II PUC Chemistry Question Bank Unit-1: Solutions

UNIT-1: SOLUTIONS
MCQ 1
FIB 1
2M 1
3M Theory 1
3M Numericals 2
TOTAL MARKS 13

BRN Page 1
II PUC Chemistry Question Bank Unit-1: Solutions

BRN Page 2
II PUC Chemistry Question Bank Unit-1: Solutions

α = α =

BRN Page 3
II PUC Chemistry Question Bank Unit-1: Solutions

PU Question Bank

BRN Page 4
II PUC Chemistry Question Bank Unit-1: Solutions

BRN Page 5
II PUC Chemistry Question Bank Unit-1: Solutions

BRN Page 6
II PUC Chemistry Question Bank Unit-1: Solutions

BRN Page 7
II PUC Chemistry Question Bank Unit-1: Solutions

BRN Page 8
II PUC Chemistry Question Bank Unit-1: Solutions

PU MQP & Previous year Question Answers

1 MARK QUESTION AND ANSWERS FROM PU MODEL PAPERS AND PREVIOUS YEAR EXAMINATIONS

1. Name a colligative property. [MQP-1]

Ans: (Any 1)
a. Relative lowering of vapour pressure
b. Elevation in boiling point
c. Depression in freezing point
d. Osmotic pressure
2. What does the Van’t Hoff factor ‘i’ for a solute in a solvent account for? [MQP-1]
Ans: Extent of association or dissociation of a solute.
3. State Henry’s law. [MQP-2]
Ans: “At constant temperature, the solubility of gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial
pressure of gas above the surface of liquid”
4. Name any concentration term which is independent of temperature. [MQP-2]
Ans: Mole fraction and molality.
5. What is the effect of increase in pressure on the solubility of a gas in a liquid? [MQP-3]
Ans: Solubity of a gas increases with increase in pressure.
6. Components of non-ideal binary solution cannot be completely separated by fractional distillation. Why?
[MQP-3]
Ans: It forms azeotropic mixture.
7. What are isotonic solutions? [MQP-4]
Ans: Solutions having same osmotic pressure at a given temperature are called isotonic solutions.
8. What is the Van’t Hoff factor for potassium sulphate in very dilute aqueous solution? [MQP-4]
Ans: K2SO4 gives 2K+ and 1 SO ions therefore i = 3
9. “Aquatic animals are more comfortable in cold water rather than in warm water”. Give reason.
[MQP-5]
Ans: Because solubility of oxygen is more in cold water rather than in warm water.
10. What is hypertonic solution? [MQP-5]
Ans: A solution which has higher osmotic pressure than the other solution is called hypertonic solution.
11. Mention the SI unit of boiling point elevation constant (Kb). [MQP-6]
Ans: K kg mol-1
12. Give an example for a solution liquid in solid. [MQP-6]
Ans: Amalgum of mercury in sodium

13. Define ebullioscopic constant. [MQP-7]

Ans: It is defined as the elevation in the boiling point when the molality of the solution is unity.
14. A solution of an ester in benzene freezes at 0.84 K temperature below the freezing point of the solution.
What is the molality of the solution if Kf of benzene is 5.12 K kg mol-1? [MQP-7]
Ans: ∆Tf = Kfm
∆Tf = 0.84, Kf = 5.12,
∆
m=
.
=
.
= 0.16 mol/kg

BRN Page 9
II PUC Chemistry Question Bank Unit-1: Solutions

15. What happens to vapour pressure of water if a table spoon of sugar is added to it? [MQP-8]
Ans: Vapour pressure decreases due to the addition of non-volatile solute to the volatile solvent.
16. Two liquids A and B boils at 1450C and 1900C respectively, which of them has higher vapor pressure at
800C? [MQP-8]
0
Ans: Liquid A has higher vapour pressure at 80 C because it is more volatile.
17. What will happens if pressure greater than osmotic pressure is applied on the solution separated by
semipermiable membrane from the solvent? [MQP-9]
Ans: Reverse osmosis takes place
or
Solvent moves from solution side to solvent side.
18. State Raoult’s law of a solution containing non volatile solute. [MQP-9]
Ans: Raoult’s law states that for a solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapour pressure of each
component of the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction in the solution.
19. Van’t Hoff factor ‘i’ is greater than 1 for aqueous solution containing potassium chloride. Why?
[MQP-10]
Ans: Because Kcl undergoes dissociation in solution.
20. What is the SI unit of molal elevation constant (Kb) of a solvent? [MQP-10]
-1
Ans: K Kg Mol
21. Define the term molarity. [March 2014]
Ans: Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute present in 1 liter of the solution.
22. Mention the enthalpy of mixing (∆mixH) value to form an ideal solution. [March 2014]
Ans: The enthalpy of mixing (∆mixH) value to form an ideal solution is zero.
23. What is binary solution? [July 2014]
Ans: A solution which consists of only two components is called as binary solution.
24. Define the term molarity. [July 2014]
Ans: Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute present in 1 liter of the solution.
25. At a given temperature and pressure nitrogen gas is more soluble in water than helium gas. Which one of
them has higher value of KH. [March 2015]
Ans: Helium
26. On mixing equal volumes of acetone and ethanol, what type of deviation from Raoult’s law is expected?
[March 2015]
Ans: Positive deviation
27. On what factor the value of colligative property depends? [July 2015]
Ans: The value of colligative property depends on the number of solute particles and not on the nature of
solute particles.
28. Give an example for liquid solution in which solute is gas. [July 2015]
Ans: Soda water ( CO2 in water )
29. State Raoult’s law for liquid mixtures. [March 2016]
Ans: Raoult’s law states that for a solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapour pressure of each
component of the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction in the solution.
30. Define molality. [March 2016]
Ans: It is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1kg of solvent.
31. Name the law behind the dissolution of CO2 gas in soft drinks under high pressure. [April 2016]
Ans: Henry’s law
32. Ornamental gold containing copper is an example for what type of solution? [April 2016]
Ans: Solid in solid solution.

BRN Page 10
II PUC Chemistry Question Bank Unit-1: Solutions

33. What are ideal solutions? [July 2016]

Ans: Solutions which obeys Raoult’s law under all the conditions are called ideal solutions.
34. What is the effect of rise in temperature on the solubility of gases in liquids? [July 2016]
Ans: Solubility of gases in liquids decreases with rise in temperature because it is an exothermic process.
35. How does molarity change with temperature? [March 2017]
Ans: Molarity decreases with increase in temperature.
(Note: Molarity is inversely proportional to volume. Volume (expands) increases with increase in
temperature.)
36. 10mL of liquid ‘A’ is mixed with 10mL of liquid ‘B’ , the volume of the resultant solution is 19.9mL. What
type of deviation expected from Raoult’s law? [March 2017]
Ans: Negative deviation
37. Give an example for a liquid solution in which the solute is a liquid. [March 2017 set-2]
Ans: Ethanol in water
38. What is the Van’t Hoff’s factor ‘I’ for complete dissociation of potassium sulphate (K2SO4) in a very dilute
solution? [March 2017 set-2]
Ans: 3
39. Define molality. [March 2017 set-3]
Ans: It is defined as the number moles of solute in 1kg or 1000g of solvent.
40. A mixture of chloroform and acetone forms a solution with negative deviation from Raoult’s law. Give
reason. [March 2017 set-3]
Ans: A mixture of chloroform and acetone forms a solution with negative deviation from Raoult’s law
because the intermolecular force formed between chloroform and acetone is stronger than chloroform-
chloroform and acetone-acetone attractions.
41. State Raoult’s law of a binary solution for two volatile liquid components. [July 2017]
Ans: Raoult’s law states that for a solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapour pressure of each
component of the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction in the solution.
42. Van’t Hoff factor for a solution is more than one. What is the conclusion drawn from it? [July 2017]
Ans: Solute undergoes dissociation in solution.
43. State Henry’s law. [March 2018]
Ans: “At constant temperature, the solubility of gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial
pressure of gas above the surface of liquid”
44. Van’t Hoff’s factor for a solution is less than one, what is the conclusion drawn from it? [March 2018]
Ans: Solute undergoes association in solution.
45. Define osmotic pressure. [March-2018, Set-1]
Ans: The minimum external pressure applied on solution side in order to prevent the entry of solvent from
solvent side to solution side is called as osmotic pressure.
46. State Henry’s law. [March-2018, Set-1]
Ans: “At constant temperature, the solubility of gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial
pressure of gas above the surface of liquid”
47. In a binary solution, mole fraction of one component is 0.068. What is the mole fraction of another
component? [July 2018]
Ans: x1 + x2 =1
0.068 + x2 =1
x2 =1 -0.068
x2 =0.932
48. State Henry’s law. [July-2018]

BRN Page 11
II PUC Chemistry Question Bank Unit-1: Solutions

Ans: : “At constant temperature, the solubility of gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial
pressure of gas above the surface of liquid”
49. How does the size of blood cells change when placed in an aqueous solution containing more than 0.9%
(m/v) sodium chloride? [March-2019]
Ans: Shrinks or Decreases or diminishes or contracts or reduces.
50. How does the volume change on mixing two volatile liquids to form an ideal solution? [March-2019]
Ans: No change in the volume/Remains same/ΔV of mixing is zero/ΔVMixing = 0
51. Write the unit of molality of a solution. [July-2019]
Ans: mol/kg
52. At a given temperature, oxygen gas is more soluble in water than Nitrogen gas. Which one of them has
higher value of KH? [July-2019]
Ans: Nitrogen gas
53. What is the value of Van’t Hoff factor (i) for K2SO4? [March-2020]
Ans: 3
54. 10 mL of liquid A is mixed witih 10 mL of liquid B, the volume of the resultant solution is 19.9 mL. What
type of deviation is expected form Raoult’s law? [March-2020]
Ans: Negative deviation from Raoult’s law
55. Define molality. [S-2020]
The number of moles of solute dissolved in one kg (1000g) of the solvent is known as molality.
56. The KH values for Nitrogen gas (N2) at 293K and 303K are 76.48Kbar and 88.64Kbar respectively. Among
these two given temperatures, at which temperature Nitrogen gas is more soluble in water? [S-2020]
293K
57. Mention one practical utility of reverse osmosis. [A-2022]
Desalination of sea water
58. At constant temperature, different gases have different KH value. What does this statement suggest?
[A-2022]
KH is function of the nature of the gas OR
KH depends on the nature of the gas OR
Solubility of gas in liquid OR
Different gases will have different solubility
59. Define molarity [M]. How does molarity vary with temperature? [A-2022]
The number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter (1 dm3) or 1000 cm3 of a solution is called molarity.
Molarity varies inversely with temperature. OR M α 1/T OR
As the temperature increases, molarity of the solution decreases.
60. State Henry’s law. [Aug-2022]
“The partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase (p) is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas (x) in the
solution”. OR
“At a constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure
of the gas present above the surface of liquid or solution”. OR
“The solubility of a gas at a given temperature is directly proportional to the pressure at which it is
dissolved”.
61. Sodium chloride solution having concentration greater than 0.9% (mass/volume) is not safe to inject
intravenously - Give reason. [Aug-2022]
RBC shrinks OR Water will flow out of the cells and they would shrink. OR Exosmosis.
62. Give any two differences between ideal and non-ideal solutions. [Aug-2022]

BRN Page 12
II PUC Chemistry Question Bank Unit-1: Solutions

63. A binary liquid mixture that forms maximum boiling azeotrope at a specific composition is [M-2023]
a) Ethanol + Water b) n - Hexane + n- Heptane
c) Benzene + Toluene d) Nitric acid + Water
Ans: d
64. The value of van’t Hoff factor (i) for ethanoic acid in benzene is nearly [M-2023]
a) 2 b) 1 c) 0.5 d) 0
Ans: c
65. Because of low concentration of O2 in the blood and tissues of people living at high altitudes, suffer from
a disease called ________ [M-2023]
Ans: Anoxia
66. Which of the following is a colligative property? [J-2023]
a) Osmosis b) Osmotic pressure c) Optical activity d) Boiling point
Ans: b
67. Which of the following term is dependent on temperature? [J-2023]
a) Molarity b) Mole fraction c) Molality d) Mass percentage (w/w)
Ans: a
68. Low blood oxygen causes climbers to become weak and unable to think clearly, symptoms of a condition
known as ……………….. [J-2023]
Ans: anoxia
69. If the process of dissolution of a solid in liquid is an endothermic, its solubility: [M-2024]
a) decrease with increase in temperature b) remains same at all temperature
c) increase with increase in temperature d) increase with decrease in temperature
Ans: c) increase with increase in temperature
70. The number of moles of solute present in one kilogram of the solvent is called ___________. [M-2024]
Ans: Molality
71. What type of deviation from Raoult’s law is observed, when equal volume of ethanol and acetone are
mixed together? Mention the reason for it. [M-2024]
Ans: Positive devation
In pure ethanol, molecules are hydrogen bonded. On adding acetone, its molecules get in between the
ethanol molecules and break hydrogen bonds between them. Due to weakening of interactions, the
solution shows positive deviations from Raoult’s law.

5 MARKS QUESTIONS FROM PU MODEL PAPERS AND PREVIOUS YEAR EXAMINATIONS

(A numerical problem on Colligative properties)

1. a. Vapour pressure of liquids A and B at 298K is 300mm of Hg and 450mm of Hg, Calculate the mole
fraction of A in the mixture. Given total vapour pressure of solution = 405mm of Hg.
b. What happens to the solubility of a gas in a liquid with increase in temperature? Give reason.
(3+2) [MQP-1]
a. Let the mole fraction of A be XA ; mole fraction of B be XB
Given p = 300 mmHg, p = 450mmHg, PTotal = 405mmHg, XA=?
we know that XA+ XB=1 or XB = 1- XA
From Raoult’s law
PTotal = p XA + p XB
PTotal = p XA + p (1- XA)
405 = 300 XA + 450 - 450 XA
405 = 450 – 150 XA

BRN Page 13
II PUC Chemistry Question Bank Unit-1: Solutions

XA = 0.3
b. The solubility of a gas in a liquid decreases with increase in temperature.
It is because the solubility of gas in a liquid is an exothermic process.

2. a. The boiling point of benzene is 353.23 K. When 1.80g of a non-volatile solute was dissolved in 90g of
benzene, the boiling point is raised to 354.11 K. Calculate the molar mass of solute. (Kb for benzene is
2.53 K kg mol-1)
b. What is reverse osmosis? Mention any one of its use. (3+2) [MQP-2]
a. ∆T = K m
∆T =
Given; T = 353.23 K, Tb = 354.11 K, w2 = 1.80g, w1 = 90g, Kb=2.53 K Kg mol-1
we know that ∆T = Tb - T = 354.11 – 353.23 = 0.88 K
M2 =
∆
. .
M2 = .
M2 = 58 gmol-1

b. Movement of solvent particles from lower concentration to higher concentration

through a semi permeable membrane, when pressure applied is greater than osmotic
pressure.
Application of reverse osmosis in desalination of water
Desalination of sea water. When pressure more than osmotic pressure is applied, pure water is squeezed
out of the sea water through the membrane. A variety of polymer membranes are available for this
purpose.

3. a. Plot a graph of vapour pressure against mole fraction of the two volatile liquids forming an ideal
solution. What is the change in enthalpy upon mixing the two components of an ideal solution?
b. A 4% solution of a non-volatile solute is isotonic with 0.702% urea solution. Calculate the molar mass
of solute. (Molar mass of urea = 60gmol-1) (2+3) [MQP-3]
a.

The change in enthalpy upon mixing the two components of an ideal solution is zero.

b. For isotonic solutions =

1= urea , 2= non volatile solute,
Given; w1 = 0.702, M1= 60gmol-1, w2 = 4, M2 = ?
M2 =

BRN Page 14
II PUC Chemistry Question Bank Unit-1: Solutions

= .
M2 = 341.8 gmol-1

4. a. The vapour pressure of pure benzene at a certain temperature is 0.850bar. When 0.5g of a non-volatile
solute is added to 39.0g of benzene [Molar mass of benzene 78gmol-1], vapour pressure of the solution is
0.845bar. What is the molar mass of a non-volatile solute?
b. State Raoult’s law for a solution of 2 volatile liquids. Give an example for liquid mixture that shows
negative deviation from Raoult’s law. (3+2) [MQP-4]
a. =
Given; p0 = 0.850, p = 0.845, w2 = 0.5g, w1 = 39g, M1 = 78g, M2 = ?
M =
. .
M2 =
. .
M2 = 170 gmol-1

b. Raoult’s law states that for a solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapour pressure of each component of
the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction in the solution.
Eg., Acetone + chloroform, nitric acid + water.

5. a. For non-ideal solution having positive deviation from Raoult’s law.

i. Plot a graph of vapour pressure against mole fraction.
ii. What type of azeotrope formed by this solution?
iii. Give one example for the above solution.
b. The vapour pressure of ethyl alcohol at 298K is 40mm of Hg. Its mole fraction in a solution with methyl
alcohol is 0.80. What is its vapour pressure in solution if the mixture obeys Raoult’s law? (3+2)
[MQP-5]

a. i.

ii. Minimum boiling azeotrope

iii. Ethanol + acetone

b. According to Raoult’s law

p = p ×

Given, p = 40 mm of Hg, × = 0.80

p = 40 x 0.80
= 32 mm of Hg

BRN Page 15
II PUC Chemistry Question Bank Unit-1: Solutions

6. a. The mole fraction of helium in a saturated solution at 200C is 1.2 x 10-6. Find the pressure of the
helium above the solution. Given KH= 144.97 Kbar.

b. Give reason i) Nacl dissolves in water but not in benzene

ii) Solution of chloroform and acetone shows negative deviation from Raoult’s law
iii) Raisen swell in size when kept in water. (2+3) [MQP-6]

p = K ×
a. Given, KH= 144.97 Kbar= 144.97 x 10 bar , × = 1.2 x 10-6
3

p = 144.97 x 103 x 1.2 x 10-6

p = 0.174 bar
b. i. Due to similar intermolecular forces and same nature.( NaCl is polar and hence it dissolves in polar
solvent water but benzene is non-polar)
ii. Because of intermolecular hydrogen bond, strong intermolecular forces are formed between
chloroform and acetone in solution. Therefore it shows negative deviation from Roult’s law.
iii. Due to osmosis.

7. a. How will you determine the molecular mass of solute from relative lowering of vapour pressure.
b. Ethylene glycol (Molar mass = 62g/mol) is a common automobile antifreeze. Calculate the depression
in freezing point of a solution containing 12.4g of this substance in 100g of water. ( given Kf of water =
1.86 Kkgmol-1) (2+3) [MQP-7]
a. Relative lowering of vapour pressure and is equal to the mole fraction of the solute.

Here n1 and n2 are the number of moles of solvent and solute respectively present in the solution. For
dilute solutions n2 < < n1, hence neglecting n2 in the denominator we have

Here w1 and w2 are the masses and M1 and M2 are the molar masses of the solvent and solute respectively.
p xw xM
M =
(p − p)x w
b. ∆T = K m
∆T =
Given; w2 = 12.4 g, w1 = 100g, Kf=1.86 K Kg mol-1,M2= 62 gmol-1, ∆T = ?
. .
∆T =
∆T = 3.72 K

8. a. 15.0g of unknown substance was dissolved in 450g of water. The resulting solution was found to
freeze at - 0.340C . Calculate the molar mass of the substance. Kf of water = 1.86 Kkgmol-1.
b. What are azeotropes? Give an example. (3+2) [MQP-8]
a. ∆T = K m

∆T =
Given; w2 = 15.0 g, w1 = 450g, Kf=1.86 K Kg mol-1,M2= ? , ∆T = T -Tf = 0-(-0.34) =0.34 K,

BRN Page 16
II PUC Chemistry Question Bank Unit-1: Solutions

M =
∆
1.86 x 15 x 1000
M =
0.34 x 450
M2 = 182.35 gmol-1

b. Azeotropes are constant binary mixtures which has same composition in vapour phase as well as in
solution phase. Example: mixture of ethanol and water, Hcl and water etc.,

9. a. If 1.71g of sugar (Molar mass = 342 g/mol) is dissolved in 500cm3 of a solution at 300K. What will be its
osmotic pressure? [Given R = 8.314 jmol-1K-1]
b. Point out the differences between ideal solution and non-ideal solution.(3+2) [MQP-9]
a. π = CRT
π=
Given; w2=1.71g, M2=342gmol-1, V=500cm3, T=300K, R = 8.314 jmol-1K-1= 0.0831 barLmol-1K-1, π = ?
. .
π=
π = 0.2493 bar

b.
IDEAL SOLUTIONS NON-IDEAL SOLUTIONS
1.Solute-solvent interaction is same as 1.Solute-solvent interaction is weaker or
that of solute-solute, solvent-solvent stronger as that of solute-solute, solvent-
interaction solvent interaction
2. PTotal=PA+PB 2. PTotal≠PA+PB
3.∆Vmix=0 3.∆Vmix≠0
4.∆Hmix=0 4.∆Hmix≠0
5. It do not form azeotropes 5. It forms azeotropes
Eg: Benzene+toluene, n-hexane + n- Eg: Acetone+Ethanol, Acetone + aniline
heptane

10. a. At 298K, the vapour pressure of water is 23.75mm of Hg. Calculate the vapour pressure at the same
temperature over 5% aqueous solution of urea. Given molar mass of urea = 60 gmol-1.
b. Mention any 2 applications of Henry’s law. (3+2) [MQP-10]
a. =
Given; p = 23.75 mm of Hg, p=?, 5% aqueous solution of urea = 5g urea in 95g of water [ w2=5g, w1=95g],
M2=60 gmol-1, Molar mass of water- M1 = 18 gmol-1
(23.75 − p) 5x 18
=
23.75 95x 60
23.75 – p = 0.375
p = 23.75-0.375 = 23.37mm of Hg

b. (i) To increase the solubility of CO2 in soft drink and soda water, the bottle is sealed under high pressure.
(ii) To avoid bends, as well, the toxic effects of high concentration of nitrogen in the blood, the tanks
used by scuba divers are filled with air dilute with helium.
(iii) At high altitudes the partial pressure of oxygen is less than that at the ground level. This leads to low
concentrations of oxygen in the blood and tissues of people living at high altitudes or climbers.

BRN Page 17
II PUC Chemistry Question Bank Unit-1: Solutions

11. a. On dissolving 2.34g of solute in 40g of benzene, the boiling point of solution was higher than that of
benzene by 0.81K. Kb value for benzene is 2.53KKgmol-1. Calculate the molar mass of the solute.
b. State Henry’s law and write its mathematical form. (3+2) [March-2014]
a. ∆T = K m
∆T =
Given; ∆T =0.81K, w2 = 2.34g, w1 = 40g, Kb=2.53 K Kg mol-1, M2=?
M2 =
∆
. .
M2 =
.
M2 = 182.72 gmol-1

b. “At constant temperature, the solubility of gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure
of gas above the surface of liquid”

p=KHX

12. a. The vapour pressure of pure water at certain temperature is 0.850bar. A non-volatile electrolyte solid
Weighing 0.5g when added to 39g of benzene (molar mass 78g), vapour pressure of the solution then is
0.845bar. what is the molar mass of the solid substance?
b. What happens to the solubility of a gas in a liquid with increase in temperature? Give reason.
[July-2014]
a. =
Given; p = 0.850 bar, w2=0.5g, w1=39g, M1=78g, p=0.845 bar, M2=?
p xw xM
M =
(p − p)w
0.850 x 0.5 x 78
M =
(0.850 − 0.845)39
M = 170 gmol-1
b. Solubility of a gas in a liquid decreases with increase in temperature. It is because dissolution of gas in a
liquid is an exothermic process.
13. a. A solution containing 18g of non-electrolyte solute is dissolved in 200g of water freezes at 272.07K.
Calculate the molecular mass of solute. Given Kf = 1.86 Kkgmol-1, freezing point of water = 273 K.
b. Define isotonic solution. What happens when the blood cell is dipped in a solution containing more
than Normal saline concentration? [March-2015]
a. ∆T = K m

∆T =
Given; w2 = 18 g, w1 = 200 g, Kf=1.86 K Kg mol-1,M2= ? , ∆T = T -Tf = 273-272.07 =0.93 K,

M =
∆
1.86 x 18 x 1000
M =
0.93 x 200
M2 = 180 gmol-1

b. A solution which has the same osmotic pressure as that of the other solution is called as isotonic
solution. when the blood cell is dipped in a solution containing more than normal saline concentration,
water flows out of the cell and the cell shrinks.

BRN Page 18
II PUC Chemistry Question Bank Unit-1: Solutions

14. a. The boiling point of benzene is 353.23K when 1.80g of a non-ionizing solute was dissolved in 90g of
benzene , the boiling point is raised to 354.11K. Calculate the molar mass of the solute. (Given
Kb=2.53Kkgmol-1)
b. Write 2 differences between ideal and non-ideal solutions. [July-2015]
a. ∆T = K m
∆T =
Given; ∆T =Tb-T =354.11- 353.23=0.88K , w2 = 1.80g, w1 = 90g, Kb=2.53 K Kg mol-1, M2=?
M2 =
∆
. .
M2 =
.
M2 = 57.5 gmol-1

b.
IDEAL SOLUTIONS NON-IDEAL SOLUTIONS
1.Solute-solvent interaction is same as 1.Solute-solvent interaction is weaker or
that of solute-solute, solvent-solvent stronger as that of solute-solute, solvent-
interaction solvent interaction
2. PTotal=PA+PB 2. PTotal≠PA+PB
3.∆Vmix=0 3.∆Vmix≠0
4.∆Hmix=0 4.∆Hmix≠0
5. It do not form azeotropes 5. It forms azeotropes
Eg: Benzene+toluene, n-hexane + n- Eg: Acetone+Ethanol, Acetone + aniline
heptane
(Any 2
3
15. a. 200cm of an aqueous solution of a protein contains 1.26g of protein. The osmotic pressure of such a
solution at 300K is found to be 2.57 x 10-3 bar. Calculate the molar mass of protein. (R=0.083 Lbarmol-1K-1)
b. What are non-ideal solutions? Mention the reason for the negative deviation from the Raoult’s law.
[March-2016]
a. π = CRT
= π

Given; w2=1.26g, M2=?, V=200cm3, T=300K, R = 0.083Lbarmol-1K-1, π = 2.57 x 10-3 bar

. .
M2 = .

M2 = 61,038.91 gmol-1
b. The solution which does not obey Raoult’s law over the entire range of concentration and temperature are
called non-ideal solutions.
The reason for negative deviation from Raoult’s law is the solute-solvent (A-B) interaction is stronger than
solvent-solvent (A-A) and solute-solute (B-B) interaction.

16. a. 5.8g of a non-volatile solute was dissolved in 100g of carbon disulphide (CS2). The vapour pressure of
the solution was found to be 190 mm of Hg. Calculate the molar mass of the solute given the vapour
pressure of pure CS2 is 195 mm of Hg [Molar mass of CS2 = 76gmol-1]
b. Mention any 2 differences between ideal and non-ideal solutions. [April-2016]
a. =
Given; p = 195 mm of Hg, p=190 mm of Hg, w2=5.8g , w1=100g, M1=76g, , M2=?
BRN Page 19
II PUC Chemistry Question Bank Unit-1: Solutions

p xw xM
M =
(p − p)w
195 x 5.8 x 76
M =
(195 − 190)100
M = 171.9 gmol-1
b.

IDEAL SOLUTIONS NON-IDEAL SOLUTIONS

1.Solute-solvent interaction is same as 1.Solute-solvent interaction is weaker or
that of solute-solute, solvent-solvent stronger as that of solute-solute, solvent-
interaction solvent interaction
2. PTotal=PA+PB 2. PTotal≠PA+PB
3.∆Vmix=0 3.∆Vmix≠0
4.∆Hmix=0 4.∆Hmix≠0
5. It do not form azeotropes 5. It forms azeotropes
Eg: Benzene+toluene, n-hexane + n- Eg: Acetone+Ethanol, Acetone + aniline
heptane

17. a. 300cm3 of an aqueous solution of a protein contains 2.12g of the protein, the osmotic pressure of such
a solution at 300K is found to be 3.89 x 10-3. Calculate the molar mass of the protein. (R=0.0823 Lbarmol-
1 -1
K )
b. (i) State Henry’s law.
(ii) Soda water bottles are sealed under high pressure. Give reason. [July-2016]
a. π = CRT
= π

Given; w2=2.12g, M2=?, V=300cm3, T=300K, R = 0.083Lbarmol-1K-1, π = 3.89 x 10-3 bar

. .
M2 = .

M2 = 45233.93 gmol-1
b. i. “At constant temperature, the solubility of gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of
gas above the surface of liquid”
ii. To increase the solubility of CO2.

18. a. 1.0g of a non-electrolyte solute was dissolved in 50g of benzene lowered the freezing point of benzene
by 0.4K. Find the molar mass of the solute. (Given Kf=5.12 Kkgmol-1)
b. How solubility of a gas in liquid varies with i.)Temperature and ii.)Pressure? [March-2017]
a. ∆T = K m

∆T =
Given; w2 = 1.0 g, w1 = 50 g, Kf=5.12 K Kg mol-1,M2= ? , ∆T = 0.4 K,

M =
∆
5.12 x 1 x 1000
M =
0.4 x 50
M2 = 256 gmol-1

BRN Page 20
II PUC Chemistry Question Bank Unit-1: Solutions

c. i) Solubility of gas in liquid is exothermic process therefore with increase in temperature solubility
decreases.
ii) Solubility of gas in liquid increases with increase in pressure.

19. a. The vapour pressure of pure benzene at a certain temperature is 0.850 bar. A non-volatile solid
weighing 0.5g is added to 39.0g of benzene (molar mass is 78 g/mol), vapour pressure of the solution is
0.845 bar. Calculate the molar mass of the solid.
b. What type of deviation from Raoult’s law is expected.
i) when equal volume of acetone and ethanol is mixed?
ii) when equal volume of acetone and chloroform is mixed? [ March 2017, Set-2]
a. =
Given; p = 0.850 bar, w2=0.5g, w1=39g, M1=78g, p=0.845 bar, M2=?
p xw xM
M =
(p − p)w
0.850 x 0.5 x 78
M =
(0.850 − 0.845)39
M = 170 gmol-1
b. i) positive deviation from Raoult’s law
ii) negative deviation from Raoult’s law

20. a. On dissolving 2.34g of non-volatile solute in 40g of benzene, the boiling point of solution was higher
than that of benzene by 0.81 K. Kb value for benzene is 2.53KKgmol-1. Calculate the molar mass of non-
volatile solute.
b. What happens to the solubility of a gas in liquid with increase in temperature? Give reason.
[ March 2017, Set-3]
a. ∆T = K m
∆T =
Given; ∆T =0.81K, w2 = 2.34g, w1 = 40g, Kb=2.53 K Kg mol-1, M2=?
M2 = ∆
. .
M2 =
.
M2 = 182.72 gmol-1
b. The solubility of a gas in liquid decreases with increase in temperature. It is because the solubility of gas
in liquid is an exothermic process.

21. a. The vapour pressure of pure water at certain temperature is 0.850bar. A non-volatile electrolyte solid
Weighing 0.5g when added to 39g of benzene (molar mass 78g), vapour pressure of the solution then is
0.845bar. what is the molar mass of the solid substance?
b. What is reverse osmosis? Mention its one practical utility. [July 2017]
a. =
Given; p = 0.850 bar, w2=0.5g, w1=39g, M1=78g, p=0.845 bar, M2=?
p xw xM
M =
(p − p)w
0.850 x 0.5 x 78
M =
(0.850 − 0.845)39

BRN Page 21
II PUC Chemistry Question Bank Unit-1: Solutions

M = 170 gmol-1
b. The process of movement of pure solvent out of solution, through the semipermiable membrane when
pressure greater than osmotic pressure is applied on solution side is called reverse osmosis. Desalination
of sea water.

22. a. The boiling point of benzene is 353.23K. When 1.80g of a non-volatile, non-ionisable solute was
dissolved in 90g of benzene, the boiling point raised to 354.11K. Calculate molar mass of the solute. [ Kb
for benzene = 2.53 kkgmol-1]
b. Define:
i) Molality of a solution
ii) Isotonic solutions [March 2018]
a. ∆T = K m
∆T =
Given; ∆T =Tb-T =354.11- 353.23=0.88K , w2 = 1.80g, w1 = 90g, Kb=2.53 K Kg mol-1, M2=?
M2 = ∆
. .
M2 = .
M2 = 57.5 gmol-1
b) i. It is defined as number of moles of the solute dissolved in one kilogram(1000g) of the solvent.
ii. Two solutions having same osmotic pressure at a given temperature are called isotonic solutions.

23. a. The vapour pressure of pure benzene at a certain temperature is 0.850bar. A non-volatile, non-
electrolyte solid weighing 0.5g, when added to 39.0g of benzene (molar mass of benzene is 78gmol-1),
makes the vapour pressure of the solution as 0.845bar. What is the molar mass of the solid
substance?
b. Give two differences between ideal and non-ideal solutions. (3+2) [March-2018, Set-1]
Ans: =
Given; p = 0.850 bar, w2=0.5g, w1=39g, M1=78g, p=0.845 bar, M2=?
p xw xM
M =
(p − p)w
0.850 x 0.5 x 78
M =
(0.850 − 0.845)39
M = 170 gmol-1
b.

IDEAL SOLUTIONS NON-IDEAL SOLUTIONS

1.Solute-solvent interaction is same as 1.Solute-solvent interaction is weaker or
that of solute-solute, solvent-solvent stronger as that of solute-solute, solvent-
interaction solvent interaction
2. PTotal=PA+PB 2. PTotal≠PA+PB
3.∆Vmix=0 3.∆Vmix≠0
4.∆Hmix=0 4.∆Hmix≠0
5. It do not form azeotropes 5. It forms azeotropes
Eg: Benzene+toluene, n-hexane + n- Eg: Acetone+Ethanol, Acetone + aniline
heptane

BRN Page 22
II PUC Chemistry Question Bank Unit-1: Solutions

24. a. 5.8g of non-volatile, non-electrolyte solute was dissolved in 100g of carbon disulphide (CS2). The
vapour pressure of the solution was found to be 190mm of Hg. Calculate the molar mass of the
solute. Given: Vapour pressure of pure CS2 is 195 mm of Hg and molar mass of CS2 is 76g/mol.
b. Mention any two differences between ideal and non-ideal solutions.(3+2) [July-2018]
a. =
Given; p = 195 mm of Hg, p=190 mm of Hg, w2=5.8g , w1=100g, M1=76g, , M2=?
p xw xM
M =
(p − p)w
195 x 5.8 x 76
M =
(195 − 190)100
M = 171.9 gmol-1
b.

IDEAL SOLUTIONS NON-IDEAL SOLUTIONS

1.Solute-solvent interaction is same as 1.Solute-solvent interaction is weaker or
that of solute-solute, solvent-solvent stronger as that of solute-solute, solvent-
interaction solvent interaction
2. PTotal=PA+PB 2. PTotal≠PA+PB
3.∆Vmix=0 3.∆Vmix≠0
4.∆Hmix=0 4.∆Hmix≠0
5. It do not form azeotropes 5. It forms azeotropes
Eg: Benzene+toluene, n-hexane + n- Eg: Acetone+Ethanol, Acetone + aniline
heptane

25. a) 31.0g of an unknown molecular material is dissolved in 500 g of water. The resulting solution
freezes at 271.14K. Calculate molar mass of the material. [Given: Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol–1, T0f of
water = 273K.].
b) What is reverse osmosis? Mention its use. (3+2) [March-2019]
a. ∆T = K m

∆T =
Given; w2 = 31 g, w1 = 500 g, Kf=1.86 K Kg mol-1,M2= ? , ∆T = 273-271.14 = 1.86 K

M =
∆
1.86 x 31 x 1000
M =
1.86x 500
M2 = 62 gmol-1

b. The process of movement of pure solvent out of solution, through the semipermiable membrane
when pressure greater than osmotic pressure is applied on solution side is called reverse osmosis.
Desalination of sea water.

(a) On dissolving 2.34g of non-electrolyte solute in 40g of benzene, the boiling point of solution was
higher than benzene by 0.81K.Kbvalueforbenzeneis2.53Kkgmol- 1. Calculate the molar mass of solute.
[Molar mass of benzene is 78 gmol-1]
(b) i) State Henry'slaw.

BRN Page 23
II PUC Chemistry Question Bank Unit-1: Solutions

ii) How solubility of a gas in liquid changes with increase in temperature? (3+2) [July-2019]
a. ∆T = K m
∆T =
Given; ∆T =0.81K, w2 = 2.34g, w1 = 40g, Kb=2.53 K Kg mol-1, M2=?
M2 = ∆
. .
M2 = .
M2 = 182.72 gmol-1
b. (i) The partial pressure of the gas in vapor phase is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas in the
solution”.
(ii) Decreases.

26. a)Vapour pressure of benzene is 200 mm of Hg. When 2 gram of a non-volatile solute dissolved in 78
gram benzene. Benzene has vapour pressure of 195 mm of Hg. Calculate the molar mass of the solute.
[molar mass of benzene is 78 gram mol-1]
b.) What are azeotropes? Give an example for binary solutions showing minimum boiling azeotrope.
(3+2) [March-2020]
a) =
Given; p = 200 mm of Hg , w2=2g, w1=78g, M1=78g, p=195 mm of Hg, M2=?
p xw xM
M =
(p − p)w
200 x 2 x 78
M =
(200 − 195)78
M = 80 gmol-1
b) Azeotropes are constant binary mixtures which has same composition in vapour phase as well as in
solution phase. Example: mixture of ethanol and water.

27. A. 1.00g of a non-electrolyte solute is dissolved in 50g of benzene lowers the freezing point of
benzene by 0.4K. The freezing point depression constant for benzene is 5.12KKgmol-1.
Find the molar mass of solute.
b. State Henry’s law. Write its mathematical form. [S-2020]
a. Given; w2 = 1.0 g, w1 = 50 g, Kf=5.12 K Kg mol-1,M2= ? , ∆T = 0.4 K,

M =
∆
.
M = .
M2 = 256 gmol-1

Statement: At a constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional

to the partial pressure of the gas present above the surface of liquid or solution.
Or
At a constant temperature, the mole fraction of gas in the solution is proportional to the
partial pressure of the gas over the solution.
Mathematical form:

BRN Page 24
II PUC Chemistry Question Bank Unit-1: Solutions

p = KH 
KH is Henry’s law constant
p = partial pressure of the gas
 = mole fraction of gas

28. a.On dissolving 3.46g of solute in 100g of water, the boiling point of solution was raised to that
of pure water by 0.12K. Calculate the molar mass of the non–volatile solute. (Given: Kb of water
is 0.51Kkgmol-1)
b. What type of deviation from Raoult’s law is observed When equal volume of ethanol and
acetone are mixed? Mention the reason for it. [April-2022]

a.
b. +ve deviation OR Positive deviation from Raoult’s law.
Because
1. Force of attraction between ethanol and acetone molecules is less than that of ethanol –
ethanol & acetone – acetone molecules.
2. Attractive Force between A - B molecules is less than that of A - A & B - B molecules.
3. FA - B < FA - A & FB - B
4. In pure ethanol molecules are hydrogen bonded. On adding acetone, its molecules get in
between the ethanol molecules and break hydrogen bonds between them.
5. The ethanol-acetone shows weaker interaction than pure ethanol-ethanol interaction. (Any
one answer)

29. a. 31g of an unknown material is dissolved in 500g of water. The resulting solution freezes at
271.14K. Calculated the molar mass of the material.
[Given: Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1 & Toffor water = 273K]
b. i)What are azeotropes?
ii) Which type of azeotrope shows a large deviation from Raoult’s law? [Aug-2022]
a.

b. i) Binary liquid mixture having the same composition in both liquid and vapour phase
and boils at constant temperature is called azeotrope.
ii) Minimum boiling azeotrope or Maximum boiling azeotrope
BRN Page 25
II PUC Chemistry Question Bank Unit-1: Solutions

30. a. 450cm3 of an aqueous solution of a protein contains 1.0g of the protein. The osmotic pressure
of such a solution at 310K is found to be 3.1 X 10−4 bar. Calculate the molar mass of the protein.
(R = 0.083Lbar mol-1K-1).
b. State Raoult’s law of relative lowering of vapour pressure. Write its mathematical form.
[March-2023]
a.

b. Relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to the mole fraction of the solute.

31. a. 1.00g of a non-electrolyte solute dissolved in 50g of benzene lowered the freezing point of benzene by
0.40K. the freezing point depression constant of benzene is 5.12Kkgmol-1. Find the molar mass of the
solute.
b. Define Van’t Hoff factor (i). give the value of ‘i’ for complete dimerization of all the molecules of
ethanoic acid in benzene. [June-2023]
-1
a. Given; w2 = 1.0 g, w1 = 50 g, Kf=5.12 K Kg mol ,M2= ? , ∆T = 0.4 K,

M = ∆
.
M =
.
M2 = 256 gmol-1
b. “Van’t Hoff’s factor is defined as the ratio of the experimental value of the colligative property to the
calculated value of the colligative property”.
Van’t Hoff factor i=2

32. a) What is reverse osmosis? Mention one of its application. [March-2024]

b) State Henry’s law
Ans: a) When a pressure more than the osmotic pressure is applied on a concentrated solution, solvent
flows from concentrated solution to dilute solution through a semi permeable membrane. This
phenomenon is called reverse osmosis. Reverse osmosis is used in the desalination of sea water to obtain
fresh drinking water.
b) It states that, at constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the
partial pressure of the gas present above the surface of liquid or solution.

BRN Page 26
II PUC Chemistry Question Bank Unit-1: Solutions

33. Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in solution containing 30% by mass in carbon tetrachloride.
(Given Molar mass of Benzene = 78 g/mol, Molar mass of carbon tetrachloride = 154 g/mol)[March-2024]

34. 1.00 g of a non-electrolyte solute dissolved in 50 g of benzene lowered the freezing point of benzene by
0.40 K. The freezing point depression constant of benzene is 5.12 K kg mol–1. Find the molar mass of
the solute. [March-2024]

BRN Page 27
II PUC Chemistry Question Bank Unit-1: Solutions

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

3 Marks questions:

Problems on RLVP:
1. The vapour pressure of pure water at certain temperature is 0.850bar. A non-volatile
electrolyte solid Weighing 0.5g when added to 39g of benzene (molar mass 78g), vapour
pressure of the solution then is 0.845bar. What is the molar mass of the solid substance?
2. 5.8g of a non-volatile solute was dissolved in 100g of carbon disulphide (CS2). The vapour
pressure of the solution was found to be 190 mm of Hg. Calculate the molar mass of the solute
given the vapour pressure of pure CS2 is 195 mm of Hg [Molar mass of CS2 = 76gmol-1]
3. Vapour pressure of benzene is 200 mm of Hg. When 2 gram of a non-volatile solute dissolved
in 78 gram benzene. Benzene has vapour pressure of 195 mm of Hg. Calculate the molar mass
of the solute. [molar mass of benzene is 78 gram mol-1]
Problems on elevation of boiling point:
4. On dissolving 2.34g of solute in 40g of benzene, the boiling point of solution was higher than
that of benzene by 0.81K. Kb value for benzene is 2.53KKgmol-1. Calculate the molar mass of
the solute.
5. The boiling point of benzene is 353.23K when 1.80g of a non-ionizing solute was dissolved in
90g of benzene , the boiling point is raised to 354.11K. Calculate the molar mass of the solute.
(Given Kb=2.53Kkgmol -1)
6. On dissolving 3.46g of solute in 100g of water, the boiling point of solution was raised to that
of pure water by 0.12K. Calculate the molar mass of the non–volatile solute. (Given: Kb of
water is 0.51Kkgmol-1)
Problems on depression of freezing point:
7. 1.0g of a non-electrolyte solute was dissolved in 50g of benzene lowered the freezing point of
benzene by 0.4K. Find the molar mass of the solute. (Given Kf=5.12 Kkgmol-1)
8. A solution containing 18g of non-electrolyte solute is dissolved in 200g of water freezes at
272.07K. Calculate the molecular mass of solute. Given Kf = 1.86 Kkgmol-1, freezing point of
water = 273 K
9. 31.0g of an unknown molecular material is dissolved in 500 g of water. The resulting solution
freezes at 271.14K. Calculate molar mass of the material. [Given: Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol–1,
Tf0 of water = 273K.].
Problems on osmotic pressure:
10. 200cm3 of an aqueous solution of a protein contains 1.26g of protein. The osmotic pressure of
such a solution at 300K is found to be 2.57 x 10-3 bar. Calculate the molar mass of protein.
(R=0.083 Lbarmol-1K-1)
11. 300cm3 of an aqueous solution of a protein contains 2.12g of the protein, the osmotic pressure
of such a solution at 300K is found to be 3.89 x 10-3. Calculate the molar mass of the protein.
(R=0.0823 Lbarmol-1K-1)
12. 450cm3 of an aqueous solution of a protein contains 1.0g of the protein. The osmotic pressure
of such a solution at 310K is found to be 3.1 X 10−4 bar. Calculate the molar mass of the
protein. (R = 0.083Lbar mol-1K-1).

BRN Page 28
II PUC Chemistry Question Bank Unit-1: Solutions

Other problems:
13. Calculate the mole fraction of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) in a solution containing 20% of C2H6O2
by mass.
14. Calculate the molarity of a solution containing 5 g of NaOH in 450 mL solution.
15. Calculate molality of 2.5 g of ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) in 75 g of benzene.
16. Calculate the mass percentage of benzene (C6H6) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) if 22 g of
benzene is dissolved in 122 g of carbon tetrachloride.
17. Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in solution containing 30% by mass in carbon
tetrachloride.
18. Calculate the molarity of each of the following solutions: (a) 30 g of Co(NO3)2. 6H2O in 4.3 L of
solution (b) 30 mL of 0.5 M H2SO4 diluted to 500 mL.
19. Calculate the mass of urea (NH2CONH2) required in making 2.5 kg of 0.25 molal aqueous
solution.
20. Calculate (a) molality (b) molarity and (c) mole fraction of KI if the density of 20% (mass/mass)
aqueous KI is 1.202 gmL-1.
21. Vapour pressure of chloroform (CHCl3) and dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) at 298 K are 200 mm Hg
and 415 mm Hg respectively. (i) Calculate the vapour pressure of the solution prepared by
mixing 25.5 g of CHCl3 and 40 g of CH2Cl2 at 298 K and, (ii) mole fractions of each component in
vapour phase
22. 2 g of benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) dissolved in 25 g of benzene shows a depression in freezing
point equal to 1.62 K. Molal depression constant for benzene is 4.9 K kg mol–1. What is the
percentage association of acid if it forms dimer in solution?

2 Mark questions
1. State Henry’s law. Write its mathematical form.
2. Mention the applications of Henry’s law.
3. State Raoult’s law. Write its mathematical form.
4. How solubility of a gas in liquid changes with temperature and pressure?
5. How solubility of solid in liquid changes with temperature and pressure?
6. What is reverse osmosis? Mention its use.
7. Define: a. Isotonic solution
b. Hypertonic solution
c. Hypotonic solution
8. Define: a. Molarity
b. Molality
c. Mole fraction
d. ppm
[Mention unit and temperature dependency where applicable]
9. Point out the differences between ideal solution and non-ideal solution.
10. Point out the differences between positive and negative deviation showing solutions from
Raoult’slaw.
11. What are minimum boiling azeotropes? Give example.
12. What are maximum boiling azeotropes? Give example.

BRN Page 29
II PUC Chemistry Question Bank Unit-1: Solutions

13. Give an example each for 9 types of solution.

14. What is Van’t Hoff factor? Mention the significance of it.
15. What is the value of van’t Hoff factor (i) for
a. NaCl
b. KCl
c. K2SO4
d. MgSO4
e. Urea
f. Glucose
g. Al2(SO4)3
h. Ethanoic acid(acetic acid) in benzene

Reasoning questions:
16. Give reason: Soda bottles are sealed under pressure.
17. Give reason: Aquatic animals are more comfortable in cold water than in warm water.
18. Give reason: NaCl dissolves in water but not in benzene.
19. Give reason: Solution of chloroform and acetone shows negative deviation from Raoult’s law.
20. Give reason: Raisen swell in size when kept in water.
21. Give reason: Revival of petals when placed in fresh water.
22. Give reason: During preparation of pickle raw mango shrivels when placed in salt solution.

BRN Page 30