CORREL 2 –

HYDRAULICS 3
 HYDROSTATIC FORCE ON CURVE SURFACE
For the curved surface AB: (a) Determine the magnitude, direction and line of action of vertical component of hydrostatic force
actin on the surface. (b) Determine the magnitude, direction and line of action of horizontal component of hydrostatic force
actin on the surface.

Solution
ത
𝐹𝐻 = 𝛾ℎ𝐴
𝐹𝐻 = 9.81(1.5) (1)(1)
𝐹𝐻 = 14.715 kN ←

𝐼𝑔
𝑒=
𝐴𝑦ത
1m
1 (1)3
12 1m
𝑒=
(1)(1) (1.5)
𝑒 = 0.056 m
𝑦 = 0.5 + 0.056 m 1m
∴ FH is acting 0.556 m below B FH

Fv F
 HYDROSTATIC FORCE ON CURVE SURFACE
For the curved surface AB: (a) Determine the magnitude, direction and line of action of vertical component of hydrostatic force
actin on the surface. (b) Determine the magnitude, direction and line of action of vertical component of hydrostatic force
actin on the surface. Use l=1m.

Solution

𝐹𝐻 = 14.715 kN ← ∴ FH is acting 0.556 m below B

𝐹𝑉 = 𝛾𝑉 ∑𝑀0 = 0
𝑉 = 1(𝐴)
𝐹𝑉 xത − 𝐹𝐻yത = 0
𝐴 = 𝐴1 + A2
17.515 (തx) −14.715 (0.556) = 0 1m
12 𝜋
𝐴2 = = 0.785 m2
4
xത = 0.467 m
𝐴1 = 1(1) = 1 m2

𝐴 = 1.785 m2
𝑉𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 = 1.785 m3
FH
𝐹𝑉 = 9.81(1.785)
𝐹𝑉 = 17.515 kN
Fv F
 BUOYANCY
A hollow cylinder 1m in diameter and 2 m high weighs 3825 N.
a. How many kN of lead weighing 110 kN/m3 must be fastened to the outside bottom of the cylinder to make it float with 1.5 m
submerged in water?
b. How many kN of lead if it is placed inside the cylinder?
Solution:
a 𝐵𝐹𝐶 = 𝛾𝑤𝑉𝐷 [Σ𝐹𝑉 = 0] 1m
𝜋 2
𝐵𝐹𝐶 = 9.81 (1) (1.5) 𝐵𝐹𝐶 + 𝐵𝐹𝐿 = 𝑊𝐶 + 𝑊𝐿
4 0.5 m
𝐵𝐹𝐶 = 11.557 kN WC =3.825 kN
11.557 + 9.81𝑉𝐿 = 3.825 + 110𝑉𝐿
2m
𝐵𝐹𝐿 = 𝛾𝑤𝑉𝐿 𝑉𝐿 = 0.077 m3 1.5 m
𝐵𝐹𝐿 = 9.81𝑉𝐿 BFC
𝑊𝐿 = 8.489 kN
𝑊𝐿 = 𝛾𝐿𝑉𝐿
𝑊𝐿 = 110 (𝑉𝐿) WL =?

BFL
 BUOYANCY
A hollow cylinder 1m in diameter and 2 m high weighs 3825 N.
a. How many kN of lead weighing 110 kN/m3 must be fastened to the outside bottom of the cylinder to make it float with 1.5 m
submerged in water?
b. How many kN of lead if it is placed inside the cylinder?
Solution:
b 𝐵𝐹𝐶 = 𝛾𝑤𝑉𝐷 [Σ𝐹𝑉 = 0] 1m
𝜋 2
𝐵𝐹𝐶 = 9.81 (4) (1.5) 𝐵𝐹𝐶 = 𝑊𝐶 + 𝑊𝐿
4 0.5 m
𝐵𝐹𝐶 = 11.557 kN WC =3.825 kN
11.557 = 3.825 + 𝑊
2m
𝐵𝐹𝐿 = 𝛾𝑤𝑉𝐿 𝑊𝐿 = 7.732 kN 1.5 m BFC
𝐵𝐹𝐿 = 9.81𝑉𝐿 WL =?
𝑊𝐿 = 𝛾𝑤𝑉𝐿
𝑊𝐿 = 110 (𝑉𝐿)
 FUNDAMENTALS FLUID FLOW
Discharge Energy Heads 𝒗𝟐
𝑸 = 𝑨𝒗 Volume flow rate, m3/s 𝒗𝟐 𝟐𝐠
= Velocity head
𝑴 = 𝝆𝑸 Mass flow rate, kg/s 𝟐𝐠 𝐏
In N-m 𝑬
𝑾 = 𝜸𝑸 Weight rate, N/s 𝒗
𝐏 per N of 𝜸
= Pressure head fluid
𝜸
Continuity Equation flowing
= Elevation Head
𝒁
𝒁

Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem

𝑨𝟏 𝒗𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 𝒗𝟐
𝑬𝟏 +𝑬𝑨𝒅𝒅𝒆𝒅 +𝑬𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒕/𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 = 𝑬𝟐

𝟏
 Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem

Energy Equation without Head Loss Energy Equation with Head Loss

𝒗𝟏 𝟐 Energy Grade Line 𝒗𝟏 𝟐

𝟐𝐠 𝟐𝐠 𝑯𝑳𝟏−𝟐
𝟐
𝒗𝟐
𝑷𝟏 𝟐𝐠 𝑷𝟏
𝒗𝟐 𝟐
𝜸 𝜸
𝟐𝐠

𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝟏 𝑷𝟐
𝜸 𝜸

𝒁𝟏 𝟐 𝒁𝟏 𝟐
𝒁𝟐 𝑬𝟏 = 𝑬𝟐 + 𝑯𝑳𝟏−𝟐 𝒁𝟐
𝑬𝟏 = 𝑬𝟐
𝑬𝟏 − 𝑯𝑳𝟏−𝟐 = 𝑬𝟐

𝒗𝟏 𝟐 𝑷𝟏 𝒗𝟐 𝟐 𝑷𝟐 𝒗𝟏 𝟐 𝑷𝟏 𝒗𝟐 𝟐 𝑷𝟐
+ + 𝒁𝟏 = + + 𝒁𝟐 + + 𝒁𝟏 − 𝑯𝑳𝟏−𝟐 = + + 𝒁𝟐
𝟐𝐠 𝜸 𝟐𝐠 𝜸 𝟐𝐠 𝜸 𝟐𝐠 𝜸
 Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem

Energy Equation without PUMP Energy Equation wit TURBINE

𝑃 = 𝑄𝛾𝐸 2 1 T

𝑃 = 𝑄𝛾𝐸

1 P 2

𝒗𝟏 𝟐 𝑷𝟏 𝒗𝟐 𝟐 𝑷𝟐 𝒗𝟏 𝟐 𝑷𝟏 𝒗𝟐 𝟐 𝑷𝟐
+ + 𝒁𝟏 − 𝑯𝑳 + 𝑯𝑨 = + + 𝒁𝟐 + + 𝒁𝟏 − 𝑯𝑳 − 𝑯𝑬 = + + 𝒁𝟐
𝟐𝐠 𝜸 𝟐𝐠 𝜸 𝟐𝐠 𝜸 𝟐𝐠 𝜸
BERNOULLI’S ENERGY THEOREM
Energy Equation with Pump Energy Equation with Turbine
Pump is used basically to increase the head. Turbines or motors extract flow energy to do the mechanical
work in which in turn converted into electrical energy.

1 T
2

2
1 P

𝑣1 2 𝑃1 𝑣2 2 𝑃2 𝑣1 2 𝑃1 𝑣2 2 𝑃2
+ + 𝑍1 + 𝐻𝐴 = + + 𝑍2 + 𝐻𝐿 + + 𝑍1 − 𝐻𝐸 = + + 𝑍2 + 𝐻𝐿
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑄𝛾𝐻𝐴 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝑄𝛾𝐻𝐸

 Flow Measurement Devices

Orifice Unsteady Flow Orifice Unsteady Flow Orifice (Submerged Flow)

𝑄𝑖𝑛
1
𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝐻 𝐴𝑠
5m ℎ2 ℎ1
2 𝐴𝑠 𝑉𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
ℎ1
ℎ2
𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 ℎ

𝑣2 = 2𝑔ℎ Tank 1 Tank 2

𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ℎ1 ℎ1
𝐴𝑠 1 𝐴𝑠1 𝐴𝑠2 −1/2
𝑡=න 𝑑ℎ 𝑡= න ℎ 𝑑ℎ
𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝐶𝑣 𝑣2 ℎ2 𝑄𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐶𝐴𝑂 2𝑔 ℎ2 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2
2𝐴𝑠 𝐴𝑠1 𝐴𝑠2 2
𝑡= ℎ1 − ℎ2 𝑡= ℎ1 − ℎ2
𝐶𝐴𝑂 2𝑔 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2 𝐶𝐴𝑂 2𝑔
Water enters a pump through a 150-mm diameter intake pipe
leaves through a 200-mm diameter discharge pipe. If the average
velocity in the intake pipeline is 1m/s
a. calculate the average velocity in the discharges pipeline
b. What is the flowrate though the pump

Solution:
𝐷1 = 150 mm 𝐷2 = 200 mm
𝑣1 = 1 m/s 𝑣2 =?

a. 𝑄=𝑄 b. 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣
𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 𝜋
= 0.15 2 (1)
𝜋 𝜋 4
0.15 (1) = 0.2 2 (𝑣2 )
2
𝑄 = 0.0177 m3 /s
4 4

𝑣2 = 0.5625 m/s
Two pipes of diameter 175 and 225m converge into a 350 mm diameter pipe. If the velocity at the smallest pipe is 1.6 times the
velocity of the biggest pipe, find:
a. Total flow rate in the system in gal/sec if the velocity at 225 mm diameter pipe is 4m/s
b. Velocity of the smallest pipe
Solution: 𝟏
𝐷1 = 175 mm 𝐷2 = 225 mm 𝐷3 = 350 mm 𝟑
𝑣1 = 1.6𝑣3 𝑣2 = 4 m/s 𝑣1
𝑣3 = 𝟐
1.6
𝑄1 + 𝑄2 = 𝑄3
𝐴1 𝑣1 + 𝐴2 𝑣2 = 𝐴3 𝑣3 𝑄3 = 𝐴3 𝑣3
𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 = 0.350 2 (2.755 )
2
0.175 (𝑣1 ) + 0.225 2
(4 ) = 0.350 2 𝑣1 4
4 4 4 1.6 m3 264.172 gal
𝑄3 = 0.265 ×
𝑠 m3
𝑣1 = 4.408 m/s
gal
𝑣1 𝑄3 = 70.005
𝑣3 = = 2.755 m/s 𝑠
1.6
Water enters a motor though a 600 mm diameter pipe under a pressure of 14 kPa. It leaves through a 900 mm diameter exhaust pipe
with a pressure of 4 kPa. A vertical distance of 2.5 m separates the centers of the two pipes. Compute the power supplied to the
motor.
𝟏
Solution: 𝑄 = 500 𝑙/𝑠 T
𝐸1 − 𝐻𝐸 = 𝐸2 𝑃1 = 14 kPA
𝐷1 = 0.6 m 2.5 m
𝑣1 2 𝑃1 𝑣2 2 𝑃2
+ + 𝑧1 −𝐻𝐸 = + + 𝑧2
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝑣1
𝟐
1.76842 14 0.78592 4 m3𝜋
+ +2.5 −𝐻𝐸 = + +0 0.5 = .6 2(𝑣1 )
2(9.81) 9.81 2(9.81) 9.81 𝑠 4 𝑃2 = 4 kPA
𝑣1 = 1.7684 m/s 𝐷1 = 0.9 m
𝐻𝐸 = 3.647 m
m3 𝜋
𝑃 = 𝑄𝛾𝐸 0.5 = .9 2(𝑣2 )
𝑠 4
= 0.5 (9810)(3.647 m)
𝑣2 = 0.7859 m/s
𝑃 = 17,889.870 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 ≈ 𝑃 = 17,890 𝑘𝑊
The pump shown draws water from reservoir A at elevation 10m and lifts it to reservoir B at elevation 60m. The loss of head from A
to 1 is two times the velocity head in the 200mm diameter pipe and the head loss from 2 to B is ten times the velocity head on the
150 mm diameter pipe. Determine the rated horsepower of the pump and the pressure heads at 1 & 2 in meters when the
discharge is 0.03 m3/s. 2 2
𝑣1 𝑣2
Solution: ℎ𝑓𝐴−1 = 2 ℎ𝑓2−𝐵 = 10
2(g) 2(g) 𝐸𝑙. 60m 𝐵
𝐴−𝐵
0 0 10 1.563
𝑣𝐴 2𝑃𝐴 𝑣𝐵 2 𝑃𝐵 ℎ𝑓𝐴−1 = 0.093m ℎ𝑓2−𝐵 = 1.469m

500m − 150mm
+ + 𝑧𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿 + 𝐻𝐴= + + 𝑧𝐵
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
0 0 60 𝐻𝐿𝐴−𝐵 = 1.563

𝐻𝐴 = 51.562 m. 𝐸𝑙. 10m 𝐴

500m − 200mm
𝑃 = 𝑄𝛾𝐸 = 0.03 (9810)(51.562 m.) 1 P 2 𝐸𝑙. 0m
𝑃 = 15174.660 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 ≈ 𝑃 = 15.175 𝑘𝑊 𝑣1 = 0.955 m/s 𝑣2 = 1.698 m/s
𝐴−1
𝑃 = 20.35 ℎ𝑝
2−𝐵
0 0 10 0.093 0 0 1.469 0 0 60
𝑣𝐴 2 𝑃𝐴 𝑣1 2 𝑃1 𝑣2 2 𝑃2 𝑣𝐵 2 𝑃𝐵
+ + 𝑧𝐴 − ℎ𝑓𝐴−1 = + + 𝑧1 + + 𝑧2 − ℎ𝑓2−𝐵= + + 𝑧𝐵
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
𝑃1 𝑃2
= 9.861 = 61.469 m
𝛾 𝛾
A 1.5 m diameter vertical cylindrical tank 3m high contains 2.5 m of water. A 100-mm diameter circular sharp-edged orifice is located
at its bottom. Assume C=0.6
a. How long will it take to lower the water 1 m deep after opening the orifice
b. How long will it take to empty the tank?
Solution
1.5 m
2𝐴𝑠 ( ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) 2𝐴𝑠 ( ℎ1 − ℎ2 )
𝑡= 𝑡=
CA 2g CA 2g
𝜋 𝜋
3m 2 1.5 2 2.5 − 1 2 1.5 2 2.5 − 0
4 4
water 2.5 m = =
𝜋 𝜋
0.6 0.1 2 2(9.81) 0.6 0.1 2 2(9.81)
4 4
C = 0.6 𝑡 = 98.399 s 𝑡 = 267.721 s
D = 100mm 𝑡 = 1.64 min. 𝑡 = 4.462 min.
 HEAD LOSSES
Major loss (due to friction)

Darcy- Weisbach formula Hazen-Williams formula

𝑓𝐿𝑣 2 𝑣 = 0.8429𝐶𝑅0.63 𝑆 0.54

ℎ𝑓 = - all section - all section
𝐷 2g 𝑄 = 0.2785𝐶𝐷2.63 𝑆 0.54
0.0826 𝑓𝐿𝑄 2
ℎ𝑓 = - circular pipes only 10.67𝐿𝑄1.85
𝐷5 ℎ𝑓 = 1.85 4.87 - circular pipes only
𝐶 𝐷
Manning’s formula ℎ𝑓
𝑆 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑔𝑙 =
𝐿
6.35𝑛2 𝐿𝑣 2
ℎ𝑓 = - all section
𝐷16/3

10.29𝑛2 𝐿𝑄 2
ℎ𝑓 = - circular pipes only
𝐷16/3
 THREE-RESERVIOR
Case 1 Case 2
1 1
ℎ𝑓1 J’
2 ℎ𝑓2 ℎ𝑓1 2
J’ ℎ𝑓2
𝑃𝑗
𝑄1 𝑄1
𝛾 𝑃𝑗
ℎ𝑓3 𝑄2 ℎ𝑓3 𝛾 𝑄2
𝐻1 𝐻1
J J
𝐻2 𝐻2
3 3
𝑄3 𝑄3

𝐻𝑗 𝐻𝑗
𝐻3 𝐻3

at J at J
𝑄1 = 𝑄2 + 𝑄3 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 = 𝑄3
7. From the given figure, the rate of flow from reservoir A is 0.2 m3/s
a. Compute the head loss in pipe B
b. Compute the discharge in pipe C
c. Compute the diameter of pipe C

El. 346 m

𝐴 El. 301 m

600 m
𝐵
0.45 m
C = 120 3600 m
0.30 m
C = 200
J
El. 241 m
1200 m
D=?
𝐶 C = 110
 El. 346 m
From the given figure, the rate of flow from reservoir A is 0.2 m3/s El. 343.732 m
a. Compute the head loss in pipe B 2.268 𝐴 J’ El. 301 m
b. Compute the discharge in pipe C ℎ𝑓𝐵
𝑄𝐴 =0.2
c. Compute the diameter of pipe C 600 m
𝐵
Solution: ℎ𝑓𝐶 0.45 m
C = 120 3600 m
10.67𝐿𝑄 1.85
10.67𝐿𝑄 1.85 0.30 m
ℎ𝑓𝐴 = ℎ𝑓𝐵 = C = 100
𝐶 1.85 𝐷4.87 𝐶 1.85 𝐷4.87
J
10.67(600)(0.2)1.85 El. 241 m
= 10.67 (3600) 𝑄1.85 1200 m
(120)1.85 (0.45)4.87 42.732 = D=?
1001.85 (0.3)4.87 𝐶 C = 110
ℎ𝑓𝐴 = 2.268 m
𝑄𝐵 = 0.106 m3 /𝑠
𝐸𝑙. 𝐽′ =346 − 2.268 = 343.732 10.67𝐿𝑄1.85
𝑄𝐴 = 𝑄𝐵 + 𝑄𝐶 ℎ𝑓𝐶 = 1.85 4.87
𝐶 𝐷
ℎ𝑓𝐵 = 343.732 − 301
0.2 = 0.106 + 𝑄𝐶
ℎ𝑓𝐵 = 42.732 m 10.67 (1200) (0.093) 1.85
𝑄𝐶 = 0.094 m3 /𝑠 102.732 =
1101.85 (𝐷)4.87

ℎ𝑓𝐶 = 343.732 −241

𝐷 = 0.183 m.
ℎ𝑓𝐶 = 102.732 m
 PIPES IN SERIES &PARALLEL
SERIES PARALLEL
𝑄1
1

𝑄1 𝑄2 𝑄3
𝑄3 𝑄5
𝑄4
A B
4 3 5
𝑄1 = 𝑄2 = 𝑄3
𝑄2

𝐻𝐿 = ℎ𝑓1 + ℎ𝑓2 + ℎ𝑓3 2

𝑄4 = 𝑄5 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 + 𝑄3

𝐻𝐿𝐴−𝐵 = ℎ𝑓1 = ℎ𝑓2 = ℎ𝑓3

Two reservoirs are connected by two pipes. The difference in
elevations of the two reservoir is 46 m . The first pipe is 0.3 m in
diameter, 8050 m long with f = 0.02. The other pipe, 0.35 m in 1
diameter is 8021 m long with f = 0.02. Determine the total flow. 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑠
46 m 𝐻𝐿 = ℎ𝑓 𝐴 + ℎ𝑓 𝐵 B
Solution:
0.0826 𝑓𝐿𝑄 2 𝑄𝐵
ℎ𝑓 = A
𝐷5 𝑄𝐴

0.0826(0.02)(8050) 𝑄𝐴 2 2
ℎ𝑓𝐴 =
(0.3)5
𝑄𝐴 = 𝑄𝐵
ℎ𝑓𝐴 = 5472.674 𝑄𝐴 2
ℎ𝑓 𝐴 + ℎ𝑓 𝐵 = 46

0.0826(0.02)(8021) 𝑄𝐵 2 5472.674 𝑄𝐴 2 + 2522.89 𝑄𝐴 2 = 46

ℎ𝑓𝐵 =
(0.35)5
𝑄𝐴 2
ℎ𝑓𝐵 = 2522.89 𝑄𝐵 2 𝑄𝐴 = 0.0758 m3 /𝑠
A pipe 977 m long branches into 3 pipes at junction A . The three 1 L=1046
pipes span 1046 m, 885 m, and 796 m. They come together at
junction B and the continue as single pipe for 1224 m. All pipes ⊘=300
are 300 mm in size except the shorts one which is 250 mm. The
pressure drop of water between the junctions is 260 kPa. Friction
factor “f” can be assumed 0.02 in the entire system. Calculate the L=977 ⊘=250 L=1224
A B
rates of flow in the branching pipes.
⊘=300 L=796 ⊘=300
3
Solution:
0.0826 𝑓𝐿𝑄 2
ℎ𝑓 = ⊘=300
𝐷5
0.0826(0.02) (1046) 𝑄1 2 0.0826(0.02) (796) 𝑄3 2
26.504 = 26.504 = 2 L=885
5
(0.3)5 (0.250)
𝑄3 = 0.14 m3 /s 𝑃𝐵 − 𝑃𝐴 = 260 kPa
𝑄1 = 0.193 m3 /s
𝛾𝑤 9.81
0.0826(0.02) (885) 𝑄2 2
26.504 = ℎ𝑓 𝐴−𝐵 = 26.504 m
(0.3)5
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑠
𝑄2 = 0.21 m3 /s
𝐻𝐿 = ℎ𝑓 1 = ℎ𝑓 2 = ℎ𝑓 3