Fourier Series of arbitrary period

𝑎 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
f(x) = 0 + σ∞ 𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos + σ∞𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑙
2 𝑙
is called as the Fourier Series of arbitrary period 2l

1 𝑐+2𝑙 1 𝑐+2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 𝑐+2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥

where 𝑎0 = ‫𝑐׬‬ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑎𝑛 = ‫𝑐׬‬ 𝑓 𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑏𝑛 = ‫𝑐׬‬ 𝑓 𝑥 sin 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙

Nature and 𝒂𝟎 𝒂𝒏 𝒃𝒏
condition of f(x)
Even function 𝑙 𝑙 0
2 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
f(-x) = f(x) or න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 න 𝑓 𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑥
f(2l-x) = f(x) 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
0 0

Odd function 0 0 𝑙
2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
f(-x) = -f(x) or න 𝑓 𝑥 sin 𝑑𝑥
f(2l-x) = -f(x) 𝑙 𝑙
0
 𝜋𝑥 𝑖𝑛 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
1. Draw the graph of the function f(x) = ൜
𝜋 2 − 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
𝜋 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜋𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝜋𝑥
Show that the Fourier expansion of the function f(x) is − 2 + 2 + 2 +⋯
2 𝜋 1 3 5
𝜋2 1 1 1
Deduce that = + + +⋯ (June 2017,Dec 18)
8 12 32 52

Graph of f(x) = y , f(x) = 𝜋𝑥 or y = 𝜋𝑥 is a line passing through the origin in[0,1]

𝑥 𝑦
f(x) = 𝜋(2 − 𝑥) or y = 𝜋(2 − 𝑥) or 𝜋𝑥+y = 2𝜋 or + = 1 in [1,2] which is a straight line
2 2𝜋
passing through (2,0) and (0,2𝜋)

The graph is as follows

Here f(x) is defined in [0,2] and period of f(x) = 2 - 0 = 2
2l = 2 or l = 1

Fourier series of f(x) having period 2 is given by

𝑎0
f(x) = + σ∞ ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 + σ𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥
2

1 2 1 2
𝑎0 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ‫׬‬1 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1

1 2
𝑎0 = ‫׬‬0 𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ‫׬‬1 𝜋 2 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥2 1 𝑥2 2
𝑎0 = 𝜋 + 2𝑥 −
2 0 2 1

1 1
=𝜋 −0 + 4−2 − 2− =𝜋
2 2

𝑎0 𝜋
=
2 2

1 2
𝑎𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1

1 2
= ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥+ ‫׬‬1 𝑓 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 1 2
= ‫׬‬0 𝜋𝑥cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥+ ‫׬‬1 𝜋 2 − 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 2
= 𝜋 ‫׬‬0 𝑥cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ‫׬‬1 2 − 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Applying Bernoulli’s rule to both the integrals

sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2

𝑎𝑛 = 𝜋 𝑥 − 1. − 0
+ (2 − 𝑥) − (−1). − 1
𝑛𝜋 𝑛 2 𝜋2 𝑛𝜋 𝑛 2 𝜋2

𝜋 1 2
= cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 0
− cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1
since sin 𝑛𝜋 = 0 = sin 0
𝑛 2 𝜋2

1
= (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 − cos0 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑛𝜋 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋) since cos 2𝑛𝜋 = 1 = cos 0
𝑛2 𝜋

1
= (−2 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋)
𝑛2 𝜋

−2
= (1 − (−1)𝑛 )
𝑛2 𝜋

1 2
𝑏𝑛 = ‫𝑓 ׬‬ 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 0

1 2
= ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥+ ‫׬‬1 𝑓 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 1 2
=‫׬‬0 𝜋𝑥sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥+ ‫׬‬1 𝜋 2 − 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 2
= 𝜋 ‫׬‬0 𝑥sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ‫׬‬1 2 − 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Applying Bernoulli’s rule to both the integrals

−cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 −cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 −sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2

𝑏𝑛 = 𝜋 𝑥. − 1. − 0
+ (2 − 𝑥) − (−1). 1
𝑛𝜋 𝑛 2 𝜋2 𝑛𝜋 𝑛 2 𝜋2

−𝜋 1 2
= x cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 0
+ (2−x)cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1
𝑛𝜋

−1
= (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 − 0) + (0 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋)
𝑛

𝑏𝑛 = 0

The required Fourier series is given by

𝜋 2 ∞ 1− (−1)𝑛
f(x) = - σ𝑛=1 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥
2 𝜋 𝑛2
 1 − +1 = 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
1 − (−1)𝑛 = ቊ
1 − −1 = 2 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑

𝜋 4 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥
f(x) = - σ∞
𝑛=1,3,5…
2 𝜋 𝑛2

𝜋 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜋𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝜋𝑥

f(x) = − + + + ⋯
2 𝜋 12 32 52

Substituting x = 0 ,we have f(x) = 0 since f(x) = 𝜋𝑥 𝑖𝑛 0,1

The fourier series becomes

𝜋 4 1 1 1
0 = − + + +⋯
2 𝜋 12 32 52

𝜋 4 1 1 1
− =− + + +⋯
2 𝜋 12 32 52

𝜋2 1 1 1
= + + +⋯
8 12 32 52
2. Find the Fourier series of the periodic function defined by f(x) = 2x - 𝑥 2 in the interval 0 < x < 3
[June 2018]

period of f(x) = 3 – 0 = 3

3
2l = 3 or l =
2

Fourier series of period 2l is given by

𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
f(x) = + σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin
2 𝑙 𝑙

The relevant Fourier series is given by

𝑎0 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
f(x) = + σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin …..(1)
2 3 3

2 3 2 3 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 3 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎0 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑎𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑏𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 sin 𝑑𝑥
3 3 3 3 3
 1 1 2
In each of the above integrals = 3 =
𝑙 3
2
2 3
𝑎0 = ‫׬‬0 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3

2 𝑥3 3 2
= 𝑥2 − = (9 − 9) − 0 = 0
3 3 0 3

𝑎0
=0
2

2 3 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 cos 𝑑𝑥
3 3

Applying Bernoulli’s rule

2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥

2 sin −cos −sin
𝑎𝑛 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 3 − 2 − 2𝑥 . 3 + −2 . 3 3
3 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋 2 2𝑛𝜋 3 0
3 3 3
 2 9 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 3
= 2 − 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0
3 4𝑛2 𝜋2 3

The first and third terms vanish since sin 2𝑛𝜋 = 0 = sin 0

3
𝑎𝑛 = 2 − 6 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑛𝜋 − 2 − 0 cos 0
2𝑛2𝜋2

3
𝑎𝑛 = −4 − 2
2𝑛2𝜋2

−9
𝑎𝑛 =
𝑛 2 𝜋2

2 3 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 sin 𝑑𝑥
3 3

Applying Bernoulli’s rule

2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥

2 −cos −s𝑖𝑛 cos
𝑏𝑛 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 3 − 2 − 2𝑥 . 3 + −2 . 3 3
3 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋 2 2𝑛𝜋 3 0
3 3 3
 2 −3 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 54 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 3
= (2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0
3 2𝑛𝜋 3 8𝑛3 𝜋3 3

2 −3 54
= 6 − 9 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑛𝜋 − 0 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑛𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠0
3 2𝑛𝜋 8𝑛3 𝜋3

2 −3 3
𝑏𝑛 = (−3) =
3 2𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋

Thus by substituting the values of 𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑏𝑛 in (1),the required Fourier series is

−9 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 3 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
f(x) = σ∞
𝑛=1 cos + σ∞
𝑛=1 sin
𝑛 2 𝜋2 3 𝑛𝜋 3
 𝐸𝑡
3. Obtain the Fourier series of the saw-tooth function f(t) = for 0 < t < T
𝑇
given that f(t+T) = f(t) for all t > 0

𝑇
We have 2l = T or l = and the associated Fourier series of period 2l = T is given by
2

𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑡 𝑛𝜋𝑡
f(t) = + σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑇 + σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑇
2
2 2

𝑎0 2𝑛𝜋𝑡 2𝑛𝜋𝑡
f(t) = + σ∞
1 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + σ∞
1 𝑏𝑛 sin
2 𝑇 𝑇

We compute Fourier coefficients by Euler’s Formulae.

1 𝑇 1 𝑇 2𝑛𝜋𝑡 1 𝑇 2𝑛𝜋𝑡
𝑎0 = ‫׬‬ 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑎𝑛 = ‫׬‬ 𝑓 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑏𝑛 = ‫׬‬ 𝑓 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑡
𝑇/2 0 𝑇/2 0 𝑇 𝑇/2 0 𝑇

2 𝑇 𝐸𝑡 2𝐸 𝑡 2 𝑇 𝐸
𝑎0 = ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑡 = = (𝑇 2 - 0) = E
𝑇 0 𝑇 𝑇2 2 0 𝑇 2

𝑎0 𝐸
=
2 2
 2 𝑇 𝐸𝑡 2𝑛𝜋𝑡 2𝐸 𝑇 2𝑛𝜋𝑡
𝑎𝑛 = ‫׬‬ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑡 = ‫𝑡 ׬‬ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇2 0 𝑇

2𝑛𝜋𝑡 2𝑛𝜋𝑡
2𝐸 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑇
𝑇 𝑇
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑡 2𝑛𝜋 − 1. 2𝑛𝜋 2 0
𝑇2
𝑇 𝑇

2𝐸 𝑇 2
= (cos2n𝜋 – cos 0) = 0
𝑇 2 4𝑛2𝜋2

2 𝑇 𝐸𝑡 2𝑛𝜋𝑡 2𝐸 𝑇 2𝑛𝜋𝑡
𝑏𝑛 = ‫׬‬ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑡 = ‫𝑡 ׬‬ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇2 0 𝑇

2𝑛𝜋𝑡 2𝑛𝜋𝑡
2𝐸 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑇
𝑇 𝑇
= 𝑡 2𝑛𝜋 − 1. 2𝑛𝜋 2 0
𝑇2
𝑇 𝑇

−𝐸 2𝑛𝜋𝑡 𝑇 −𝐸 −𝐸
= 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠 0
= 𝑇 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑛𝜋 − 0 =
𝑛𝜋𝑇 𝑇 𝑛𝜋𝑇 𝑛𝜋

The required Fourier series is

𝐸 𝐸 1 2𝑛𝜋𝑡
f(t) = - σ∞
𝑛=1 sin
2 𝜋 𝑛 𝑇
 Exercise Problems

1. Obtain the Fourier series of f(x) = IxI in(-l,l).

1 1 1 𝜋2
Hence S.T. + + + …=
12 32 52 8

2. Obtain the Fourier series expansion of f(x) = IxI in(-𝜋,𝜋).

1 1 1 𝜋2
Hence S.T. + + + …= [June 2017,Dec 2018]
12 32 52 8

3. Obtain the Fourier series for f(x) = 𝑒 −𝑥 in the interval 0 < x < 2.

4. Obtain the Fourier series for the function f(x) = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 in the interval
0 ≤ x ≤ 2.
 Half Range Fourier Series

f(x) in Required Series Series Fourier Coefficients

(0,l) Cosine series 𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑙
+ σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎0 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑙
2 𝑙

2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙

(0,l) Sine series 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥

σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑏𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 sin 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙

(0,𝝅) Cosine series 2 𝝅

𝑎0 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎0 𝝅
+ σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
2
2 𝝅
𝑎𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝝅

(0,𝝅) Sine series σ∞

𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sinnx
2 𝝅
𝑏𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 s𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝝅
1. Obtain the sine half range Fourier series of f(x) = 𝑥 2 in 0 < x < 𝜋 [Dec 2017]

The sine half range Fourier series of the function f(x) in (0, 𝜋) is

2 𝝅
f(x) = σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sinnx where 𝑏𝑛 = 𝝅 ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 s𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2 𝝅
𝑏𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 𝒙𝟐 s𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝝅

Applying Bernoulli’s rule

2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝜋

𝑏𝑛 = 𝑥 2. − − 2𝑥. − + 2. 0
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3

2 −1 𝜋 2 𝜋
= 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 0
+0+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 0
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛3

2 −1 2
= 𝜋 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 − 0 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 − 1
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛3
 2 (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝝅𝟐 𝟐
𝑏𝑛 = − 𝟏 − (−𝟏)𝒏
𝝅 𝒏 𝒏𝟑

Thus the required sine half range Fourier series is given by

2 (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝝅𝟐 𝟐
f(x)= σ∞
𝑛=1 𝝅 − 𝟏 − (−𝟏)𝒏 sin nx
𝒏 𝒏𝟑

2. Show that the sine half range series for the function f(x) = lx - 𝑥 2 in
8𝑙2 ∞ 1 (2𝑛+1)
0 < x < l is 3
σ0 sin 𝜋𝑥 [June 2018]
𝜋 (2𝑛+1)3 𝑙

The sine half range Fourier series of the function f(x) in (0, 𝑙) is

𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝒍 𝑛𝜋𝑥
f(x) = σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin where 𝑏𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 s𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝒍 𝑙

2 𝒍 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 (𝒍𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 )s𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝒍 𝑙

Applying Bernoulli’s rule

 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
2 −𝒄𝒐𝒔 −𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔
𝑏𝑛 = (𝒍𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 ). 𝑙 − (𝒍 − 𝟐𝒙). 𝑙 + (−𝟐). 𝑙 𝑙
𝒍 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝟐 𝑛𝜋 𝟑 𝟎
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙

−4 𝒍𝟑 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙
𝑏𝑛 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔
𝒍 𝒏𝟑 𝝅𝟑 𝑙 𝟎

(lx - 𝑥 2 is zero at x = 0, l and sin n𝜋 = 0 = sin 0)

−𝟒𝒍𝟐 𝟒𝒍𝟐
𝑏𝑛 = (cosnπ – 1) or 𝑏𝑛 = ( 1 - (−1)𝑛 )
𝒏 𝟑 𝝅𝟑 𝒏 𝟑 𝝅𝟑

The sine half range Fourier series is given by

𝟒𝒍𝟐 ∞ 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
f(x)= σ ( 1 − (−1)𝑛 ) sin
𝝅𝟑 𝑛=1 𝒏𝟑 𝑙

1 − +1 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
1 - (−1)𝑛 = ቊ
1 − −1 = 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
 𝟒𝒍𝟐 ∞ 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
f(x) = σ𝑛=1,3,5… sin
𝝅𝟑 𝒏𝟑 𝑙

𝟖𝒍𝟐 ∞ 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
f(x) = σ sin
𝝅𝟑 𝑛=1,3,5… 𝒏𝟑 𝑙

But 1,3,5…. are odd numbers represented in general as (2n+1) where n =

0,1,2,3…

𝟖𝒍𝟐 ∞ 1 2𝑛+1
f(x) = σ sin 𝜋𝑥
𝝅𝟑 𝑛=0 (𝟐𝒏+𝟏)𝟑 𝑙
3. Find a cosine half range series for f(x) = (x−1)2 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 [June2018]

Comparing the given interval [0,1] with half range [0,l] we have l = 1.The corresponding cosine
half range Fourier series is given by
𝑎0
f 𝑥 = + σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 where ,
2

2 𝟏 2 𝟏
𝑎0 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑎𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝟏 𝟏

𝟏 (x−1)3 1 2 2
𝑎0 = 2 ‫׬‬0 (x−1)2 𝑑𝑥 =2 0
= 0 − (−1)3 =
3 3 3

𝑎0 1
=
2 3

𝟏
𝑎𝑛 = 2 ‫׬‬0 (x−1)2 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥

s𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 s𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1

= 2 (x−1)2 − 2 𝑥 − 1 .− + 2. − 0
𝑛𝜋 𝑛 2 𝜋2 𝑛 3 𝜋3
 4 1
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑥 − 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 0
𝑛 2 𝜋2

4 4
= 0 − −1 =
𝑛 2 𝜋2 𝑛 2 𝜋2

The required cosine half range Fourier series is given by

1 𝟒 ∞ 1
f(x)= + σ cos𝑛𝜋𝑥
3 𝝅𝟐 𝑛=1 𝒏𝟐

4. Expand f(x) = 2𝑥 − 1 as a cosine half range series in 0 < 𝑥 < 1.

Comparing the given interval (0,1) with (0,l) we have l =1

The cosine half range Fourier series is given by

𝑎0
f 𝑥 = + σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 where ,
2

2 𝟏 2 𝟏
𝑎0 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑎𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝟏 𝟏

𝟏 1
𝑎0 = 2 ‫׬‬0 (2𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 0
=0
 𝟏
𝑎𝑛 = 2 ‫׬‬0 (2𝑥 − 1)cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑛𝜋𝑥 −𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1

= 2 2𝑥 − 1 . − 𝟐. 𝟎
𝑛𝜋 𝒏𝟐 𝜋 𝟐

4 1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 0
𝑛 2 𝜋2

4
= (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 - 1)
𝑛 2 𝜋2

−4
= 1 − (−1)𝑛
𝑛 2 𝜋2

The required cosine half range Fourier series is given by

−4
f(x)= σ∞
𝑛=1 1 − (−1)𝑛 cos𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑛 2 𝜋2
 1 1
− 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 0 < 𝑥 <
4 2
5. Obtain the sine half range series of f(x) = ൞ 3 1
𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛 <𝑥<1
4 2

[Dec 2016]

f(x) is defined in (0,1). Comparing with half range (0,l) we have l = 1 .

The sine half range series is given by

2 𝟏
f(x) = σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 where 𝑏𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 s𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝟏

𝟏/𝟐 1 𝟏 3
𝑏𝑛 = 2 ‫׬‬0 ( − x)s𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ‫׬‬1/2 (x − )s𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 4

Applying Bernoulli’s rule to each of the integrals

1 −𝑐 𝑜 𝑠 𝑛 𝜋 𝑥 −s𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 1/2 3 −𝑐 𝑜 𝑠 𝑛 𝜋 𝑥 −s𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 1

𝑏𝑛 = 2 ( − x). − (−1) 0
+ (x − ) − 1. 1/2
4 𝑛𝜋 𝑛 2 𝜋2 4 𝑛𝜋 𝑛 2 𝜋2
 −1 1 1/2 1 1/2 1 3 1 1 1
𝑏𝑛 = 2 ( − x). 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 0
− s𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 0
− (x − )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 1/2
+ s𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 1/2
𝑛𝜋 4 𝑛 2 𝜋2 𝑛𝜋 4 𝑛 2 𝜋2

−1 1 𝑛𝜋 1 1 𝑛𝜋 1 1 1 𝑛𝜋 1 𝑛𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 0 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑛𝜋 4 2 4 𝑛 2 𝜋2 2 𝑛𝜋 4 4 2 𝑛 2 𝜋2 2

1 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛
4𝑛𝜋 2 2 𝑛 2 𝜋2 2

1 2 𝑛𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 2 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛
4𝑛𝜋 𝑛 2 𝜋2 2

1 4 𝑛𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 1 − (−1)𝑛 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2𝑛𝜋 𝑛 2 𝜋2 2

The sine half range series is given by

1 4 𝑛𝜋
f(x)= σ∞
𝑛=1 1 − (−1)𝑛 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥
2𝑛𝜋 𝑛 2 𝜋2 2
 Exercise Problems

1. Find the cosine half range series for f(x) = 𝑥(𝑙 − 𝑥) , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑙

2. Expand the function f(x) = 𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥) over the interval (0, 𝜋) in half range Fourier cosine series.
[Dec 2018]

3. Obtain the sine half range series for f(x) = 2x – 1 in 0 < x < 1

4. Find the cosine half range series of f(x) = 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 , 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋.
1 1 1 𝜋−2 2 2 2 𝜋
Deduce that - + − …..= or 1 + - + − …..=
1.3 3.5 5.7 4 1.3 3.5 5.7 2
[June2018]

𝑙 𝑙 1 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
5. Show that - x = σ∞
𝑛=1 sin ,0<x<l.
2 𝜋 𝑛 𝑙
 Practical Harmonic Analysis

Harmonic analysis is the process of finding the constant term and the first few
cosine and sine terms numerically

Suppose we have a set of N values of y = f(x) having period 2𝜋 at equidistant points

of x in the interval c ≤ 𝑥 < 𝑐 + 2𝜋 or c < 𝑥 ≤ 𝑐 + 2𝜋 , the fourier coefficients
𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑛 are given by

2
𝑎0 = σ 𝑦
𝑁

2
𝑎𝑛 = σ 𝑦 cosnx
𝑁

2
𝑏𝑛 = σ 𝑦 sinnx
𝑁

Suppose we have a set of N values of y = f(x) having period 2𝑙 at equidistant points

of x in the interval c ≤ 𝑥 < 𝑐 + 2𝑙 or c < 𝑥 ≤ 𝑐 + 2𝑙 ,
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
σ 𝑦 cos σ 𝑦 sin
𝑙 𝑙
𝑎𝑛 = 2 , 𝑏𝑛 = 2
𝑁 𝑁
 𝜋𝑥
Substitute 𝜃 =
𝑙

2
𝑎𝑛 = σ 𝑦 cosn𝜃
𝑁

2
𝑏𝑛 = σ 𝑦 sinn𝜃
𝑁

Note : All these formulae holds good for half range Fourier series also.

1. Determine the constant term and the first cosine and sine terms of
Fourier series expansion of y from the following data. [Dec 2018]
𝒙° 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315
y 2 3/2 1 1/2 0 1/2 1 3/2

Interval is 0° to 3600 ie 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 2𝜋

To find : 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏1
 𝒙° y Cosx ycosx sinx ysinx
0 2.0 1 2.0 0 0
45 1.5 0.7071 1.06065 0.7071 1.06065
90 1 0 0 1 1.0
135 0.5 - 0.7071 - 0.35355 0.7071 0.35355

180 0 -1 0 0 0
225 0.5 - 0.7071 - 0.35355 - 0.7071 - 0.35355
270 1.0 0 0 -1 -1
315 1.5 0.7071 1.06065 - 0.7071 - 1.06065
Total 8.0 3.4142 0

N=8

σ 𝑦 = 8.0 , σ 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 3.4142 , σ 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 0

2 2 𝑎0
𝑎0 = σ 𝑦 = (8) = 2 =1
𝑁 8 2
 2
𝑎1 = (3.4142) = 0.85355
8

2
𝑏1 = (0) = 0
8

Fourier series of y upto the 1st harmonic is given by

𝑎0
y= + 𝑎1 cosx + 𝑏1 sinx
2

y = 1 + 0.85355 cosx
2. Obtain the constant term and the first 3 coefficients in the
Fourier cosine series for y using the following table
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
y 4 8 15 7 6 2

Here the interval of x is 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 6

Since the coefficients of Fourier cosine series are to be found we have to

conclude that it should be cosine half range fourier series of y = f(x) in (0,6)

Comparing with half range(0,l) we get l = 6 and half range Fourier cosine series
is of the form

𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑦= + σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 𝑙

𝑎0 𝜋𝑥 2𝜋𝑥 3𝜋𝑥
𝑦= + 𝑎1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑎3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + ….
2 6 6 6

𝜋𝑥
Substitute = 𝜃,the Fourier series upto 3rd harmonics assumes the form,
6
 𝑎0
𝑦= + 𝑎1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝑎3 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 ……. (1)
2

𝑎0
To find : , 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎3
2

2 1
N=6 , =
𝑁 3

𝜋𝑥
x 𝜃= y 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 𝒚𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝒚𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 𝒚𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃
6
0 0 4 1 1 1 4 4 4
1 30° 8 0.866 0.5 0 6.928 4 0
2 60° 15 0.5 - 0.5 -1 7.5 - 7.5 - 15

3 90° 7 0 -1 0 0 -7 0

4 120° 6 - 0.5 - 0.5 1 -3 -3 6

5 150° 2 - 0.866 0.5 0 - 1.732 1 0

Total 42 13.696 - 8.5 -5

σ 𝑦 = 42 , σ 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 13.696 , σ 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 = −8.5 , σ 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 = −5

1 𝑎0
𝑎0 = (42) = 14 =7
3 2

1
𝑎1 = (13.696) ≈ 4.565
3

1
𝑎2 = (-8.5) ≈ -2.833
3

1
𝑎3 = (-5) ≈ -1.667
3

𝑎0
Thus the required values , 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 and 𝑎3 are 7 , 4.565 , -2.833 and -1.667
2
3. Obtain the constant term and the coefficients of the first cosine and sine terms in the Fourier expansion
of y from the table. [June 2017]

x 0 1 2 3 4 5

y 9 18 24 28 26 20

The values at 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 are given(N=6). The interval of x should be 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 6

Length of the interval is 6 - 0 = 6. Comparing with 2l we have 2l = 6 or l = 3.

The Fourier series of period 2l is given by

𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 = + σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 𝑙 𝑙

Since l = 3 , the series containing the first harmonics is

𝑎0 𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 = + 𝑎1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑏1 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 3 3

𝜋𝑥 𝑎0 2 1
Substitute =𝜃,𝑦 = + 𝑎1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑏1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 , N = 6 , =
3 2 𝑁 3
 x 𝜋𝑥 y cos𝜃 y cos𝜃 s𝐢𝐧 𝜃 y s𝐢𝐧𝜃
𝜃=
3
0 0 9 1 9 0 0
1 60° 18 0.5 9 0.866 15.588
2 120° 24 - 0.5 - 12 0.866 20.784

3 180° 28 -1 - 28 0 0

4 240° 26 - 0.5 - 13 - 0.866 - 22.516

5 300° 20 0.5 10 - 0.866 - 17.32

Total 125 - 25 - 3.464

2 1 𝑎0
𝑎0 = σ 𝑦 = (125) ≈ 41.67 , = 20.835
𝑁 3 2
 2 1
𝑎1 = σ 𝑦 cosx = (-25) ≈ - 8.333
𝑁 3

2 1
𝑏1 = σ 𝑦 sinx = (- 3.464) ≈ - 1.155
𝑁 3

Thus we have
𝑎0
Constant term = = 20.835
2

Coefficient of the first cosine term = 𝑎1 = - 8.333

Coefficient of the first sine term = 𝑏1 = - 1.155

4. The following values of y and x are given. Find the Fourier series of y upto second harmonics

x 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
y 9.0 18.2 24.4 27.8 27.5 22.0 9.0

The values of y at x = 0 and x = 12 are same.Hence the interval of x is (0,12). That is 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12 and we
Shall omit the value of y for x = 12 in the process of calculation.

The Fourier series of period 2l is given by

𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 = + σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 𝑙 𝑙

Putting l = 6 , the Fourier series upto second harmonics is given by

𝑎0 𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥 2𝜋𝑥 2𝜋𝑥
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 = + 𝑎1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑏1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑏2 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 6 6 6 6

𝜋𝑥 𝑎0
Substitute =𝜃,𝑦 = + 𝑎1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑏1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝑏2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
6 2
 x y 𝜋𝑥 cos𝜃 y cos𝜃 cos2𝜃 y cos𝟐𝜃 s𝐢𝐧 𝜃 y s𝐢𝐧𝜃 s𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜃 y s𝐢𝐧𝟐𝜃
𝜃° =
6
0 9 0 1 9 1 9 0 0 0 0
2 18.2 60 0.5 9.1 - 0.5 - 9.1 0.866 15.7612 0.866 15.7612
4 24.4 120 - 0.5 - 12.2 - 0.5 - 12.2 0.866 21.1304 - 0.866 -21.1304

6 27.8 180 -1 - 27.8 1 27.8 0 0 0 0

8 27.5 240 - 0.5 - 13.75 - 0.5 - 13.75 - 0.866 - 23.815 0.866 23.815

10 22.0 300 0.5 11.0 - 0.5 - 11.0 - 0.866 - 19.052 - 0.866 - 19.052
Total 128.9 - 24.65 - 9.25 - 5.9754 - 0.6062

2 2 𝑎0
𝑎0 = σ 𝑦 = (128.9) ≈ 42.967 , ≈ 21.4835
𝑁 6 2

2 2
𝑎1 = σ 𝑦 cos𝜃 = (- 24.65) ≈ - 8.217
𝑁 6

2 2
𝑎2 = σ 𝑦 cos2𝜃 = (- 9.25) ≈ - 3.083
𝑁 6
 2 2
𝑏1 = σ 𝑦 sin𝜃 = (- 5.9754) ≈ - 1.9918
𝑁 6

2 2
𝑏2 = σ 𝑦 sin2𝜃 = (- 0.6062) ≈ - 0.202
𝑁 6

Thus the required Fourier series upto the second harmonics is given by

𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥
y = f(x) = 21.4835 + − 8.217𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 1.9918𝑠𝑖𝑛 +
6 6
𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥
− 3.083𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 0.202𝑠𝑖𝑛
3 3
5. The following data gives the variations of a periodic current over a period.
t secs 0 T/6 T/3 T/2 2T/3 5T/6 T
A amps 9.0 18.2 24.4 27.8 27.5 22.0 9.0

Find numerically the direct current part of the variable current and obtain the amplitudes
upto the second harmonic

We observe that the values of A at t = 0 and t = T are the same. Hence we shall omit the last value.
𝑡
We convert A = f(t) to the period 2𝜋 by putting 𝜃 = 2𝜋 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝜃 = 0 when t = 0 and 𝜃 = 2𝜋 when t = T.
𝑇
The corresponding values of 𝜃 are respectively 0° , 60° , 120°, 180° , 240°, 300° and 360°

The Fourier series upto the second harmonics is given by

𝑎0
A= + 𝑎1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑏1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝑏2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
2

We prepare the relevant table considering the values of A and 𝜃 in 0 ≤ 𝜃 < 2𝜋

 x y 𝜋𝑥 cos𝜃 y cos𝜃 cos2𝜃 y cos𝟐𝜃 s𝐢𝐧 𝜃 y s𝐢𝐧𝜃 s𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜃 y s𝐢𝐧𝟐𝜃
𝜃° =
6
0 9 0 1 9 1 9 0 0 0 0
2 18.2 60 0.5 9.1 - 0.5 - 9.1 0.866 15.7612 0.866 15.7612

4 24.4 120 - 0.5 - 12.2 - 0.5 - 12.2 0.866 21.1304 - 0.866 -21.1304

6 27.8 180 -1 - 27.8 1 27.8 0 0 0 0

8 27.5 240 - 0.5 - 13.75 - 0.5 - 13.75 - 0.866 - 23.815 0.866 23.815

10 22.0 300 0.5 11.0 - 0.5 - 11.0 - 0.866 - 19.052 - 0.866 - 19.052

Total 128.9 - 24.65 - 9.25 - 5.9754 - 0.6062

The Fourier series is given by

y = f(x) = 21.4835 + − 8.217𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 1.9918𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + − 3.083𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 − 0.202𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃

The direct current part of the variable current is the constant term in the Fourier series
being 21.4835

Amplitude of the first harmonic = 𝑎1 2 + 𝑏1 2 = 8.455

Amplitude of the second harmonic = 𝑎2 2 + 𝑏2 2 = 3.09

6.Express y as a Fourier series upto the third harmonics given

x 0 𝝅ൗ 𝟐𝝅ൗ 𝝅 𝟒𝝅ൗ 𝟓𝝅ൗ 𝟐𝝅

𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑

y 1.98 1.30 1.05 1.30 - 0.88 - 0.25 1.98

Here the interval of x is (0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋) and the values of y at x = 0 and x = 𝟐𝝅 must

be same by the periodic property f( x + 2𝜋 ) = f(x). In the given problem the values of
y at x = 0 and 2𝜋 both are given and we must omit one of them. Let us omit the last
value. The values of x in degrees are 0 , 60 , 120 , 180 , 240 , 300 and N = 6
x° y ycosx ycos2x ycos3x ysinx ysin2x ysin3x
0 1.98 1.98 1.98 1.98 0 0 0
60 1.3 0.65 - 0.65 - 1.3 1.1258 1.1258 0
120 1.05 - 0.525 - 0.525 1.05 0.9093 - 0.9093 0
180 1.3 - 1.3 1.3 - 1.3 0 0 0
240 - 0.88 0.44 0.44 - 0.88 0.76208 - 0.76208 0
300 - 0.25 - 0.125 0.125 0.25 0.2165 0.2165 0
Totals 4.5 1.12 2.67 - 0.2 3.01368 - 0.32908 0

2 1 𝑎0
𝑎0 = σ 𝑦 = (4.5) = 1.5 , = 0.75
𝑁 3 2

2 1
𝑎1 = σ 𝑦 cos𝑥 = (1.12) = 0.3733
𝑁 3

2 1
𝑎2 = σ 𝑦 cos2𝑥 = (2.67) = 0.89
𝑁 3

2 1
𝑎3 = σ 𝑦 cos3𝑥 = (- 0.2) = - 0.0667
𝑁 3
 2 1
𝑏1 = σ 𝑦 sin𝑥 = (3.01368) = 1.00456
𝑁 3

2 1
𝑏2 = σ 𝑦 sin2𝑥 = (- 0.32908) = - 0.1097
𝑁 3

2 1
𝑏3 = σ 𝑦 sin3𝑥 = ( 0) = 0
𝑁 3

Fourier series upto third harmonics is given by

𝑎0
y= + (𝑎1 cosx + 𝑏1 sinx) + (𝑎2 cos2x + 𝑏2 sin2x) + (𝑎3 cos3x + 𝑏3 sin3x)
2

y = 0.75 + (0.3733cosx + 1.00456sinx) + (0.89cos2x – 0.1097sin2x) + (−0.0667cos3x)

 Exercise Problems

1. Obtain the Fourier series of y upto the second harmonics for the
following values.
x° 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
y 4.0 3.8 2.4 2.0 - 1.5 0 2.8 3.4

2. Express y as a Fourier series upto the third harmonics given

x 0 𝝅/𝟑 2𝝅/𝟑 𝝅 𝟒𝝅/𝟑 𝟓𝝅/𝟑 𝟐𝝅

y 1.98 1.30 1.05 1.30 - 0.88 - 0.25 1.98

3. a. Express y as a Fourier series upto the third harmonics given the following values.

x 0 1 2 3 4 5
y 4 8 15 7 6 2

b. Find the Fourier series upto the first harmonic. [Dec 2016,June 18]
4. The following table gives the variations of a periodic current A over a period T.

t secs 0 T/6 T/3 T/2 2T/3 5T/6 T

A amps 1.98 1.30 1.05 1.03 - 0.88 - 0.25 1.98
Find numerically the direct current part of the variable current and obtain the amplitude
of the first harmonic . [June,Dec2017,Dec2018]