7.

sin x 5 0.73 has solutions in quadrants sin x 5 20.23 has solutions in quadrants
I and II. III and IV.
sin21 (0.73) 8 0.82 sin21 (0.23) 8 0.23. The related angle is
This is the solution in quadrant I and is 0.23.
also the related angle.
y Use the CAST
S A
S y A
rule to help
determine the
x solutions in
0.82 0.82
x 0.23 0.23 the required
interval,
0 # x # 2p.
T C
T C
The solution in quadrant III is
The other solution is p 2 0.82 5 2.32. p 1 0.23 5 3.37.
The solution in quadrant IV is
2p 2 0.23 5 6.05.

The solutions are approximately 0.82, 2.32, 3.37, or 6.05.

In Summary
Key Ideas
• In some applications, the formula contains a square of a trigonometric ratio.
This leads to a quadratic trigonometric equation that can be solved algebraically
or graphically.
• A quadratic trigonometric equation may have multiple solutions in the interval
0 # x # 2p. Some of the solutions may be inadmissible, however, in the
context of the problem.

Need to Know
• You can often factor a quadratic trigonometric equation and then solve the
resulting two linear trigonometric equations. In cases where the equation
cannot be factored, use the quadratic formula and then solve the resulting
linear trigonometric equations.
2b 6 "b 2 2 4ac
Note: The solutions to ax 2 1 bx 1 c 5 0 are determined by x 5 2a
.
• You may need to use a Pythagorean identity, compound angle formula, or
double angle formula to create a quadratic equation that contains only a single
trigonometric function whose arguments all match.

CHECK Your Understanding

1. Factor each expression.
a) sin2 u 2 sin u d) 4 cos2 u 2 1
b) cos2 u 2 2 cos u 1 1 e) 24 sin2 x 2 2 sin x 2 2
c) 3 sin2 u 2 sin u 2 2 f ) 49 tan2 x 2 64

NEL Chapter 7 435

 2. Solve the first equation in each pair of equations for y and/or z. Then
use the same strategy to solve the second equation for x in the interval
0 # x # 2p.
1 1
a) y 2 5 , tan2 x 5
3 3
b) y 2 1 y 5 0, sin2 x 1 sin x 5 0
c) y 2 2yz 5 0, cos x 2 2 cos x sin x 5 0
d) yz 5 y, tan x sec x 5 tan x

3. a) Solve the equation 6y 2 2 y 2 1 5 0.

b) Solve 6 cos2 x 2 cos x 2 1 5 0 for 0 # x # 2p.

PRACTISING
4. Solve for u, to the nearest degree, in the interval 0° # u # 360°.
K
a) sin2 u 5 1 d) 4 cos2 u 5 1
2
b) cos u 5 1 e) 3 tan2 u 5 1
c) tan2 u 5 1 f ) 2 sin2 u 5 1

5. Solve each equation for x, where 0° # x # 360°.

a) sin x cos x 5 0
b) sin x (cos x 2 1) 5 0
c) (sin x 1 1) cos x 5 0
d) cos x (2 sin x 2 !3) 5 0
e) ( !2 sin x 2 1) ( !2 sin x 1 1) 5 0
f ) (sin x 2 1) (cos x 1 1) 5 0

6. Solve each equation for x, where 0 # x # 2p.

a) (2 sin x 2 1) cos x 5 0
b) (sin x 1 1) 2 5 0
c) (2 cos x 1 !3) sin x 5 0
d) (2 cos x 2 1) (2 sin x 1 !3) 5 0
e) ( !2 cos x 2 1) ( !2 cos x 1 1) 5 0
f ) (sin x 1 1) (cos x 2 1) 5 0

7. Solve for u to the nearest hundredth, where 0 # u # 2p.

a) 2 cos2 u 1 cos u 2 1 5 0
b) 2 sin2 u 5 1 2 sin u
c) cos2 u 5 2 1 cos u
d) 2 sin2 u 1 5 sin u 2 3 5 0
e) 3 tan2 u 2 2 tan u 5 1
f ) 12 sin2 u 1 sin u 2 6 5 0

8. Solve each equation for x, where 0 # x # 2p.

a) sec x csc x 2 2 csc x 5 0 d) 2 cot x 1 sec2 x 5 0
2
b) 3 sec x 2 4 5 0 e) cot x csc2 x 5 2 cot x
c) 2 sin x sec x 2 2 !3 sin x 5 0 f ) 3 tan3 x 2 tan x 5 0

436 7.6 Solving Quadratic Trigonometric Equations NEL

 7.6
9. Solve each equation in the interval 0 # x # 2p. Round to
two decimal places, if necessary.
a) 5 cos 2x 2 cos x 1 3 5 0 c) 4 cos 2x 1 10 sin x 2 7 5 0
b) 10 cos 2x 2 8 cos x 1 1 5 0 d) 22 cos 2x 5 2 sin x

10. Solve the equation 8 sin2 x 2 8 sin x 1 1 5 0 in the interval

0 # x # 2p.
11. The quadratic trigonometric equation cot 2 x 2 b cot x 1 c 5 0 has
p p 7p 5p
the solutions 6 , 4 , 6 , and 4 in the interval 0 # x # 2p. What are
the values of b and c?
12. The graph of the quadratic trigonometric equation sin2 x 2 c 5 0
is shown. What is the value of c?
y
0.5 x
0
–0.5 p p 3p
2 2

13. Natasha is a marathon runner, and she likes to train on a 2p km

A
stretch of rolling hills. The height, in kilometres, of the hills above
sea level, relative to her home, can be modelled by the function
h(d ) 5 4 cos2 d 2 1, where d is the distance travelled in kilometres.
At what intervals in the stretch of rolling hills is the height above sea
level, relative to Natasha’s home, less than zero?
14. Solve the equation 6 sin2 x 5 17 cos x 1 11 for x in the interval
T
0 # x # 2p.
15. a) Solve the equation sin2 x 2 !2 cos x 5 cos2 x 1 !2 cos x 1 2
for x in the interval 0 # x # 2p.
b) Write a general solution for the equation in part a).

16. Explain why it is possible to have different numbers of solutions for

C quadratic trigonometric equations. Give examples to illustrate your
explanation.

Extending
tan x cot x
17. Given that f (x) 5 2 , determine all the values
1 2 tan x 1 2 cot x
of a in the interval 0 # a # 2p, such that f (x) 5 tan (x 1 a).
18. Solve the equation 2 cos 3x 1 cos 2x 1 1 5 0.

19. Solve 3 tan2 2x 5 1, 0° # x # 360°.

20. Solve !2 sin u 5 !3 2 cos u, 0 # u # 2p.

NEL Chapter 7 437

 2p p 5p solution in the interval 0 # x # 2p (p),
17. x 5 0 1 np, 1 2np, and 8. a) x 5 or
3 3 3 because cos x 5 21 for only one value of x.
4p p 5p 7p 11p p 5p
1 np, where nPI b) x 5 , , , or 17. a5 ,
3 6 6 6 6 4 4
p p 5p 3p p 3p
18. a) x 5 , , , or c) x 5 0, 0.96 p, 5.33, or 2p 18. x 5 0.72, , p, , or 5.56
4 2 4 4 2 2
p p 5p 3p 7p 19. x 5 15°, 75°, 105°, 165°, 195°, 255°,
b) x 5 , , or d) x 5 or
6 2 6 4 4 285°, or 345°
p p 3p 5p 3p 7p 20. u 5 0.96
Lesson 7.6, pp. 435–437 e) x 5 , , , , , or
4 2 4 4 2 4
1. a) (sin u) (sin u 2 1) p 5p 7p 11p Chapter Review, p. 440
f ) x 5 0, , , p, , , or 2p
b) (cos u 2 1) (cos u 2 1) 6 6 6 6 7p
1. a) Answers may vary. For example, sin 10 .
c) (3 sin u 1 2) (sin u 2 1) p 5p
9. a) x 5 , 1.98, 4.30, or 8p
b) Answers may vary. For example, cos 7 .
d) (2 cos u 2 1) (2 cos u 1 1) 3 3
e) (6 sin x 2 2) (4 sin x 1 1) 2p 4p 6p
b) x 5 0.45, , , or 5.83 c) Answers may vary. For example, sin 7 .
f) (7 tan x 1 8) (7 tan x 2 8) 3 3
!3
p
p 5p 7p 11p p 5p d) Answers may vary. For example, cos 7 .
2. a) y56 ,x5 , , , or c) x 5 , 0.85, , or 2.29
3 6 6 6 6 6 6 2. y 5 5 cos (x) 2 8
b) y 5 0 or 21, x 5 0, p,
3p
, or 2p p 7p 11p !3 1
2 d) x 5 , , or 3. a) cos x 2 sin x
2 6 6 2 2
!2 !2
1 p p 5p 3p 10. x 5 0.15, 1.02, 2.12, or 2.99
c) y 5 0 or z 5 , x 5 , , , or
2 6 2 6 2 11. b 5 1 1 !3, c 5 !3 b) 2
2
cos x 2
2
sin x
tan x 1 !3
d) y 5 0 or z 5 1, x 5 0, p, or 2p 1
12. c5
1 2 !3 tan x
1 1 2 c)
3. a) y 5 or
3 2
!2 !2
p 2p
b) x 5 1.05, 1.91, 4.37, or 5.24 13. km , d , km,
3 3 d) 2 cos x 2 sin x
4. a) u 5 90° or 270° 2 2
b) u 5 0°, 180°, or 360° 4p
km , d ,
5p
km !3 !3
3 3 4. a) 2 b) 2
c) u 5 45°, 135°, 225°, or 315° 3 2
d) u 5 60°, 120°, 240°, or 300° 14. x 5 1.91 or 4.37 1 !2
3p 5p 5. a) c) 2
e) u 5 30°, 150°, 210°, or 330° 15. a) x 5 or 2 2
u 5 45°, 135°, 225°, or 315° 4 4 !3
d) !3
f)
5. a) x 5 0°, 90°, 180°, 270°, or 360° 3p 5p b)
b) x 5 1 2np or 1 2np, where 2
b) x 5 0°, 180°, or 360° 4 4
24 7
c) x 5 90° or 270° nPI 6. a) sin 2x 5 , cos 2x 5 ,
d) x 5 60°, 90°, 120°, or 270° 16. It is possible to have different numbers of 25 25
solutions for quadratic trigonometric 24
e) x 5 45°, 135°, 225°, or 315° tan 2x 5
f) x 5 90° or 180° equations because, when factored, a 7
p p 5p 3p quadratic trigonometric equation 336 527
6. a) x5 , , , or b) sin 2x 5 2 , cos 2x 5 2 ,
6 2 6 2 can be one expression multiplied by 625 625
3p another expression or it can be a single 336
b) x5 tan 2x 5
2 expression squared. For example, the 527
3 1 120 119
5p 7p equation cos2 x 1 2 cos x 1 2 becomes c) sin 2x 5 2 , cos 2x 5 ,
c) x 5 0, , p, , or 2p 169 169
(cos x 1 1) Qcos x 1 2 R when
6 6 1 120
p 4p 5p tan 2x 5 2
d) x5 , , or 2p 119
3 3 3 factored, and it has the solutions 3 , p,
7. a) trigonometric identity
p 3p 5p 7p 4p
e) x5 , , , or and 3 in the interval 0 # x # 2p. b) trigonometric equation
4 4 4 4 c) trigonometric identity
3p In comparison, the equation
f) x 5 0, , or 2p cos2 x 1 2 cos x 1 1 5 0 becomes
d) trigonometric equation
2 cos2 x
p 5p (cos x 1 1) 2 when factored, and it has 8. 5 1 2 cos2 x
7. a) u 5 , p, or only one solution, p, in the interval cot2 x
3 3
0 # x # 2p. Also, different expressions cos2 x
p 5p 3p 5 1 2 cos2 x
b) u5 , , or produce different numbers of solutions. For cos2 x
6 6 2 1
c) u5p example, the expression cos x 1 2 produces sin2 x
p 5p two solutions in the interval 0 # x # 2p (cos2 x) (sin2 x)
d) u 5 or 5 1 2 cos2 x
cos2 x
6 6 Q 3 and 3 R because cos x 5 2 2 for two
2p 4p 1
p 5p sin2 x 5 1 2 cos2 x
e) u 5 , 2.82, , or 5.96 different values of x. The expression 1 2 cos2 x 5 1 2 cos2 x
4 4
f) u 5 0.73, 2.41, 3.99, or 5.44 cos x 1 1, however, produces only one

666 Answers NEL