outcomes of event A. The complement of event A is represented by A (read as A bar). The
probability of complement of an event can be found by subtracting the given probability from 1.

Ex. 3. A single card is chosen at random from a standard deck of 52 playing cards. What is the
probability of choosing a card that is not a king?
Mutually Exclusive and Exhaustive Events

Addition Rule of Probability

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