USTP Course Code: EE 313

Course Title: AC Apparatus and Devices

Lesson #1

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Lesson title: Transformer Principle of Operation, Materials:

Construction, and Types {List materials that students will
Lesson Objectives: need to complete this lesson.}
{Target 1 or 2 learning objectives for the day} Ballpen, Notebook
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
References:
1. define transformer {List of references used for the
2. classify the types of transformer. lesson}
3. describe the fundamental principles of transformer. 1. A Textbook of Electrical
Technology Vol. 2 -
Theraja

Productivity Tip:

“It’s difficult to plan your personal time if you don’t know how you’re spending
it. Tracking your hours is an important step toward better time management.”

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
1) Introduction (2 mins)
{ welcome the student to the lesson; name the topic; connect this lesson to the preview lesson; list
the learning targets, state the relevance for the students}
A brief introduction on the following: syllabus, course outline, flexible learning, due date
of submission of activities, and the grading system.
In this lesson, we shall study two winding ideal transformer, its properties and working
principle. Importance of studying such a transformer will be highlighted. At the end, several
objective type have been given.

University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines

USTP Course Code: EE 313
Course Title: AC Apparatus and Devices
Lesson #1

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (3 mins)

{*Teachers write down 2-3 questions on the second column about the topic for the day and ask
students to write in the first column what they know. The third column is left blank at this time.
**Teachers’ questions can relate to information, processes, hypotheses, opinions, feelings,
procedures, reasoning, solutions, and others.}

What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4)

1. What is a transformer?

2. How transformer works?

3. What is the important

role of transformer in
power system.

B.MAIN LESSON
1) Activity 2: Content Notes (13 mins)
{* Pre-printed and complete content which can be articles, excerpts, lecture notes, a case study, a
situationer, a set of procedures, data, graphs.
** Include instructions for note-taking, highlighting, or outlining.
*** Vary the presentation of content to sustain student attention and interest. Maximize use of
graphic organizers and illustrations to aid comprehension.}

Operating Principles and Construction

What is a Transformer?

A transformer is a static piece of equipment used either for raising or lowering the voltage of an AC supply with a
corresponding decrease or increase in current.

The use of transformers in transmission system is shown in the Figure below.

University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines

USTP Course Code: EE 313
Course Title: AC Apparatus and Devices
Lesson #1

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Fig.3-1

Principle of Operation

A transformer in its simplest form will consist of a rectangular laminated magnetic structure on which two coils of
different number of turns are wound as shown in Figure 3.2a.

Fig.3-2a

The winding to which AC voltage is impressed is called the primary of the transformer and the winding across which
the load is connected is called the secondary of the transformer.

University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines

USTP Course Code: EE 313
Course Title: AC Apparatus and Devices
Lesson #1

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Fig.3-2b

Depending upon the number of turns of the primary (N1) and secondary (N2), an alternating emf (E2) is induced in the
secondary. This induced emf (E2) in the secondary causes a secondary current I2. Consequently, terminal voltage V2
will appear across the load. If V2 > V1, it is called a step up-transformer. On the other hand, if V2 < V1, it is called a
step-down transformer.

When an alternating voltage V1 is applied to the primary, an alternating flux is set up in the core. This alternating
flux links both the windings and induces emfs E1 and E2 in them according to Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic
induction. The emf E1 is termed as primary emf and emf E2 is termed as Secondary emf.

University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines

USTP Course Code: EE 313
Course Title: AC Apparatus and Devices
Lesson #1

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

The following points may be noted carefully:

(i) The transformer action is based on the laws of electromagnetic induction.

(ii) There is no electrical connection between the primary and secondary.

(iii) There is no change in frequency i.e., output power has the same frequency as the input power.

Can DC Supply be used for Transformers?

The DC supply cannot be used for the transformers. This is because the transformer works on the
principle of mutual induction, for which current in onefgfcoil must change uniformly.If fDC supply is given, the
current will not change due to constant supply and transformer will not work

There can be saturation of the core due to which transformer draws very large current from the supply when connected to
DC.

Thus DC supply should not be connected to the transformers.

Construction
We usually design a power transformer so that it approaches the characteristics of an ideal transformer. To achieve
this, following design features are incorporated:
(i) The core is made of silicon steel which has low hysteresis loss and high permeability. Further, core is
laminated in order to reduce eddy current loss. These features considerably reduce the iron losses and the
no-load current.

University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines

USTP Course Code: EE 313
Course Title: AC Apparatus and Devices
Lesson #1

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

(ii) Instead of placing primary on one limb and secondary on the other, it is a usual practice to wind one-half
of each winding on one limb. This ensures tight coupling between the two windings. Consequently,
leakage flux is considerably reduced.
(iii) The winding resistances are minimized to reduce Copper loss and resulting rise in temperature and to
ensure high efficiency.

Transformers are of two types: (i) core-type transformer (see Fig.3-3) and (ii) shell-type transformer (see Fig.3-4).

Core-Type Transformer: In a core-type transformer, half of the primary winding and half of the secondary winding
are placed round each limb to reduce the leakage flux.

Fig.3-3

Shell-Type Transformer: This method of construction involves the use of a double magnetic circuit. Both the
windings are placed round the central limb to ensure a low-reluctance flux path.

University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines

USTP Course Code: EE 313
Course Title: AC Apparatus and Devices
Lesson #1

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Fig.3-4

Comparison of Core and Shell Type Transforms

Core Type Shell Type

The winding encircles the core. The core encircles most part of the winding

It has single magnetic circuit It has double magnetic circuit

The core has two limbs The core has three limbs
The multilayer disc or sandwich type coils are used.
The cylindrical coils are used.

The winding are uniformly distributed on two limbs The natural cooling does not exist as the windings are
hence natural cooling is effective surrounded by the core.
Preferred for low voltage transformers. Preferred for high voltage transformers.

Cooling of Transformers

When transformer supplies a load, two types of losses occur inside the transformer. The iron losses occur in the core
while copper losses occur in the windings. The power lost due to these losses appears in the form of heat. This heat
increases the temperature of the transformer. To keep the temperature rise of the transformer within limits, a suitable
coolant and cooling method is necessary.

University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines

USTP Course Code: EE 313
Course Title: AC Apparatus and Devices
Lesson #1

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

The various cooling methods are designated witch depended upon:

A: cooling medium used and B: type of circulation employed.

The various coolant used such as Air, Gas, Mineral oil, and water.

One of cooling method system is shown in figure below which is called Oil Forced Water Forced cooling system;

2) Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (18 mins + 2 mins checking)
{*Teacher designs tasks around the Content that develop learning, build skills in comprehension,
critical thinking, creativity, and communication, practice technical skills, and foster value
formation.
** There can be more than one activity. Ex. First activity can be organizing information from the
content into a chart and the second activity can be answering the guide questions.
*** Teacher adds this prompt for self-assessment: “Check your answers against the Key to
Corrections found at the end of this SAS. Write your score on your paper.”}
Multiple Choices. Encircle the best answer.
1. A transformer transforms
a. frequency
b. voltage
c. current

University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines

USTP Course Code: EE 313
Course Title: AC Apparatus and Devices
Lesson #1

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

d. voltage and current.

2. Which of the following is not a basic element of a transformer ?
a. core
b. primary winding
c. secondary winding
d. mutual flux.
3. In an ideal transformer,
a. windings have no resistance
b. core has no losses
c. core has infinite permeability
d. all of the above.
4. The main purpose of using core in a transformer is to
a. decrease iron losses
b. prevent eddy current loss
c. eliminate magnetic hysteresis
d. decrease reluctance of the common magnetic circuit.
5. Transformer cores are laminated in order to
a. simplify its construction
b. minimise eddy current loss
c. reduce cost
d. reduce hysteresis loss.
6. A transformer having 1000 primary turns is connected to a 250-V a.c. supply. For a secondary
voltage of 400 V, the number of secondary turns should be
a. 1600
b. 250
c. 400
d. 1250
7. The primary and secondary induced e.m.fs. E1 and E2 in a two-winding transformer are always
a. equal in magnitude
b. antiphase with each other
c. in-phase with each other
d. determined by load on transformer secondary.
8. A step-up transformer increases
a. voltage
b. current
c. power

University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines

USTP Course Code: EE 313
Course Title: AC Apparatus and Devices
Lesson #1

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

d. frequency
9. The primary and secondary windings of an ordinary 2-winding transformer always have
a. different number of turns
b. same size of copper wire
c. a common magnetic circuit
d. separate magnetic circuits.
10. In a transformer, the leakage flux of each winding is proportional to the current in that winding
because
a. Ohm’s law applies to magnetic circuits
b. leakage paths do not saturate
c. the two windings are electrically isolated
d. mutual flux is confined to the core.

3) Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (2 mins)

{This serves as the student’s review and summary of what was learned from the session. The
teacher asks students to monitor how their knowledge has changed by reviewing the questions in
the What I Know Chart from Activity 1 and write their answers to the questions based on what they
now know in the third column of the chart.}
What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4)
1. Why do we need
transformers?
2. How transformer works?

3. What is the important

role of transformer in
power system.

4) Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

{*Teacher creates a short quiz for students to check how well they understood the lesson.
** Teacher adds this prompt for self-assessment: “Check your answers against the Key to
Corrections found at the end of this SAS. Write your score on your paper.”
*** Check for Understanding may also be a summative test which the teacher will check and grade.
Key to Correction for summative test should only be in the Teachers’ Guide and not in the
SASs.}

University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines

USTP Course Code: EE 313
Course Title: AC Apparatus and Devices
Lesson #1

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Essay.

Explain how the construction of a step-down transformer differs from that of a step-
up transformer.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
1) Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)
{*Teacher directs the student to mark their place in the work tracker which is simply a visual to
help students track how much work they have accomplished and how much work there is left to
do. This tracker will be part of the student activity sheet}

{**To develop habits on thinking about learning, teacher writes a question or two that may ask
students about their learning experience, if they met the learning target, what they found difficult
/ easy about the topic or experience, what strategies worked for them or not, etc.}
Three things I learned:
1.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Two things I like to learn more:

University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines

USTP Course Code: EE 313
Course Title: AC Apparatus and Devices
Lesson #1

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

1.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

One question you still have:

1.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

FAQs
{The teacher writes 2-3 Questions with Answers that they anticipate students would ask about the topic.
FAQs help make-up for decreased opportunity for students to ask for clarifications or explore related
topics.}
1. Q: How do you know if a transformer is in operation?
A: Set the meter to read 24 volts AC and look for this on the outer two wires of the 3 wires at the
top of the transformer. If there is no voltage there then the transformer itself is faulty and you
need to replace the transformer. If there is no power go further back on the line and measure
the voltage.
2. Q: Why oil is used in transformer?
A: When voltage goes up/down, the temperature of the transformer's windings increases, oil is
used to cool down the condition. It acts as an insulator between the windings. It increases the
resistance between them and avoids short circuit. It operates the level of oil inside the
transformer.
3. Q: Where is step down transformer used?
A: It is used in the main adapters and chargers for cell phones, CD players and stereos. It can be
used to step down the voltage level in transmission line. In welding machines it is used in
reducing voltage and increasing current.

University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines