Some Important Formulas

Relations and Functions

1. No. of subsets of a Set A containing n elements = 2 n
2. No. of elements in A×B =n×m (Product of no. of elements of A and
no. of Elements of B)
3. If n(A)=n and n(B)=m such that A and B have p elements in common
then n(A×B)∩n(B×A)= p2
4. No. of Relations from A to B = 2 mn
5. No. of functions from A to B = mn (n(A)= n and n(B)= m)
2
6. No. of reflexive relations when a relation is defined on a set A =2𝑛 −𝑛
2 +𝑛
2𝑛
7. No. of symmetric relations when a set is defined on a set A= .
2
8. No. of equivalence relation on a set A = C(n,n-1).
9. No. of one-one functions from A to A = n!
No. of one-one functions from A to B = P(n, m)
Where, n(A)=n and n(B)= m , n≤ 𝑚.
10. No. of onto functions from A to B, n(A)=n and n(B)=m
Case1: - if n(A)=n(B)= m then no. of onto functions =m!
Case2: - if n<m, then onto functions = 0
Case3: - if n>m, then onto functions
mn- C(m,1) (m-1)n +C(m,2)(m-2)n-C(m,3)(m-3)n+…………
……. +C(m,m-1)(m-(m-1))n.
11. No. of bijective functions m! (if m=n)

MATRIX
12. Inverse of a matrix A
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
A-1 = .
|𝐴|
13. If A is square matrix of order n then
|kA|= kn |A|.
For example |2A|= 23|A| ( where A is square matrix of order 3)
= 8|A|
14. Reversal law
(AB)-1 = B-1A-1
15. |adj A|= |A|n-1
For example: - if A is a invertible matrix of order 3, and |A|= 5. Find
|adj A|.
Now, wkt |adj A|= |A|n-1
 = |A|3-1= 52
= 25.
16. Adj AB = (adj B). (adj A), where A and B are non-singular matrix.
17. If A is an invertible square matrix, then (adj AT) = adj(A)T.
18. If A is a non-singular matrix, then adj (adj A) = |A|n-2A.
2
Also |adj (adj A)| = |𝐴|(𝑛−2) .
1
19. If A is a non- singular matrix, then |A-1|= .
|𝐴|

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
2 2
20. Sin x +Cos x = 1
Sin2x = 1- cos2x
Cos2x = 1 – Sin2x
21. 1+ tan2x = sec2x
Sec2x – tan2x =1
Tan2x= sec2x - 1
22. 1+Cot2x = cosec2x
Cot2x = cosec2x -1
cosec2x - Cot2x= 1
23. Sin(-x) = - sin x
24. Cos(-x) = cos x
25. Tan(-x) = - tan x
𝜋
26. Sin ( − 𝑥) = cos x
2
𝜋
27. Cos ( − 𝑥) = sin x
2
𝜋
28. Tan ( − 𝑥) = cot x
2
𝜋
29. Cot ( − 𝑥) = tan x
2
𝜋
30. Sec ( − 𝑥) = cosec x
2
𝜋
31. Cosec ( − 𝑥) = Sec x
2
32. Sin (A+B) = sin A. cos B + cos A. sin B
33. Sin (A-B) = sin A. cos B - cos A. sin B
34. Cos (A+B) = cos A. cos B – sin A. sin B
35. Cos (A-B) = cos A. cos B – sin A. sin B
tan 𝐴+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
36. Tan (A+B) = .
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴.𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
tan 𝐴−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
37. Tan (A-B) =
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴.𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴.𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐵−1
38. Cot (A+B) =
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐵+𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴.𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐵+1
39. Cot (A-B) =
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐵−𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴
40. Cos 2A= cos2A – sin2A
= 1- 2sin2A
= 2cos2A – 1
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
=
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
41. Sin 2A = 2 Sin A. Cos A
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴
=
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴
42. Tan 2A =
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
43. Sin 3A = 3Sin A – 4Sin3A
44. Cos 3A = 4Cos3A – 3 CosA
3𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴−𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝐴
45. Tan 3A =
1−3𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
46. 2 Sin A. Sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A+B)
47. 2 Cos A. Cos B = Cos (A+B) + cos(A-B)
48. 2 Sin A. Cos B = Sin(A+B) + sin(A-B)
49. 2 Cos A. Sin B = Sin(A+B) – Sin(A-B)
(𝐴+𝐵) (𝐴−𝐵)
50. Sin A + Sin B = 2 Sin . Cos
2 2
(𝐴+𝐵) (𝐴−𝐵)
51. Sin A - Sin B = 2 Cos . Sin
2 2
(𝐴+𝐵) (𝐴−𝐵)
52. Cos A – Cos B = -2 Sin . Sin
2 2
(𝐴+𝐵) (𝐴−𝐵)
53. Cos A + Cos B = 2 Cos . Cos
2 2
−1 −1 𝜋
54. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥=
2
−1 −1 𝜋
55. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥=
2
−1 −1 𝜋
56. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥=
2
−1 −1 𝑥+𝑦
57. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 +𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1( ) , if xy > 1
1−𝑥𝑦
𝑥+𝑦
= 𝜋 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1( ) , if x>0, y>0 and x.y >1
1−𝑥𝑦
𝑥+𝑦
= −𝜋 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1( ) , if x<0, y<0 and x.y >1
1−𝑥𝑦
𝑥−𝑦
58. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1𝑥 - 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1( ) , if xy > -1
1+𝑥𝑦
𝑥−𝑦
= 𝜋 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1( ) , if x>0, y>0 and x.y < -1
1+𝑥𝑦
−1 𝑥−𝑦
= −𝜋 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) , if x<0, y<0 and x.y >1
1+𝑥𝑦
59. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1(−𝑥 ) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1𝑥 , ∀ 𝑥 ∈ [−1,1]
60. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1(−𝑥 ) = 𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1𝑥 , ∀ 𝑥 ∈ [−1,1]
61. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1(−𝑥 ) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1𝑥 , ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
62. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (−𝑥 ) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1𝑥 , ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 − (−1,1)
63. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1(−𝑥 ) = 𝜋 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1𝑥 , ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 − (−1,1)
64. 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1(−𝑥 ) = 𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1𝑥 , ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
1
65. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1( ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1𝑥 , ∀ x∈ 𝑅 − (−1,1)
𝑥
1
66. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1( ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1𝑥 , ∀ x∈ 𝑅 − (−1,1)
𝑥
−1 1
67. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) = -𝜋 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1𝑥 , ∀ 𝑥 < 0
𝑥
= 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1𝑥 , ∀ 𝑥 > 0
2𝑥
68. 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
1−𝑥 2
2𝑥
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )
1+𝑥 2
1−𝑥 2
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1( 2 )
1+𝑥

LIMITS
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥
69. lim =1
𝑋→0 𝑥
𝑥 𝑛 −𝑎𝑛
70. lim = n𝑎𝑛−1
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
71. lim 𝑒 𝑥 = 1
𝑥→0
𝑒 𝑥 −1
72. lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑎𝑥 −1
73. lim = log 𝑒 𝑎
𝑥→0 𝑥
log(1+𝑥)
74. lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥
1
75. lim (1 + )𝑥 = 𝑒
𝑥→∞ 𝑥
1
76. lim (1 + 𝑥)𝑥 = 𝑒
𝑥→0
𝑎
77. lim (1 + )𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎
𝑥→∞ 𝑥

DIFFERENCIATION AND INTEGRATION

𝑑
𝑑𝑥
𝐶 =0 ∫ 𝐶𝑑𝑥 = Cx +c
𝑥 𝑛+1
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 𝑛 ) = n𝑥 𝑛−1 ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +c
𝑛+1
𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑥 𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
(𝑎𝑛 ) = ∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 +c
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎
𝑑
(𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + c
𝑑𝑥
1 1
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log x +c
𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
(𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑥) = cos x ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = Sin x +c
 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
(cos 𝑥) = -sin x ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = -Cos x +c
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥 dx = tan x +c
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
(cot 𝑥) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = -cot x +c
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) = sec x. tan x ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥= sec x + c
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) = - cosec x. cot x ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥. cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = -cosecx+c
1 1
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥) =
1+𝑥2
∫ 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1𝑥 + c
−1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥−𝑎
𝑑
(𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥) = ∫ 𝑥 2 −𝑎2 = 2𝑎 log | 𝑥+𝑎 | + c
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2
1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥+𝑎
𝑑
(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) = ∫ 𝑎2 −𝑥2 = 2𝑎 log | 𝑥−𝑎 | +c
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥2
1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
(𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥) =
𝑥√𝑥 2 −1
∫ √1−𝑥 2 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1𝑥
−1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥) =
𝑥√𝑥 2 −1
∫ 𝑥√𝑥 2 −𝑎2 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1(𝑎)+c
−1 −1 𝑥
𝑑
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥) = = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 ( )+c
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 𝑎 𝑎

Product rule ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = - log |cosx|+c

𝑑 𝑑
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
(𝑢.𝑣) = u v +v 𝑢 = log |sin x| +c
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Quitent rule ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =log|secx+tanx|+c

𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑢−𝑢 𝑣

𝑑𝑥 𝑣
( )= 𝑑𝑥
𝑣2
∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log |sin x|+c

= -log|cosec x|+c
𝑑𝑥
∫ √𝑥 2 −𝑎2 = log|x+√𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 |+
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
∫ √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 𝑎 + c
𝑑𝑥
∫ √𝑥 2 +𝑎2 =log|x+√𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 |+c
1 1 𝑥
∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥= 2 𝑥√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 2 𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 𝑎 +c
1 1
∫ √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥= 2 𝑥√𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 + 2 𝑎2 log|x + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 | + c
1 1
∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥= 2 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 - 2 𝑎2 log|x + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + c

Types of Integration
Integration by substitution
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ). 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥, Where g(x) = f’(x)
Let f(x) = t
F’(x) dx = dt
g(x)dx = dt
𝑡2
∫ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2
+c
(𝑓(𝑥))2
= +c
2

Integration by parts
Rule to be followed
I (Inverse trigonometric function)
L(Log)
A(Algebraic)
T(trigonometric)
E(Exponent)

𝑑
∫ 𝑢. 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = u ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 - ∫[𝑑𝑥 𝑢 ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥]𝑑𝑥

Or
𝑑
∫ 𝐼. 𝐼𝐼 𝑑𝑥 = I ∫ 𝐼𝐼𝑑𝑥- ∫[𝑑𝑥 𝐼 ∫ 𝐼𝐼 𝑑𝑥]𝑑𝑥

Partial fraction
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑔(𝑥)
If , deg of f(x) < deg of g(x)
𝑝𝑥+𝑞 𝐴 𝐵
= +
(𝑥+𝑎)(𝑥+𝑏) 𝑥+𝑎 𝑥+𝑏
𝑝𝑥+𝑞 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + +
(𝑥+𝑎)(𝑥+𝑏)(𝑥+𝑐) 𝑥+𝑎 𝑥+𝑏 𝑥+𝑐
𝑝𝑥+𝑞 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + +
(𝑥+𝑎)(𝑥+𝑏)2 𝑥+𝑎 𝑥+𝑏 (𝑥+𝑏)2
𝑝𝑥+𝑞 𝐴𝑥+𝐵 𝐶𝑥+𝐷
= +
(𝑥 2 +𝑎)(𝑥 2 +𝑏) 𝑥 2 +𝑎 𝑥 2 +𝑏
 Integral of the type
𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞
∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 √𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑
Then , px+q = A (ax2+bx+c) + B
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑝𝑥+𝑞 A𝑑𝑥(ax2+bx+c) + B
∫ 𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑝𝑥+𝑞 A𝑑𝑥(a𝑥 2 +bx+c) + B
Similarly, ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐 √a𝑥 2 +bx+c

Integral of the type

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑎+𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 or ∫ 𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 or ∫ 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 or ∫ 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐
𝑥
2𝑡𝑎𝑛2
Then substitute Sin x= 𝑥
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 2

1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥⁄2
Cos x=
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥⁄2
𝑥
And then put tan = t and apply integration by substitution.
2

Integral of the type

𝑎𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑏𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑
Then, a Sin x + b cos x = A (𝑐𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑑𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) + 𝐵
𝑑𝑥

Then find A and B

Integral of the type
𝑎𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑏𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑒𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑓
𝑑
Then a Sin x+ b Cos x+ c = A (𝑑𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑒𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑓 ) + 𝐵 (𝑑𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 +
𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑓 )+C
Then find A, B and C
Properties of definite integrals
𝑏 𝑏
 ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑡= ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
 𝑎 𝑏
 ∫𝑏 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑐 𝑎
 ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑏
 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥= ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
 ∫0 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)dx

If f(-x) = f(x) If f(-x)= -f(x)

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
Then ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 Then ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥= 0

2𝑎
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
0

If f(2a-x)= f(x) If f(2a-x)= -f(x)

2𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎
Then ∫0 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 Then ∫0 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 0

Properties of logs
Log A + Log B = Log (A.B)
Log A - Log B = Log (A/B)
Log 𝐴𝐵 = B Log A
Base changing formula
log𝑐 𝑏
log 𝑎 𝑏= ( base can be taken according to the requirement)
log𝑐 𝑎
log 𝑎 1= 0
log 𝑎 𝑎= 1
log 𝑎 𝑎𝑘 =k
𝑎log𝑎 𝑘 = 𝑘
log 1 𝑏= − log 𝑎 𝑏
𝑎
log 𝑎 𝑏 log 𝑏 𝑐= log 𝑎 𝑐
 Probability

Sample space: - A set of all possible outcomes of an experiment is

called a sample space.
Ex: - A Dice is rolled.
S= {1,2,3,4,5,6}
Mutually exclusive Events:- Let A and B be any 2 Events such that
there is no element common between the 2 events.
Ex: - A= {1,2,3} and B={4,5}
Now A∩ 𝐵=𝜑
Mutually Executive Events: - If S be a sample space and A, B ,C, D…
are some Events associated with the Sample Space S
then, if A ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 ∪ 𝐷 ∪ …= S
then the events A, B, C, D… are called Mutually Executive Events.
Ex:- S={1,2,3,4,5,6}
A= {1,2}, B= {2,3,4}, C= {4,5,6}
Now, A∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶= {1,2,3,4,5,6} =S
Sum of probability of all the elements is always equals to 1
 P (A∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
 P (A∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵), (if A and B are mutually exclusive)
 If A and B are complementary events
Such that A∪ 𝐵 = 𝑆 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = ∅
P(A) + P(B) = P(S) (but P(S)= 1)
So, P(A) + P(B) =1
𝐹𝑎𝑣𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
Probability of an Event: -
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
𝑛(𝐴)
Now, P(A) = , (0≤ 𝑷(𝑨) ≤ 𝟏)
𝑛(𝑠)
This can also be written like
𝑛(𝐴)
P(A|S) = In this condition we have considered that we are
𝑛(𝑠)
finding the probability of A considering S as the sample space.
CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY
In the similar way we can understand the concept of conditional
probability.
P(A|B) in this case we are taking B as the sample space so the
favorable outcomes for A to occur is the elements common between
A and B i.e., n(A∩B)
And total possible outcomes are n(B).
 𝒏(𝑨∩𝑩)
𝐧(𝐀∩𝐁) 𝒏(𝑺) 𝑷(𝑨∩𝑩)
So, P(A|B) = = 𝒏(𝑩) = .
𝒏(𝑩) 𝑷(𝑩)
𝒏(𝑺)
𝑷(𝑨∩𝑩)
P(B|A) = .
𝑷(𝑨)
P (𝑬′ |𝑭) + 𝑷(𝑬|𝑭)= 1
Theorem of multiplication
𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵)
P(A|B) = => P (A∩ 𝐵) = P(A|B). P(B)
𝑃(𝐵)
Similarly, P (A∩ 𝐵) = P(B/A). P(A)
Independent Events
If A and B are two independent Events then P(A/B) = P(A)
And P(B/A) = P(B)
Then, P (A∩ 𝐵)= P(A). P(B), ( for independent events )
Theorem of total probability
Let E1, E2, E3 … En are partition of Sample Space S, and suppose that
each of the events E1, E2, E3 … En has nonzero probability of
occurrence. Let A be any event associated with S, then
P(A) = P(E1) P(A|E1) + P(E2) P(A|E2) + P(E3) P(A|E3) + …+ P(En)
P(A|En)
P(A) = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 P(𝐸𝑖 ) P(A|𝐸𝑖 )
Bayes theorem
Let E1, E2, E3 … En are n non empty events which constitute a
partition of Sample Space S, i.e. E1, E2, E3 … En are pairwise disjoint
and E1∪E2∪E3 ∪… ∪En = S and A is any event of nonzero
probability, then
𝑃 (𝐸1). 𝑃(𝐴|𝐸1 )
𝑃 (𝐸1|𝐴) =
𝑃 (𝐸1 ). 𝑃(𝐴|𝐸1 ) + 𝑃(𝐸2 ). 𝑃 (𝐴|𝐸2 ) + ⋯ + 𝑃(𝐸𝑛 ). 𝑃(𝐴|𝐸𝑛 )

Some other formulas

Square Circle

Area = a2 Area= 𝜋𝑟 2
Perimeter = 4a Circumference=2𝜋𝑟
Length of diagonal= √2𝑎
 Rectangle Parallelogram

Area= L×B Area = Height×Base

Perimeter=2(L+B)
Length of diagonal = √𝐿2 + 𝐵 2

Rhombus Cube

1
Area = 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠 Volume= a3
2

Perimeter= 4× Side Lateral surface Area = 4a2

Total surface Area = 6a2
Cuboid Cylinder

Volume = L×B×H Volume= 𝜋𝑟 2ℎ

Lateral surface Area= 2(L+B)×H Curved Surface area= 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
Total surface area = 2(LB+BH+HL) Total Surface Area = 2𝜋𝑟(𝑟 + ℎ)

Sphere Hemisphere

4𝜋𝑟 3 2𝜋𝑟 3
Volume= Volume=
3 3
Surface area = 4𝜋𝑟 2 Curved surface Area= 2𝜋𝑟 2
Total surface Area= 3𝜋𝑟 2
Cone

1
Volume = 𝜋𝑟 2ℎ
3

Curved surface area= 𝜋𝑟𝑙

Total surface area = 𝜋𝑟(𝑙 + 𝑟)
𝑙 2 = 𝑟 2 + ℎ2