Shared using Xodo PDF Reader and Editor

Defination: The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects—
“things”—that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the
purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the
internet.

Architecture of Internet of Things (IoT)

Internet of Things (IoT) technology has a wide range of applications and the use of the
Internet of Things is growing so faster. Internet of Things (IoT) is the networking of
physical objects that contain electronics embedded within their architecture to
communicate and sense interactions amongst each other or to the external
environment.

Architecture of IoT
The architecture of IoT is divided into 4 different layers i.e. Sensing Layer, Network
Layer, Data processing Layer, and Application Layer.

Sensing Layer: The sensing layer is the first layer of the Internet of Things architecture
and is responsible for collecting data from different sources. This layer
includes sensors and actuators that are placed in the environment to gather information
about temperature, humidity, light, sound, and other physical parameters. Wired or
wireless communication protocols connect these devices to the network layer.

Network Layer: The network layer of an IoT architecture is responsible for providing
communication and connectivity between devices in the IoT system. It includes
protocols and technologies that enable devices to connect and communicate with each
other and with the wider internet. Examples of network technologies that are
commonly used in IoT include WiFi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, and cellular networks such as 4G
and 5G technology. Additionally, the network layer may
include gateways and routers that act as intermediaries between devices and the wider
internet, and may also include security features such as encryption and authentication
to protect against unauthorized access.

Data processing Layer: The data processing layer of IoT architecture refers to the
software and hardware components that are responsible for collecting, analyzing, and
interpreting data from IoT devices. This layer is responsible for receiving raw data from
the devices, processing it, and making it available for further analysis or action.The data
processing layer includes a variety of technologies and tools, such as data management
systems, analytics platforms, and machine learning algorithms. These tools are used to
extract meaningful insights from the data and make decisions based on that data.
Example of a technology used in the data processing layer is a data lake, which is a
centralized repository for storing raw data from IoT devices.

Application Layer: The application layer of IoT architecture is the topmost layer that
interacts directly with the end-user. It is responsible for providing user-friendly
 Shared using Xodo PDF Reader and Editor

interfaces and functionalities that enable users to access and control IoT devices.This
layer includes various software and applications such as mobile apps, web portals, and
other user interfaces that are designed to interact with the underlying IoT
infrastructure. It also includes middleware services that allow different IoT devices and
systems to communicate and share data seamlessly.The application layer also includes
analytics and processing capabilities that allow data to be analyzed and transformed
into meaningful insights. This can include machine learning algorithms, data
visualization tools, and other advanced analytics capabilities.

Advantages of IoT
 Execute multiple tasks at a time like a computer.
 Easiest internet connectivity
 Works on GUI (Graphical User Interface) mode because of HDMI port.
 Best suited for server-based applications i.e., can be connected via SSH–Secure
Shell-to access the Rpi command line remotely and file sharing via FTP–File
Transfer Protocol.
 More reliable for software applications.

Disadvantages of IoT
 Security concerns and potential for hacking or data breaches.
 Privacy issues related to the collection and use of personal data.
 Dependence on technology and potential for system failures.
 Limited standardization and interoperability among devices.
 Shared using Xodo PDF Reader and Editor

 Complexity and increased maintenance requirements.

 High initial investment costs.
 Limited battery life on some devices.
 Concerns about job displacement due to automation.
 Limited regulation and legal framework for IoT, which can lead to confusion and
uncertainty.

Modern Applications of IoT

 Smart Grids and energy saving
 Smart cities
 Smart homes/Home automation
 Healthcare
 Earthquake detection
 Radiation detection/hazardous gas detection
 Smartphone detection
 Water flow monitoring
 Traffic monitoring
 Smart door lock protection system
 Robots and Drones
 Healthcare and Hospitals, Telemedicine applications
 Biochip Transponders (For animals in farms)
 Heart monitoring implants (Example Pacemaker, ECG real time tracking)

Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated, internet-connected objects which

are able to collect and transfer data over a wireless network without human
intervention.

For example, smart fitness bands or watches, driverless cars or drones, smart homes
that can be unlocked through smartphones and smart cars, etc.

Architecture of IoT

There are different phases in the architecture of IoT but they can vary according to the
situations but generally, there are these four phases in the architecture of IoT −

Networked Devices

These are the physical devices which include sensors, actuators, and transducers. These
are the actual devices that collect and send the data for processing. They are capable of
receiving real-time data and they can convert the physical quantities into electrical
signals which can be sent through a network.

Data Aggregation

It is a very important stage as it includes converting the raw data collected by sensors
into meaningful data which can be used to take actions. It also includes Data Acquisition
 Shared using Xodo PDF Reader and Editor

Systems and Internet Gateways. It converts the Analog signals provided by sensors into
digital signals.

Final Analysis

This is a stage that includes edge IT analytics and the processing of data to make it more
efficient and fully capable of execution. It also includes managing and locating all the
devices correctly

Cloud Analysis

The final data is received here and analysed closely and precisely in data centres. They
process and clean the data to make it free from any kind of errors and missing values.
After this stage, data is ready to be sent back and executed to perform operations.

IoT Functional Blocks

The Internet of Things Functional Blocks is the foundation of the IoT ecosystem.
Companies are fast discovering ways to leverage the Internet of Things (IoT) to improve
their efficiency as it grows in popularity. While the Internet of Things has numerous
advantages, businesses are trying to comprehend how to incorporate technology into
their work and daily lives. This article will look at that the IoT functional blocks and
how they interact to produce a functional IoT system.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a rapidly growing industry, with more and more devices
becoming connected on a regular basis. The Internet of Things devices range from small
sensors to huge machines and systems, but they all have one thing in common: they
generate data. IoT systems use functional blocks to make sense of this data and extract
value from it. These blocks are distinct components of the IoT system that carry out
specialized functions.

IoT Functional Blocks

IoT systems are composed of a number of building blocks, including sensors/actuators,

connectivity, security, services, etc. The functional blocks are responsible for sensing,
verification, actuation, management, and communication.

These functional blocks are made up of devices that handle interactions between a web
server and the client, enable controls and monitoring functions, manage data transfer,
secure the IoT system through authentication and various purposes, and offer an
interface for monitoring and managing various concepts. Let’s gather more information
about the IoT Functional Blocks.
 Shared using Xodo PDF Reader and Editor

Sensor/Actuator block
The sensor/actuator block serves as the data entry point in an IoT system. Sensors
collect data from their surroundings, whereas actuators drive physical processes.
Sensors gather data on temperature, humidity, light, motion, and other variables,
whereas actuators turn on lights, open doors, and control machines. These gadgets
work together to collect data and operate in the physical world.

Connectivity Block
Once the sensor/actuator block has collected data, it must be sent to the remainder of
the system. This is when the connection block enters the picture. The connectivity block
is in charge of creating and managing communication channels amongst IoT system
devices. This can be accomplished with the use of several technologies such as Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, ZigBee, and cellular networks.

Data Processing Block

The obtained data is examined and processed in the data processing block. This block is
in charge of filtering out noise and irrelevant data, converting the data into an easily
studied format, and recognizing patterns and anomalies in the data. This block can also
execute real-time analysis, enabling speedy data-driven decisions.

Application Block
The application block is the component of the IoT system that gives value to the end
user. This block is in charge of utilizing the processed data to provide a specified
function or service. An application block, for example, could be used to provide insights
into energy usage in a building or to adjust the temperature in a greenhouse.

Security Block
The security block is in charge of assuring the IoT system's security and protection
against illegal access. This block is in charge of authentication and authorization, as well
as data encryption during transmission and storage. It also handles intrusion detection
and response, assisting in the prevention and mitigation of threats.

Management Block
The management block is in charge of overseeing the overall operation of the IoT
system. This block is capable of handling device configuration, firmware updates, and
system monitoring. It can also give analytics and reporting, allowing system
administrators to understand how the system is operating and find areas for
improvement.
 Shared using Xodo PDF Reader and Editor

Advantages of IoT Functional Blocks

IoT Functional Blocks provide various advantages to enterprises and people interested
in implementing IoT solutions.

These advantages include −

Scalability
IoT Scalability is built into Functional Blocks, allowing enterprises to add new devices
and services to their IoT system as needed. The capacity to scale assures that an IoT
system can grow and react to changing business needs and future technology.

Interoperability
IoT Functional Blocks is a standardized architecture for developing IoT solutions. This
standardization means that devices and services from various suppliers may function
seamlessly together, enhancing interoperability and lowering integration costs.

Modularity
Because IoT Functional Blocks are modular, they may be swapped, modified, or added
as needed. Because of this versatility, enterprises can select the optimal components for
their IoT system and easily swap out components as needed.

Flexibility
IoT Functional Blocks offer a variety of deployment choices. Depending on their needs,
businesses can implement an IoT system on-premises, in the cloud, or in a hybrid
approach.

Communication Models in IoT (Internet of

Things )
IoT devices are found everywhere and will enable circulatory intelligence in the future.
For operational perception, it is important and useful to understand how various IoT
devices communicate with each other. Communication models used in IoT have great
value. The IoTs allow people and things to be connected any time, any space, with
anything and anyone, using any network and any service.
Types of Communication Model :
 Shared using Xodo PDF Reader and Editor

1. Request & Response Model –

This model follows a client-server architecture.

 The client, when required, requests the information from the server. This request
is usually in the encoded format.
 This model is stateless since the data between the requests is not retained and
each request is independently handled.
 The server Categories the request, and fetches the data from the database and its
resource representation. This data is converted to response and is transferred in
an encoded format to the client. The client, in turn, receives the response.
 On the other hand — In Request-Response communication model client sends a
request to the server and the server responds to the request. When the server
receives the request it decides how to respond, fetches the data retrieves
resources, and prepares the response, and sends it to the client.

2. Publisher-Subscriber Model –
This model comprises three entities: Publishers, Brokers, and Consumers.

 Publishers are the source of data. It sends the data to the topic which are
managed by the broker. They are not aware of consumers.
 Consumers subscribe to the topics which are managed by the broker.
 Hence, Brokers responsibility is to accept data from publishers and send it to the
appropriate consumers. The broker only has the information regarding the
consumer to which a particular topic belongs to which the publisher is unaware
of.
 Shared using Xodo PDF Reader and Editor

3. Push-Pull Model –
The push-pull model constitutes data publishers, data consumers, and data queues.

 Publishers and Consumers are not aware of each other.

 Publishers publish the message/data and push it into the queue. The consumers,
present on the other side, pull the data out of the queue. Thus, the queue acts as
the buffer for the message when the difference occurs in the rate of push or pull
of data on the side of a publisher and consumer.
 Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the producer and consumer.
Queues also act as a buffer which helps in situations where there is a mismatch
between the rate at which the producers push the data and consumers pull the
data.

4. Exclusive Pair –
 Exclusive Pair is the bi-directional model, including full-duplex communication
among client and server. The connection is constant and remains open till the
client sends a request to close the connection.
 The Server has the record of all the connections which has been opened.
 This is a state-full connection model and the server is aware of all open
connections.
 WebSocket based communication API is fully based on this model.
 Shared using Xodo PDF Reader and Editor

Technologies behind IOT:

Sensors and actuators
Sensors detect changes in the environment, such as temperature, humidity, light,
motion, or pressure. Actuators cause physical changes, such as opening a valve or
turning on a motor.
Connectivity technologies
IoT devices need to be connected to the internet to transmit data from sensors and
actuators to the cloud.
Cloud computing
The cloud stores, processes, and analyzes the large amounts of data generated by IoT
devices.
Machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI)
IoT applications use AI or machine learning to analyze data and make decisions.
Data analytics
Data analytics is the process of analyzing data to extract insights. It's essential for the
IoT, as it allows businesses to gain insights from the data collected by IoT devices.
Short-range wireless technologies
These include near-field communication (NFC), radio-frequency identification (RFID),
Wi-Fi, and Zigbee.
MQTT
A lightweight messaging protocol that's ideal for IoT applications that require minimal
bandwidth and reliable communication.
 Shared using Xodo PDF Reader and Editor

Sources of IOT
Here are some sources for the Internet of Things (IoT):
Ambient intelligence: A key component of IoT, ambient intelligence allows devices to
understand their environment, interact with humans, and make decisions.
IoT applications: The primary source of big data, IoT applications generate data from
user performance, mobile sensor logs, and more.
IoT nodes: The source of generated data, IoT nodes are connected to a Fog-Based Data
Distribution Service (F-DAD).
Arduino: An open source IoT framework that combines hardware and software
systems, making it easy to use.
IoT network: The medium through which data is transmitted, the IoT network is
essential for IoT-based services.
Thingsboard: An open-source IoT tool that supports data collection, visualization, and
processing.
AWS IoT Core: A service that securely connects devices to the AWS cloud and to each
other.
Azure IoT: A cloud IoT infrastructure that allows an Azure IoT Hub to connect IoT
devices together.

Sensors in Internet of Things(IoT)

Generally, sensors are used in the architecture of IOT devices.
Sensors are used for sensing things and devices etc.
A device that provides a usable output in response to a specified measurement.
The sensor attains a physical parameter and converts it into a signal suitable for
processing (e.g. electrical, mechanical, optical) the characteristics of any device or
material to detect the presence of a particular physical quantity.
The output of the sensor is a signal which is converted to a human-readable form like
changes in characteristics, changes in resistance, capacitance, impedance, etc.
 Shared using Xodo PDF Reader and Editor

Transducer :
 A transducer converts a signal from one physical structure to another.
 It converts one type of energy into another type.
 It might be used as actuator in various systems.
Sensors characteristics :
1. Static
2. Dynamic
1. Static characteristics :
It is about how the output of a sensor changes in response to an input change after
steady state condition.
 Accuracy: Accuracy is the capability of measuring instruments to give a result
close to the true value of the measured quantity. It measures errors. It is measured
by absolute and relative errors. Express the correctness of the output compared to a
higher prior system. Absolute error = Measured value – True value
Relative error = Measured value/True value
 Range: Gives the highest and the lowest value of the physical quantity within
which the sensor can actually sense. Beyond these values, there is no sense or no
kind of response.
e.g. RTD for measurement of temperature has a range of -200`c to 800`c.
 Resolution: Resolution is an important specification for selection of sensors. The
higher the resolution, better the precision. When the accretion is zero to, it is called
the threshold.
Provide the smallest changes in the input that a sensor is able to sense.
 Precision: It is the capacity of a measuring instrument to give the same reading
when repetitively measuring the same quantity under the same prescribed
conditions.
It implies agreement between successive readings, NOT closeness to the true value.
It is related to the variance of a set of measurements.
It is a necessary but not sufficient condition for accuracy.
 Sensitivity: Sensitivity indicates the ratio of incremental change in the response
of the system with respect to incremental change in input parameters. It can be
found from the slope of the output characteristics curve of a sensor. It is the smallest
amount of difference in quantity that will change the instrument’s reading.
 Linearity: The deviation of the sensor value curve from a particularly straight line.
Linearity is determined by the calibration curve. The static calibration curve plots
the output amplitude versus the input amplitude under static conditions.
A curve’s slope resemblance to a straight line describes linearity.
 Drift: The difference in the measurement of the sensor from a specific reading
when kept at that value for a long period of time.
 Repeatability: The deviation between measurements in a sequence under the
same conditions. The measurements have to be made under a short enough time
duration so as not to allow significant long-term drift.
Dynamic Characteristics :
Properties of the systems
 Zero-order system: The output shows a response to the input signal with no
delay. It does not include energy-storing elements.
Ex. potentiometer measure, linear and rotary displacements.
 First-order system: When the output approaches its final value gradually.
Consists of an energy storage and dissipation element.
 Second-order system: Complex output response. The output response of the
sensor oscillates before steady state.
Sensor Classification :
 Shared using Xodo PDF Reader and Editor

 Passive & Active

 Analog & digital
 Scalar & vector
1. Passive Sensor –
Can not independently sense the input. Ex- Accelerometer, soil moisture, water level
and temperature sensors.
2. Active Sensor –
Independently sense the input. Example- Radar, sounder and laser altimeter
sensors.
3. Analog Sensor –
The response or output of the sensor is some continuous function of its input
parameter. Ex- Temperature sensor, LDR, analog pressure sensor and analog hall
effect.
4. Digital sensor –
Response in binary nature. Design to overcome the disadvantages of analog sensors.
Along with the analog sensor, it also comprises extra electronics for bit conversion.
Example – Passive infrared (PIR) sensor and digital temperature sensor(DS1620).
5. Scalar sensor –
Detects the input parameter only based on its magnitude. The answer for the sensor
is a function of magnitude of some input parameter. Not affected by the direction of
input parameters.
Example – temperature, gas, strain, color and smoke sensor.
6. Vector sensor –
The response of the sensor depends on the magnitude of the direction and
orientation of input parameter. Example – Accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetic field
and motion detector sensors.

Types of sensors –

 Electrical sensor :
Electrical proximity sensors may be contact or non contact.
Simple contact sensors operate by making the sensor and the component complete an
electrical circuit.
Non- contact electrical proximity sensors rely on the electrical principles of either
induction for detecting metals or capacitance for detecting non metals as well.
 Light sensor:
Light sensor is also known as photo sensors and one of the important sensor.
Light dependent resistor or LDR is a simple light sensor available today.
The property of LDR is that its resistance is inversely proportional to the intensity of the
ambient light i.e when the intensity of light increases, it’s resistance decreases and vise
versa.

 Touch sensor:
Detection of something like a touch of finger or a stylus is known as touch sensor.
It’s name suggests that detection of something.
They are classified into two types:
1. Resistive type
2. Capacitive type
 Shared using Xodo PDF Reader and Editor

Today almost all modern touch sensors are of capacitive types.

Because they are more accurate and have better signal to noise ratio.
 Range sensing:
Range sensing concerns detecting how near or far a component is from the sensing
position, although they can also be used as proximity sensors.
Distance or range sensors use non-contact analog techniques. Short range sensing,
between a few millimetres and a few hundred millimetres is carried out using electrical
capacitance, inductance and magnetic technique.
Longer range sensing is carried out using transmitted energy waves of various types eg
radio waves, sound waves and lasers.
 Mechanical sensor:
Any suitable mechanical / electrical switch may be adopted but because a certain
amount of force is required to operate a mechanical switch it is common to use micro-
switches.

 Pneumatic sensor:
These proximity sensors operate by breaking or disturbing an air flow.
The pneumatic proximity sensor is an example of a contact type sensor. These cannot
be used where light components may be blown away.
 Optical sensor:
In there simplest form, optical proximity sensors operate by breaking a light beam
which falls onto a light sensitive device such as a photocell. These are examples of non
contact sensors. Care must be exercised with the lighting environment of these sensors
for example optical sensors can be blinded by flashes from arc welding processes,
airborne dust and smoke clouds may impede light transmission etc.
 Speed Sensor:
Sensor used for detecting the speed of any object or vehicle which is in motion is known
as speed sensor .For example – Wind Speed Sensors, Speedometer ,UDAR ,Ground Speed
Radar .
 Temperature Sensor:
Devices which monitors and tracks the temperature and gives temperature’s
measurement as an electrical signal are termed as temperature sensors .These electrical
signals will be in the form of voltage and is directly proportional to the temperature
measurement .

 PIR Sensor:
PIR stands for passive infrared sensor and it is an electronic sensor that is used for the
tracking and measurement of infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of
view and is also known as Pyroelectric sensor .It is mainly used for detecting human
motion and movement detection .
 Ultrasonic Sensor:
The principle of ultrasonic sensor is similar to the working principle of SONAR or
RADAR in which the interpretation of echoes from radio or sound waves to evaluate the
attributes of a target by generating the high frequency sound waves.
 Shared using Xodo PDF Reader and Editor

Edge Computing
Edge Technology aims at making Internet Of Things (IOT) with 100 thousand of sensors
in next decade, with the increased usage and manipulation of large data it becomes
important to get used to this technology which refers to computing on sensor itself.
2019 is predicted as the year of edge technology and will remain so in the coming years.
In a variety of situations, edge computing is deployed. One is when IOT devices is
centrally connected to cloud due to poor connectivity of devices. By the year 2020, there
will be approximately 1.5 GB worth of data is generated per day. With many devices
connected to the internet and generating data, its not possible for cloud alone to handle
this huge data all by itself.
Edge can relate to the data processing as well as the local processing of real-time data.
The various edge components that can be counted upon are Data processing, Rule
Engine, Local Database. Cloud is more concerned with big data processing and data
warehousing.

Why Edge Computing?

This technology increases the efficient usage of bandwidth by analyzing the data at the
edges itself, unlike the cloud which requires the transfer of data from the IOT requiring
large bandwidth, making it useful to be used in remote locations with minimum cost.
It allows smart applications and devices to respond to data almost at the same time
which is important in terms of business ad self-driving cars.
It has the ability to process data without even putting it on a public cloud, this ensures
full security.
Data might get corrupt while on an extended network thus affecting the data reliability
for the industries to use.
Edge computation of data provides a limitation to the use of cloud.
Edge vs Fog Computing: Edge is more specific towards computational processes
for edge devices. So, fog includes edge computing, but would also include the network
for the processed data to its final destination.
Real Life Application Of Edge Technology:
1. Autonomous Vehicles – GE Digital partner, Intel, estimates that autonomous
cars, with hundreds of on-vehicle sensors, will generate 40 TB of data for every eight
hours of driving. Therefore, wheels—edge computing plays a dominant role. Sending
 Shared using Xodo PDF Reader and Editor

all the data to cloud is unsafe and impractical. The car immediately response to the
events which has valuable data when coupled into digital twin and performance of
other cars of its class.
2. Fleet Management – Let’s example considering a trucking company, the main
goal is to combine and send data from multiple operational data points like wheels,
brakes, batteries, etc to the cloud. Health key operational components are analysed
by the cloud. Thus, essentially a fleet management solution encourages the vehicle to
lower the cost.
5 Key Benefits Of Edge Computing:
1. Faster response time.
2. Security and Compliance.
3. Cost-effective Solution.
4. Reliable Operation With Intermittent Connectivity.
5. Reduced latency
Limitation Of Edge Computing:
1. Complexity: Setting up and maintaining edge computing systems can be
challenging, especially if there are many devices or a vast geographic region
involved.
2. Limited resources: Edge devices frequently have constrained processing,
storage, and bandwidth, which can restrict their capacity to carry out specific
activities.
3. Dependence on connectivity: In order for edge computing to work correctly,
connectivity is required. If the connection is lost, the system may not be able to
work.
4. Security Concern: Edge devices may be susceptible to security risks such
malware, hacking, and physical interference.
Edge Cloud Computing Services:
 IOT (Internet Of Things)
 Gaming
 Health Care
 Smart City
 Intelligent Transportation
 Enterprise Security

Emerging Trends in IoT and Edge Computing

Innovation in IoT and edge computing continues at an unprecedented pace, leading
to a flurry of emerging trends that hold promise for the future.
1. Edge Analytics and Deep Learning
One emerging trend is the integration of edge analytics and deep learning. Deep
learning models can unlock advanced analytical capabilities, bringing forth real-time
decision-making and predictive functionalities. By integrating deep learning algorithms
at the edge, it is possible to train artificial intelligence models directly on devices. This
enables them to make complex decisions without the need to constantly communicate
with the cloud. As a result efficiency, latency, and sophistication of AI models improve.
2. Edge-as-a-Service (EaaS)
The Edge-as-a-Service (EaaS) model is another emerging trend. EaaS allows
businesses to deploy and manage applications at the edge without having to invest in
and maintain their own infrastructure. This makes edge computing more accessible and
scalable. This is particularly beneficial for IoT applications that need to operate
efficiently at a large scale.
 Shared using Xodo PDF Reader and Editor

3. Digital Twin Technology

Digital twin technology is gaining traction in both IoT and edge computing realms.
This technology creates virtual replicas of physical entities, allowing for real-time
monitoring, predictive analysis, and improved decision-making. It’s being utilised in
industries ranging from manufacturing to healthcare. Some of the benefits include more
efficient operations, lower maintenance costs, and improved overall performance.
4. Lightweight Edge Computing Architectures
Lightweight edge computing architectures are also gaining popularity. These allow
for more flexible and efficient deployment of applications. This facilitates consistent
deployment across various computing environments, enhancing the overall efficiency of
edge computing operations.

Data Processing in IOT

Data processing for the Internet of Things (IoT) involves capturing, moving, and analyzing
data from IoT devices. Here are some aspects of IoT data processing:

Data processing architectures: There are several architectures for IoT data processing,
including fog-based, middleware-based, cloud-based, cloudlets computing, and mobile-edge
computing.

Data processing paradigms: The three basic processing paradigms for IoT data are stream,
batch, and serverless functions.

Data lakes: IoT applications generate raw data from devices and sensors, which is collected
in a centralized repository called a data lake.

Data processing frameworks: Modern data processing frameworks like Apache Spark
offer capabilities for real-time processing of IoT telemetry data.

Edge-as-a-Service (EaaS): This model allows businesses to deploy and manage

applications at the edge without investing in their own infrastructure.

IoT devices: IoT devices like smart home appliances, wearable fitness trackers, and
environmental sensors gather large amounts of data.

Real-time data processing: The RTID framework uses a cluster based on time series PIR
data to provide more accurate results.

Case study: The MylesVision Project uses mobile phones as IoT devices to report on road
conditions and safety in Africa.

Raspberry-Pi
What is a Raspberry Pi? Raspberry pi is the name of the “credit card-sized computer
board” developed by the Raspberry pi foundation, based in the U.K. It gets plugged in a TV
or monitor and provides a fully functional computer capability. It is aimed at imparting
knowledge about computing to even younger students at the cheapest possible price.
Although it is aimed at teaching computing to kids, but can be used by everyone willing to
 Shared using Xodo PDF Reader and Editor

learn programming, the basics of computing, and building different projects by utilizing its
versatility.
Raspberry Pi is developed by Raspberry Pi Foundation in the United Kingdom. The
Raspberry Pi is a series of powerful, small single-board computers.
Raspberry Pi is launched in 2012 and there have been several iterations and variations
released since then.
Various versions of Raspberry Pi have been out till date. All versions consist of a Broadcom
system on a chip (SoC) with an integrated ARM-compatible CPU and on-chip graphics
processing unit (GPU).
The original device had a single-core Processor speed of device ranges from 700 MHz to 1.2
GHz and a memory range from 256 MB to 1 GB RAM.
To store the operating system and program memory Secure Digital (SD) cards are used.
Raspbian OS which is a Linux operating system is recommended OS by Raspberry Pi
Foundation. Some other third party operating systems like RISC OS Pi. Diet Pi, Kali, Linux
can also be run on Raspberry Pi.
Used:
It also provides a set of general purpose input/output pins allowing you to control
electronic components for physical computing and explore the Internet of Things (IOT).

Raspberry pi Diagram :

Raspberry Pi model –

There have been many generations of raspberry Pi from Pi 1 to Pi 4.

There is generally a model A and model B.
Model A is a less expensive variant and it trends to have reduce RAM and dual cores such as
USB and Ethernet.

List of Raspberry pi models and releases year:

1. pi 1 model B – 2012
 Shared using Xodo PDF Reader and Editor

2. pi 1 model A – 2013
3. pi 1 model B+ -2014
4. pi 1 model A+ – 2014
5. Pi 2 Model B – 2015
6. Pi 3 Model B- 2016
7. Pi 3 Model B+ -2018
8. Pi 3 Model A+ -2019
9. Pi 4 Model A – 2019
10. Pi Model B – 2020
11. Pi 400 – 2021

Specs of the Computer: – The computer has a quad-core ARM processor that doesn’t
support the same instruction as an X86 desktop CPU. It has 1GB of RAM, One HDMI port,
four USB ports, one Ethernet connection, Micro SD slot for storage, one combined 3.5mm
audio/video port, and a Bluetooth connection. It has got a series of input and output pins
that are used for making projects like – home security cameras, Encrypted Door lock, etc.
Versatility of Raspberry Pi: – It is indeed a versatile computer and can be utilized by
people from all age groups, it can be used for watching videos on YouTube, watching
movies, and programming in languages like Python, Scratch, and many more. As mentioned
above it has a series of I/O pins that give this board the ability to interact with its
environment and hence can be utilized to build really cool and interactive projects.
Examples of projects: – It can be turned into a weather station by connecting some
instruments to it for check the temperature, wind speed, humidity etc… It can be turned into
a home surveillance system due to its small size; by adding some cameras to it the security
network will be ready. If you love reading books it can also become a storage device for
storing thousands of eBooks and also you can access them through the internet by using this
device.

Advanced RISC Machine (ARM) Processor

ARM stands for Advanced RISC Machine. It is one of the most licensed and extensive
processor cores in the world. In the year of 1978, first ARM processor was introduced by
Cambridge University. The first ARM processor was produced by Acorn Group Of Computers
in year 1985. ARM was founded and became very popular in 1990. In 2007, ARM processors
were used in more than 98% of mobile phones and approximately 10 billion processors
were shipped in 2008. ARM was the latest technology which was replaced by micro-
controllers and microprocessors. In general, ARM is a 16-bit/32-bit processor or controller.
In advanced digital products, ARM acts as a heart.
 Shared using Xodo PDF Reader and Editor

These processors are specially used in portable devices like digital cameras, mobile
phones, home network modules, wireless communication technologies, access control,
communication gateways, medical Systems and in many other embedded systems.
Some Advance Features of ARM Processor :
 In this designed processor there are only 25 basic instruction types.
 Through registers most of operations are implemented.
 Here every instruction has its own conditions with registers.
 This processor offers multiple modes of addressing.
 Manual stack manipulation is done here.
 Stack addressing and subroutines consist of explicitly programmed techniques.
 Because of 32 bits micro-processor, it is possible to have access to memory and data
manipulation saved in these 32 bits.
 The address range of this processor is widely 26 bit.
 For direct access it allows 64 megabytes of memory.
 It consists of single cycle execution method.
ARM Applications:
Here mentioning some of the applications of ARM
1. Portable Media Players, Camcorders: Apple iPod Nano, original Zune 30 GB, Juice
Box, Empeg Car, M6 Mini Player etc.
2. Mobile Phone, PDAs, Cameras: Nokia N93, Samsung Moment, Sony CLIÉ NX60,
Canon PowerShot A470 etc.
3. GPS Navigation Systems: Tom Tom 300, Zarlink GPS receiver, Sun SPOT, Garmin
Navigation Devices etc.
4. Portable Games Consoles: GameBoy Advance, 3DO Interactive Multiplayer,
Nintendo 3DS etc.
5. Set Top Boxes, TVs, Hard Discs, Routers: Asus Tinker Board, Zipit Wireless
Messenger, Acorn Risc PC, Gumstix basix & connex etc.
Advantages of ARM Processor :
 They are cheaper as compared to other processors.
 It consumes less power.
 Better battery life than other processors.
 It works faster because it performs one operation at a time.
 Users choose ARM processors because of availability and applications support.
Disadvantages of ARM Processor :
 You can not run windows on it very soon because it is not binary compatible with
x86.
 The speeds and memory bandwidths are limited in such cases because of ARM
processor’s clock frequencies.
 Debugging is difficult because of scheduling of instructions.
 The performance of these processors totally depend on execution so if programmer
does not execute it properly then it can take a long time to work properly.
 Shared using Xodo PDF Reader and Editor

Domain Specific IOT

Home Automation
Smart Lighting

Smart lighting for home helps in saving the energy by adapting the lighting to the
ambient conditions. Energy can be saved by sensing human movements and their
environment. Wireless and Internet connected lights can be operated remotely using
mobile or web application.

Smart Appliances

Smart appliances makes the management easier and also provide status information to
the users remotely. For example, a smart refrigerator can keep track of items and notify
the user when a item is low on stock. Examples of smart appliances are TVs,
refrigerators, music systems, washing machines, etc.

Intrusion Detection
Home intrusion detection systems use cameras and sensors to detect intrusions and for
raising alerts. Alerts can be sound, SMS or email sent to the user. An advanced system
can even send an image or a short video clip related to the intrusion event.
 Shared using Xodo PDF Reader and Editor

Smoke/Gas Detection

Smoke detectors installed at home can detect smoke and alert the users. Smoke
detectors use optical detection, ionization, or air sampling techniques to detect smoke.
Gas detectors can detect harmful gases like CO or LPG. These detectors can send alerts
in the form of email, SMS, or voice.

Smart Cities
Smart Parking
Smart parking makes the search for parking space easier and convenient for drivers. In smart
parking, sensors are used for each parking slot, to detect whether the slot is occupied or not.
This information is aggregated by local controllers and sent over the Internet to the database.
Drivers can use an application to know about empty parking slots.

Smart Lighting
Smart lighting systems for roads, parks, and buildings can help in saving energy. Smart
lighting allows lighting to be dynamically controlled and also adaptive to the ambient
conditions. Smart lights connected to the Internet can be controlled remotely to configure
lighting intensity and lighting schedule.

Smart Roads
Smart roads equipped with sensors can alert the users about poor driving conditions, traffic
congestion, and accidents. Information sensed from the roads can be sent via Internet to
applications or social media. This helps in reducing traffic jams.
 Shared using Xodo PDF Reader and Editor

Structural Health Monitoring

A network of sensors are used to monitor the vibration levels in the structures. Data
from the sensors is analyzed to assess the health of the structures. By analyzing the data
it is possible to detect cracks, locate damages to the structures and also calculate the
remaining life of the structure.

Surveillance
Surveillance of infrastructure, public transport and events in cities is required to ensure
safety and security. City wide surveillance requires a large network of connected
cameras. The video feeds from the cameras can be aggregated in cloud-based storage.
Video analytics applications can be used to search for specific patterns in the collected
feeds.
Emergency Response
IoT systems can be used to monitor buildings, gas and water pipelines, public transport
and power substations. These systems provides alerts and helps in mitigating disasters.
Along with cloud-based applications IoT systems helps to provide near real-time
detection of adverse events.

Environment
Weather Monitoring
IoT-based weather monitoring systems use different sensors to gather data. That data is
sent to the cloud-based storage. The collected can be analyzed and visualized with
applications. Weather alerts can be subscribed by users from such applications.

Air Pollution Monitoring

IoT-based air pollution monitoring systems can monitor harmful gas emissions by
factories and vehicles using gaseous and meteorological sensors. The collected data can
be analyzed to take decisions on pollution control approaches.
Noise Pollution Monitoring

IoT-based noise pollution monitoring systems use a number of noise pollution

monitoring systems that are deployed at different places in the city. The data on noise
levels from the stations is collected on servers or in the cloud. The collected data can be
analyzed to generate noise maps.

Forest Fire Detection

IoT-based forest fire detection systems use number of nodes deployed at various
locations in the forest. Each monitoring node collects data about ambient conditions.
This data will be collected and analyzed for the presence of fire and corresponding
people will be alerted.

River Floods Detection

IoT-based flood monitor systems use number of sensor nodes to monitor the water
level. Data from the sensors is aggregated on the server or in the cloud. Monitoring
 Shared using Xodo PDF Reader and Editor

applications raise alerts in case of rapid increase in water level or when rapid flow rate
is detected.

Watch this video to learn about IoT applications in energy, retail, logistics, agriculture,
industry, health and lifestyle domains:

Energy
Smart Grids
Smart grid is a data communications network integrated with the electrical grid. Smart grid
technology provides predictive information and recommendations to utilities, their suppliers
and consumers, and how best to manage power. Smart meters can capture real-time power
consumption and allows to manage power distribution remotely.

Renewable Energy Systems

Renewable energy sources (like solar and wind) produce variable output. Variable output
produces local voltage swings that can impact power quality. IoT-based systems integrated
with the transformers measures how much power is fed into the grid.

Prognostics
Energy systems have a large number of critical components whose health is essential for
working correctly. IoT-based monitoring systems allows for the data to be gathered about
these critical components. Analysis of massive amounts of data gathered by sensors can
provide predictions for the impending failures.

Retail
Inventory Management
The inventory in a store or warehouse can be managed by using IoT. The products or items in
the store can be attached with RFID tags. By using the RFID tags, the RFID reader or
software can automatically show the number of items in the store or warehouse. If a product
goes out of stock a notification can be sent to the store owner automatically.

Smart Payments
Now-a-days new types of payments are coming into picture like QR codes, NFC, contact less
technologies etc. These technologies enables smart payments.

Smart Vending Machines

A smart vending machine contains several items. A consumer can insert money and get the
item they want as shown in the image below. Several sensors can be attached to these
vending machines such that whenever an item quantity is less, the owner of that machine will
be automatically notified so that the owner can be arrangements to get that item beforehand.

Also, the vending machines can maintain the history of the consumers. So, when a consumer
visits the vending machine next day, it can suggest the same item that the consumer
purchased before.

Logistics
Route Generation and Scheduling
While delivering packages to various locations, different sensors can be fixed in those routes
and they can be monitored remotely through an application. By looking at the data sent by
the sensors, the delivery company can automatically know which routes are less congested
and schedule the delivery of packages in such routes.
 Shared using Xodo PDF Reader and Editor

Fleet Tracking
A delivery company will have several delivery personnel working with them. Different
people will use different vehicles for delivering the packages. Sensors can be fixed to
those vehicles and their location can be tracked to know how long will it take to deliver
the package.

Shipment Monitoring
The packages can be fixed with RFID tags or other form of remote tracking sensors to
send data periodically to a server via Internet. The delivery company can use that data
to track where the package is and update the user about the remaining time that will be
needed to deliver the package.

Remote Vehicle Diagnostics

A vehicle rental company can fix sensors into the vehicles before giving them for rent to
the customers. The company can check the data sent by the sensors to know the current
location of the vehicle and easily track them.

Agriculture
Smart Irrigation
Irrigation refers to the watering of plants. By using different sensors like temperature sensor,
humidity sensor, soil moisture sensor, etc., data can be collected about the soil and the
environment and let the framer know when to turn on the water sprinklers to provide water to
the plants. This process is illustrated in the figure given below.

Green House Control

A green house is an artificial field that can be grown inside buildings or on the roof tops. It is
a controlled environment in which several types of sensors are fixed to gather data about the
soil, environment and other parameters.

The data from the green house is aggregated at a local gateway and sent to the server via
Internet. The data at the server is analyzed and appropriate alerts are sent to the owner of the
green house. This process is illustrated in the figure below.
 Shared using Xodo PDF Reader and Editor

Industry
Machine Diagnosis & Prognosis
The machines used in the industry can be fixed with sensors. The data from the sensors
can be used to diagnose the machines. We can know if the machine is working up to the
expected performance or not. The data analysis will also let the owner of the machine
know when the life of machine will be over.

Indoor Air Quality Monitoring

The quality of air for the working personnel inside the industry is also important. Often
times leakage of dangerous gases leads to the death of industry personnel. Sensors can
be fixed at different location to monitor the working environment for any leakage of
hazardous gases and notify the appropriate personnel to deal with it.

Health & Lifestyle

Health and Fitness Monitoring
With the advent of IoT remote healthcare has become an viable option for attending to
patients. There is no need for patient to visit hospital for every minor health problem.

The doctor can attend to such patients from a remote location. Different sensors can be
fixed on near the patient to monitor the health vitals of that patient. The data sent by the
sensors is monitored by the doctor and appropriate decisions are made.

Wearable Electronics
Now-a-days there are different types of wearables available in the market to monitor
health and lifestyles. Some examples of such wearables are smart watches, smart
glasses, smart patches, smart garments, etc., as shown in the below figure.
Shared using Xodo PDF Reader and Editor