Charissa Mae D.

Yap

BSMT2B Cestodes April 8, 2022

Scientific Name / Disease / Mode of Infective Intermediate Definitive Host Diagnostic Ova Adult Treatment
Common Name Pathology Transmission stage Host (1st and Morphology morphology
2nd)
Diphyllobothrium Diphyllobpthriasis Ingestion of Encysted in 1st host - man, dog, cat, - finding Yellowish 3 to 10m length, Praziquantel – 5 to
/ Fish tapeworm raw or fish carnivorous other mammals characteristic brown, up to 4000 10 mg/kg single
undercooked fish operculated eggs, moderately proglottids dose
infected fish 2nd or proglottids in thick shell, Criterior :
Intermediate stools, sometimes inconspicuous Dark rosette-like recovery of scolex
hosts proglottids may be operculum, Coiled in feces after
(fish)=perch, vomited measure 66 x treatment
trout, salmon - direct fecal smear 44 µm Located at
& pike - Kato technique to middle
demonstrate eggs Extends from
ootyle and
opens through
uterine pore
behind common
genital pore

Proglottids
disintegrate only
when the
segment has
completed its
reproductive
function
Taenia Saginata / Taeniasis Ingestion Oncosphere Cattles man Intestinal Taeniasis: 31-43 um in White, Ribbon Praziquantel
Beef tapeworm, - Stool Examination: length, shaped, (single dose after
unarmed tape DFS, Cellophane Tape, covered by Flattened, breakfast) 5-
worm of man Concentration Method outer Segmented 10mg/kg
(Formalin-Ether embryonal Length: 5-10
sedimentation & Brine membrane, meters Effective against
Flotation) has brown adult tapeworm in
shell. hexacant Entirely covered a single dose and
Molecular methods: embryo w/ 3 by tegument kills cysticercus in
DNA probes and PCR pairs of lancet high dose (50-100
shaped Consists of 3 mg/kg)
Observation of hooklets portions:
proglottid in stool by 1. Scolex Niclosamide
naked eye, whitish 2. Neck (2gm) – single
segment is easily 3. Strobila dose in the
 - recognized against morning on an
dark yellowish empty stomach
mash of stool
- Eosinophilia
Serological test for
specific AB (IHA,
IFA, ELISA)
Taenia Solium/ Taeniasis solium Fecal – oral – Egg and Pig man .Demonstration of eggs Shape – •Measurement •Praziquantel
pork Tapeworm and Human route and cysticercus in stool spherical – 2-3 meters Dosage: 10 to 20
cysticercosis Ingestion a) Direct fecal smear • Color – pale (exceptionally 8 mg per kg single
b) Scotch tape swab buff to walnut meters in dose
•Taenia spp. brown length) Effect: expel
Differentiation is not •Measurement worm in toto
possible through eggs – 5 to 10 um in Composition of •Niclosamide
examination diameter Head •Paramomycin
•2 radially- •globular in
2.Demonstration of striated shells shaped with 4
gravid proglottids in the -Outer shell – cup-shaped
stool thin and rarely suckers
3.Recovery of scolex seen •provided with
after antihelminthic -Inner shell conspicuous,
therapy •brown, thick rounded
and striated rostellum armed
•embryo or with double
oncosphere rows of large
with six and small hooks
hooklets numbering 22 to
36 and
measuring 140
to 200 um and
100 to 150 um in
length
Hymenolepis Hymenolepiasis Ingestion of Embryonated Arthropods Man and rodents •specific diagnosis = Shape : •found in the Praziquantel =
Nana/ Dwarf custecercoid- egg or demonstratioarrafTeggs spherical or ileum 25mg/kg single
Tapeworm infected cysticercoid in stool subspherical - •delicate dose
in insects •light infections = need Measures 30 to strobila that causes
to concentrate stool 47 um in measures 25 to vacuolization and
specimens diameter 45 mm x 1 mm disruption of
•proglottids are not (lw) tegument in the
recovered because they H. nana neck region
undergo degeneration cysticercoid dosage for
prior to passage with Oncosphere hymenolepiasis is
stools higher than for
thin outer taeniasis because
membrane of relative
resistant
thick inner cysticercoids in
membrane
 with the intestinal
conspicuous tissue
bipolar •examine stool
thickenings after 2 weeks
repeat treatment
4 to 8 hair-like to cover for the
polar filaments worms emerging
arise from remaining
viable
filaments are cysticercoids
embedded in
the inner
membrane
Hymenolepis Hymenolepiasis Ingestion Cysticercoid Larval fleas Man and rodents based on identification Shape : circular larger than H. similar to H. nana
Diminuta/ Rat and adult of eggs from stool nana
tapeworm beetles Measures 60 to Praziquantel
H. dimcysticinuta eggs 80 um - Bile- Measures : 60 25mg/kg single
are more circular, larger stained cm in length dose
and lack bipolar Oncosphere
filaments -Enclosed in an
inner
At times the whole membrane
worm is expelled and - Has bipolar
the scolex may be used thickenings
in diagnosis -Lacks bipolar
filaments
- have a fan-
like
arrangement
Echinococcus Cystic Ingestion Livestock and Definitive 2-6mm long small and small and round Cystic
Granulosus/ echinococcosis Embryonated human •DFS - detection of •have a scolex with only round (30- (30-43μm in echinococcosis :
Hydatid worm, egg eggs and three attached 43μm in diameter)
hyper tape worm occasionally segments diameter •thick-shelled -Chemotherapy,
or dog worm worms and contain a cyst puncture, and
•Immuno- hexacanth (6- PAIR
coprological tests - hooked) embryo (Percutaneous
detect parasite (oncosphere) Aspiration,
antigens in faecal Injection of
samples chemicals and
•Cysts may be Reaspiration)
visualized by have been used to
various medical replace surgery as
imaging effective
techniques treatments for
(computerized cystic
axial tomography echinococcosis.
(CAT) scans, X-rays, -chara remains
ultrasound) the most effective
 •Several treatment to
immunoserological remove the cyst
tests – detect host and can lead to a
antibody complete cure
•intradermal
(Casoni) test using •Alveolar
hydatid fluid echinococcosis:
•Suggestive -(treatment is
-slow-growing more difficult than
tumour cystic
accompanied by echinococcosis)
eosinophilia -requires radical
surgery
-long-term
chemotherapy
or both

Nematodes

Scientific name Disease / Mode of Infective stage Intermediate Definitive Diagnostic Ova Adult morphology Treatment
/ Common Pathology Transmission host (1st and host morphology
name 2nd)
Ascaris Ascariasis Embryonated Human The unfertilized fertilized Females measure 20–35 Mebendazole,
Lumbricoides/ Egg egg will not -rounder cm long with straight taisl; Pyrantel
Large Intestinal Fecal – Oral undergo to the -45-75mm pamoate,
Roundworm Route biological - shell is thick males are smaller at Levamisole,
development -contains 15–31 cm and tend to Piperazine
while the mammillated have curved tails Citrate and
fertilized egg layer Albendazole
will proceed to Unfertilized
the biological -elongated
development shape
-DFS -90mm
-FECT - the shell is
thin
May lack
mammilated
layer

Hookworm Ancylostomiasis Skin Filariform Animals •primary means is Necator 60-75 grayish- white to pink Mebendazole or
a. Necator penetration Larva (L3) by recovery of the mm - cuticle somewhat thick pyrantel
Americanus/ and oral eggs in stool Ancylostoma - anterior conspiciuous, hook pamoate for
New world samples 55 -60 mm - female 9-12mm long, 0.25- asymptomatic
Hookworm •larvae may -35-40 width 0.50mm hookworm
mature and hatch -male 5-10 0.2-0.4mm
b. Ancylostoma from the eggs in -E cleavage 2,4 Prominent posterior copulatory infections: iron
Duodenale/ stool that has to 8 cell stage bursa replacement
Old world been allowed to -shell is Necator – cutting plates
Hookworm sit at room smooth and Ancylostoma- teeth
temperature w/o colorless
additive fixatives
•recovery and
examination of
the buccal capsule
is necessary to
determine the
specific
hookworm
organism
•reverse enzyme
immunoassay for
specific IgE
Strongyloides Strongyloidiasis Skin Filariform Human diagnostic eggs, -Average 48 by - 2 by 0.4 mm Thiabendazole
Duodenale/ penetration Larva (L3) often 35mm - other features- colorlesss , and for
Threadworm indistinguishable -Well transparesnt body; finlt striated alternative
from those of developed cuticle; dhort buccal cavity; long Albendazole
hookworm, may larvae slender esophagus and ivermectin
be present in stool -2,4 to 8 cell
samples from stage when it
patients suffering present
from severe -Shell is thin
diarrhea hyaline
•stool
concentration
with zinc sulfate
has successfully
recovered these
eggs
•rhabditiform
larvae may be
recovered in fresh
stool samples and
duodenal
aspirates
•careful screening
of feces is
necessary to
differentiated
rhabditiform
larvae of
hookworm from
Strongyloides
•Enterotest and
ELISA
 •Sputum samples
have yielded
Strongyloides
larvae in patients
suffering from
disseminated
disease

Trichuris Trichuriasis Ingestion of Fully Human •Direct Fecal Shape - Barrel- Colour: Albendazole
Trichiura / infected Embryonted Smear (DFS) with shaped egg flesh or pinkish colored slender Dose: 400 mgs
Whipworm Muscle with Egg a drop of saline. •Thick, smooth worms single dose
encysted •Cellophane thick brown egg Size: Mebendazole
larva/ Fecal – smear method or shell and 2 female = 3.5 to 5.5 cm; Dose: 500 mgs
oral route the Kato thick transparent male = 3.0 to 3.5 cm Single-dose or
smear that uses plugs 100 mgs twice a
about 20 to 60 mg protruding •Male is smaller than female day for 3 days
of stool sample. from both oAnterior 3/5 of the worm – fine Oxantel –
This method is poles. hair-like structure which forms Pyrantel Dose:
highly •Size – the esophagus. 10-20 mgs per
recommended in measures 50 to •Esophagus – is characteristically kg/bodyweight
the diagnosis of 54 microns by embedded in glandular cells single dose
trichuriasis. 22 to 23 calledNstichocytes.
•Kato-Katz microns posterior 2/5 of the worm
technique is a •It is a lemon contain the intestine and
quantitative or football- reproductive organs.
method that shaped with •Tail end
employs egg plug-like female – straight and blunt
counting to translucent posterior end.
determine the polar male – usually curved at 360o,
intensity of prominences. has a coiled posterior with a
helminth •The eggs have single spicule and retractile
infection. a yellowish sheath
•Acid-ether and outer and a
the formalin- transparent
ether/ethyl inner shell.
acetate Fertilized eggs
concentration –
techniques can unsegmented
also be used for at oviposition
the diagnosis of and embryonic
trichuriasis. development
•FLOTAC takes place
technique has also outside the
been shown to be host when eggs
more sensitive in are deposited
the diagnosis of in clayish soil.
trichuriasis
compared with
Kato-Katz and
 ether/ethyl
acetate
concentration
techniques
Enterobius Enterobiasis or Human to Embryonated human Scotch tape •Size: 50-60 Color: whitish or brownish A. Mebendazole
Vermicularis / oxyuriasis Human Egg Swab um by 20 to 30 •Shape: spindle-shaped •single dose of
Seatworm, pinworm (Ingestion, Embryonated um •Size: very small 100 mg tab for
Pinworm and inhalation) Eggs •Shape: •Female: measures 8-13 mm by everyone above
Societyworm elongated, 0.3 to 2 years of age -􏰀
ovoid flattened •0.5 mm this is repeated
on ventral side •Male:2to5mmby0.1to0.2mm after 2 weeks
giving a letter Posterior end B. Pyrantel
D appearance •Female: long sharp pointed end pamoate - Dose:
•Egg shell •Male: ventrally curved; has a •11 mg/kg
composed of 2 single conspicuous copulatory orally
layers spicule but lack gubernaculums (maximum of 1
oAn outer thick Anterior End g) as a single
hyaline alb •Is a pair of lateral cuticular dose
uminous shell expansions known as “lateral •a second dose
oInner wings or cephalic alae” should be given
embryonic after 2 weeks
lipoidal
membrane
Trichinella Trichinosis Ingestion of Encysted Larva Infected Human Biopsy - free •Male – 1.50 mm by 0.04 mm A.
Spiralis / Pork Trichinellosis infected animals larvae or •Female – 3.50 mm by 0.50 by Thiabendazole
worm Trichiniasis Muscle with Rats and pigs encapsulated 0.06 mm •Dose: 50
Trichinelliasis encysted larvae in skeletal mg/kg/body
larva (eating muscle Shape: weight
raw food or •Xenodiagnosis •Thread-like appearance
uncooked •Bachman •characteristics
meat) Intradermal test
Characteristics
1. Anterior end
• provided w/ a small orbicular,
non-papillated mouth
•in female, Anterior fifth is
provided w/ a single ovary with
vulva and a long
•narrow digestive system
2. Posterior end
• Female: bluntly rounded
•Male: ventrally curved with 2
lobular appendages
Capillaria Intestinal Ingestion of 3rd stage larva Glass fish Human •by finding •Color : pale . Female worm . Mebendazole
Philippinensis / Capillariasis fish with the ( in human) characteristic yellow in color osize: 2.3 to 5.3 mm by lengthn •Dose: 200 mgs
Pudoc worm infective typical and -eggs with a larger than male twice daily for
stage of the atypical -larvae moderately 2. Male worm 20 days
larva. thick, striated •size: 1.5 to 3.9 mm by length B. Albendazole
 capillaria egg -adult worms in shell with •smaller than female •Dose: 400 mgs
(in fish) stool flattened •characterized by the presence daily for 60 days
•eggs can readily bipolar plugs of a chitinized spicule and a long
be seen in a •Shape: spicule sheath extending beyond
simple fecal smear Peanut-shaped the length of worm
-concentration •Size:
technique acid Measures 42
ether or formalin by 20 um
ether method •Development
stage – single
or 2
segmented
stage
development

Trematodes

Scientific Disease / Mode of Infective stage Intermediate Definitive Diagnostic Ova morphology Adult Treatment
name / Pathology transmission hosts (1st and host morphology
Common 2nd)
name
Fasciola Fascioliasis Ingestion To Snail: Miracidia Lymneid Herbivorous •diagnosis large, oval, Large size, 20- Bithionol (dichlorophenol)
Hepatica/ hepatica, Sheep To plants: Cercaria snail and Animals -acute yellowish brown 30 mm by 8-13 – 30-50 mg/kg per body
Sheep Liver liver rot To human: Aquatic hepatitis of operculated mm weight on alternate days
Fluke pharyngeal, Metacercaria vegetation- other etiology •egg •Flat, leaf to complete 10-15 doses
Pharyngeal UNEMBRYONATED watercress Cholecystitis •measures 130 – shaped with a Dehydroemetine
fascioliasis or EGG 150 um by 63 – 90 characteristic hydrochloride – 1 mg per
halzoun um shouldered kg daily intramuscularly for
•unsegmented at appearance 10 days
oviposition from its •Emetine hydrochloride –
cephalic cone 30 mg daily for 17-18 days
•Oral and intramuscularly or 40 mg
ventral suckers daily to a total of 5 mg/ kg
of equal size on body weight
the cephalic •Hexachloroparaxylene -
cone favorable results are
•Intestine with reported from Russia
numerous •Praziquantel – probably
diverticula
 •Highly effective as in other liver
dendritic fluke infections
testes in
tandem
•formation
•Diffusely
branched
vitellaria in
lateral and
posterior
portions of the
body
•Short,
convoluted
uterus
Fasciola Fascioliasis Ingestion To Snail: Miracidia Aquatic Herbivorous diagnosis are ellipsoidal, •24–27 mm •Bithionol
Gigantica/ Gigantica To plants: Cercaria Snails and Animals -acute rounded at both long, 5–13 mm (dichlorophenol) – 30-50
Giant Liver To human: Aquatic hepatitis of ends wide mg/kg per body weight on
Fluke Metacercaria Vegetation other etiology •yellow and with an alternate days to complete
UNEMBRYONATED Cholecystitis unembryonated average 10-15 doses
EGG •have a clear thin length/width Dehydroemetine
shell with a ratio of 4.39– hydrochloride – 1 mg per
•delicate 5.20 mm kg daily intramuscularly for
operculum at one 10 days
end (mean •Emetine hydrochloride –
diameter of 30 mg daily for 17-18 days
operculum 27 intramuscularly or 40 mg
μm). daily to a total of 5 mg/ kg
The eggs measure body weight
120–140/70–90 •Hexachloroparaxylene -
μm (mean 138/82 favorable results are
um reported from Russia
•Praziquantel – probably
effective as in other liver
fluke infections
Fasciolopsis Fasciolopsiasis Ingestion Metacercaria Snail and Pigs and detection of •Indistinguishable Dimensions: •Praziquantel
Buski / Giant Water Humans parasite eggs from eggs of 20-75mm x 8-
Intestinal caltrop, in stool •F.hepatica and 20mm (lw)
Fluke water F.gigantica •Shape:
chestnut, •Large and elongated, oval
water operculated •Reproductive
morning •Unembryonated organs:
glory and at oviposition -2 testes are
lotus. •Dimensions: 130- dendritic and
140um x 80-85um arranged in
tandem in the
posterior half
-branched
ovary lies to
the right of the
midline
•other:
-vitellaria (fine)
-does not have
a cephalic cone
and intestinal
ceca are
unbranched
and reach up to
posterior end
(as compared
to F.hepatica
and
F.gigantica)