INTEGRATION FORMULAE (Indefinite):

Basic formulae:

1) ∫ 0 𝑑𝑥 = c(constant)
2) ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + c
3) ∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 + c Eg: ∫ 5 𝑑𝑥 = 5𝑥 + c, ∫ 10 𝑑𝑥 = 10𝑥 + c
𝑛 𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑥6 𝑥 21
4) ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +c Eg: ∫ 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥 = + c, ∫ 𝑥 20 𝑑𝑥 = +c
𝑛+1 6 21
1 −1 1 −1 1 −1
5) ∫ ( 𝑥𝑛
) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑛−1) 𝑥 𝑛−1
+c Eg: ∫( 𝑥3
) 𝑑𝑥 =
2𝑥 2
+ c ; ∫(
𝑥 10
) 𝑑𝑥 =
9 𝑥9
+c
2 3/2 14
6) ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 +c Eg: ∫ 7√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 3/2 + c
3 3
7) ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 + c 𝑥
Eg: ∫ 5𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 5𝑒 𝑥 + c
𝑎𝑥 2𝑥 5𝑥
8) ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 + c Eg: ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 + c ; ∫ 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 + c
1 1 1 5
9) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log|𝑥| + c Eg: ∫ 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 5 log|𝑥| + c; ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 5 log|𝑥| + c
𝑥
1 1 3 3 1 1
10) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − + c Eg: ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − + c ; ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − +c
𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥 3𝑥 2 3𝑥
1 5 1 2
11) ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2√𝑥 + c Eg: ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 10√𝑥 + c; ∫ 3√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 √𝑥 + c
√
12) ∫ log 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 log 𝑥 − 𝑥 + c
13) ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + c

Trigonometric formulae: Application

cos 5𝑥
1) ∫(sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + c Eg: ∫(sin 5𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − 5
+ c; ∫(sin(𝑥/2))𝑑𝑥 = −2 cos(𝑥/2) + c
sin 2𝑥
2) ∫(cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + c Eg: ∫(cos 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2
+ c; ∫(cos(𝑥/2))𝑑𝑥 = 2 sin(𝑥/2) + c
tan 3𝑥 𝑥
3) ∫(sec 2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + c Eg: ∫(sec 2 3𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 3
+ c; ∫ (sec 2 ( 2 )) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 tan(𝑥/2) + c
cot 5𝑥
4) ∫(cosec 2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = −cot𝑥 + c Eg: ∫(cosec 2 5𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − 5
+ c ; ∫(cosec 2 (𝑥/2))𝑑𝑥 = −2cot (𝑥/2) + c
sec 4𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
5) ∫(sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + c Eg: ∫(sec 4𝑥 tan 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 4
+ c; ∫ (sec tan ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 sec + c
2 2 2
cosec 6𝑥
6) ∫(cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = −co sec 𝑥 + c Eg: ∫(cosec 6𝑥 cot 6𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − +c
6
log|sec 5𝑥|
7) ∫(tan 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = log|sec 𝑥| + c Eg: ∫(tan 5𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 5
+c ;
log|sin 3𝑥|
8) ∫(cot 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = log|sin 𝑥| + c Eg: ∫(cot 3𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 3
+c
𝜋 𝑥 log|sec 2𝑥 + tan 2𝑥|
9) ∫(sec 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = log|sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥| + c or log |tan (2
+ 4 )| + c Eg: ∫(sec 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2
+c
𝑥 log|cosec 7𝑥−cot 7𝑥|
10) ∫(cosec 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = log|cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥| + c or log |tan (2)| + c Eg: ∫(cosec 7𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 7
+c
1−cos 2𝑥 1 1 sin 2𝑥
11) ∫(sin2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫(1 − cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 [𝑥 − 2 ] + c
1+cos 2𝑥 1 1 sin 2𝑥
12) ∫(cos2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫(1 + cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 [𝑥 + 2 ] + c
13) ∫ (tan2
𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (sec 2
𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 − 𝑥 + c
14) ∫(cot 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫(cosec 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 = −cot 𝑥 − 𝑥 + c
2

Inverse Trigonometric formulae:

1
1) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 𝑥 𝐨𝐫 − cos−1 𝑥 + c
√1−𝑥 2
1
2) ∫ 1+ 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 = tan−1 𝑥 𝐨𝐫 − cot −1 𝑥 + c
1
3) ∫ |𝑥|√𝑥2 −1 𝑑𝑥 = sec −1 𝑥 or − cosec −1 𝑥 + c
1 1
4) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sinh−1 𝑥 + c 5) ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = cosh−1 𝑥 + c
√1+𝑥 2 √𝑥 −1
 1 −1
6) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = tanh−1 𝑥 𝐨𝐫 coth−1 𝑥 + c 7) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sech−1 𝑥 + c
1− 𝑥 2 𝑥 √1−𝑥 2

−1
8) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = cosech−1 𝑥 + c
|𝑥|√1+𝑥 2

Integration Using NINE Special formulae: (NAVARATHNA)

1 1 𝑥
1) ∫ 𝑥 2 +𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
tan−1 (𝑎) + c
1 1 𝑥 −𝑎
2) ∫ 𝑥 2 −𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑎 log |𝑥 + 𝑎| + c
1 1 𝑎+𝑥
3) ∫ 𝑎2 −𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑎 log |𝑎 − 𝑥| + c
1 𝑥
4) ∫ √𝑥 2 +𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = sinh−1 (𝑎) + c or log|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 | + c
1 𝑥
5) ∫ √𝑥 2 −𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = cosh−1 (𝑎) + c or log|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + c
1 𝑥
6) ∫ √𝑎2 −𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 (𝑎) + c
𝑥 𝑎2
7) ∫ √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 2 log|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 | + c
𝑥 𝑎2
8) ∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − 2 log|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + c
𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
9) ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 2 sin−1 (𝑎) + c

Application formulae on basic Integration:

(𝑎𝑥+𝑏)𝑛+1
1) ∫(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1
+𝑐
1 1
2) ∫ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = log |𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏| + c
𝑎
𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
3) ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 + c
𝑎 𝑝𝑥+𝑞
4) ∫ 𝑎𝑝𝑥+𝑞 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑝 log 𝑎 + c
2
5) ∫ √𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑎 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)3/2 + c
1 2√𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
6) ∫ √𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 +c
1 −1
7) ∫ (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + c
− cos(𝑎𝑥+𝑏)
8) ∫ sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
+c
sin(𝑎𝑥+𝑏)
9) ∫ cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
+c
tan(𝑎𝑥+𝑏)
10) ∫ sec 2 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
+𝑐

Types of Integration:

➢ Integration by substitution
➢ Integration by parts
➢ Integration by partial fractions

Integration by substitution:
I Inverse function
𝑓′ (𝑥)
1) ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = log|𝑓(𝑥)| + c
L Logarithmic function
𝑓′ (𝑥)
2) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2√𝑓(𝑥) + c
√𝑓(𝑥)
𝑛+1
A Algebraic function
𝑛 ′ (𝑥) (𝑓(𝑥))
3) ∫(𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑓 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1
+𝑐
T Trigonometric function

E Exponential
 4) ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
5) ∫(𝑥 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑥) )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐

Integration by parts:

∫ 𝒖𝒗′ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒖′ 𝒗 𝒅𝒙

Integration by partial fractions:

(i) If 𝒅𝒆𝒈(𝒇(𝒙)) < 𝒅𝒆𝒈(𝒈(𝒙)) (Proper rational function)

(ii) If 𝒅𝒆𝒈(𝒇(𝒙)) ≥ 𝒅𝒆𝒈(𝒈(𝒙)) (Improper rational function),

then convert it into proper rational by dividing 𝑓(𝑥) by 𝑔(𝑥) then apply the method of partial fraction.

Important models of integration

𝒑𝒙+𝒒 𝒑𝒙+𝒒
MODEL-I: ∫ 𝒂𝒙𝟐+𝒃 𝒅𝒙 or ∫ 𝒅𝒙
√𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃
Working rule: Seperate both the terms and integrate the first term by using suitable formula from substitution
and the second term by using any of those Nine formulae.

𝟑𝒙 + 𝟕 𝑥 1 3 𝟏𝟖 𝑥 7 1 3 7 1
Eg: a) ∫ 𝟗𝒙𝟐 −𝟏𝟔 𝒅𝒙 = 3 ∫ 9𝑥2−16 𝑑𝑥 + 7 ∫ 9𝑥2 −16 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 9𝑥 2−16 𝑑𝑥 + 𝟗 ∫ 16 𝑑𝑥 = log|9𝑥 2 − 16| + ∫ 4 2
𝑑𝑥
𝟏𝟖 𝑥2− 18 𝟗 𝑥 2 −( )
𝟗 𝟑

3 7 1 𝑥 − 4/3 𝟑 𝟕 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒
= log|9𝑥 2 − 16| + log | | = 𝐥𝐨𝐠|𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔| + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 | |+𝐜
18 9 8/3 𝑥 + 4/3 𝟏𝟖 𝟐𝟒 𝟑𝒙+ 𝟒

𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏𝟏 𝑥 1 5 𝟏𝟖 𝑥 11 1
b) ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 5∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 11 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫√ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝟗𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝟓 √9𝑥 2 +25 √9𝑥 2 +25 𝟏𝟖 9𝑥 2 +25 𝟑
√𝑥 2 +
25
9

5 11 1 𝟓 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟓
= (2√9𝑥 2 + 25) + ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = √𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟓 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 |𝒙 + √𝒙𝟐 + |+c
18 𝟑 𝟗 𝟑 𝟗
√𝑥 2 +( 5)
𝟑
 𝟏 𝟏
Model-II: ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 or ∫ 𝒅𝒙 or ∫ √𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒅𝒙
𝒂𝒙 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄 √𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄
Working rule: Take ‘the coeff of 𝑥 2 (a)’ as common ⟶ complete the square ⟶ apply any of suitable
formulae from the above Nine formulae.

𝟏
Eg: i) ∫ 𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝟓𝒙−𝟒 𝒅𝒙

ii)

iii)
 𝒑𝒙+𝒒 𝒑𝒙+𝒒
Model-III: ∫ 𝒂𝒙𝟐+𝒃𝒙+𝒄 𝒅𝒙 or ∫ 𝒅𝒙 or ∫(𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒)√𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒅𝒙
√𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄
𝑑 𝑑
Working rule: Take 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 𝐀 (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝐁 = 𝐀 (2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐁 ⟶ Equate the coefficients to
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
obtain A and B ⟶ Replace the values to get (𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒) ⟶ substitute the value of (𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒) in the given integral,
then integral reduces to the sum of the two integrals ⟶ the first integral can be evaluated by the method of
substitution and the second by the method of completing the square ⟶ apply any of suitable formulae from
the above Nine formulae to evaluate the complete integral.

𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟕
Eg: (i) ∫ 𝟑𝒙𝟐+𝟐𝒙+𝟏 𝒅𝒙 (ii) ∫ 𝒅𝒙 (iii) ∫(𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙)√𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
√−𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟑𝒙+𝟏

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Model-IV: ∫ 𝒅𝒙 or ∫ 𝒅𝒙 or ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 +𝒃 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒂 + 𝒃 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒂 + 𝒃 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝑥 𝑥
2 tan ( ) 1− 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 ( ) 𝑥 𝑥
Working rule: Take sin 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 and cos 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 ⟶ Replace 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 ( 2 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ( 2 )
1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 ( ) 1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 ( )
2 2
𝑥
⟶ Substitute tan ( 2 ) = 𝑡 ⟶ Evaluate the integral by using the methods discussed above.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Eg: (i) ∫ 𝟓 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 +𝟕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 +𝟏 𝒅𝒙 (ii) ∫ 𝟑 + 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒅𝒙 (iii) ∫ 𝟓 − 𝟒 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Model-V: ∫ 𝒅𝒙 or ∫ 𝒅𝒙 or ∫ (𝒂 𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 +𝒃 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 +𝒃 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝒃 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙)𝟐
Working rule: Divide the Nr & Dr by 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 −−⟶ Replace 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 by 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 -------⟶
Substitute tan 𝑥 = 𝑡 ⟶ Evaluate the integral by using the methods discussed above.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟒
Eg: (i) ∫ 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 +𝟓 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒅𝒙 (ii) ∫ 𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 (iii) ∫ 𝟓 +𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 (iv) ∫ (𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙)𝟐 𝒅𝒙

𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 +𝒃 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 +𝒃 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙+𝒄

Model-VI: ∫ 𝒑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 +𝒒 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒅𝒙 or ∫ 𝒑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 +𝒒 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙+𝒓 𝒅𝒙
𝑑 𝑑
Working rule: Take Nr = 𝐀 (Dr) + 𝐁 𝑑𝑥 (Dr) + 𝐁 = 𝐀 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐁 ⟶ Equate the coefficients to
obtain A and B ⟶ Replace this in place of 𝐍𝐫 in the given integral ⟶ the first integral can be evaluated by
using basic integration and the second by the method of substitution
 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 +𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙−𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙+𝟒
Eg: (i) ∫ 𝟓 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 +𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒅𝒙 (ii) ∫ 𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒅𝒙 (iii) ∫ 𝟓 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 +𝟕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙+𝟏 𝒅𝒙

𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 𝒂 𝒂𝒅 − 𝒃𝒄
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒄𝒙 + 𝒅) + 𝒄
𝒄𝒙 + 𝒅 𝒄 𝒄𝟐
𝟐𝐱 + 𝟑 𝟑𝐱−𝟓
1) ∫ 𝟓𝐱 + 𝟕 dx = 2) ∫
𝟐𝐱 + 𝟏
dx

∫(𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒙 𝒇′ (𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒄

1) ∫(𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) dx =

2) ∫(𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ) dx=

∫ 𝒆𝒙 (𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒇′ (𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒄

1) ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) dx =
2) ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (tan 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 ) dx=
𝑥 𝑒𝑥
3) ∫ (1+𝑥)2 dx =
(𝑥+4) 𝑒 𝑥
4) ∫ (𝑥+6)3 dx
(2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥) 𝑒 𝑥
5) ∫ dx =
(1+cos 2𝑥)
2𝑥 (
6) ∫ 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) dx=