POWER ELECTRONICS PROJECT REPORT

ON SINGLE PHASE FULL WAVE

CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

SUBMITTED BY:

220041601017 - DHARSHAN.K
220041601031 - MOHAMED ASHIM.A
220041601032 - MOHAMED BASICK.M
220041601034 - MOHAMED JAVITH.R
220041601036 - MOHAMED RASHID.R
TABLE OF CONTENTS:

S.NO CONTENTS

1. ABSTRACT
*WORKING PRINCIPLE

2. OBJECTIVES

3. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

4. CONTROLLED RECTIFIER
*PHASE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER
*SINGLE PHASE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER
*FULL – WAVE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

5. MIDPOINT CONFIGURATION

6. BRIDGE CONFIGURATION

7. PARAMETERS
8. MANUAL CALCULATION

9. REFERENCE

10. CONCLUSION
ABSTRACT:
A single-phase full-wave controlled rectifier is a type of power electronics
device that converts alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC) using
semiconductor devices such as thyristors or silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs). This
rectifier operates on a single-phase AC supply and utilizes both the positive and
negative halves of the AC cycle for rectification, making it more efficient than half-
wave rectifiers.

The input AC voltage, typically a sinusoidal waveform, is fed into the rectifier. The
thyristors are used to control the point in the AC cycle at which they start conducting,
known as the firing angle. By adjusting the firing angle, the output DC voltage can be
regulated. This controlled rectification process allows for precise control of the
voltage and current supplied to the load.

The working principle involves:

AC Input:
The rectifier receives an AC voltage, which is usually sinusoidal.

Full-Wave Rectification:
Both halves of the AC cycle are used, which doubles the frequency of the
output DC waveform compared to the input AC waveform.

Controlled Conduction:
The thyristors are triggered at specific points in the AC cycle, allowing for
control over the output DC voltage.

This type of rectifier is widely used in applications that require efficient and
adjustable DC power, such as DC motor drives, power supplies, and battery charging
systems. By providing a smoother and more continuous DC output, it enhances the
performance and efficiency of electronic devices.

The primary objectives of using a single-phase full-wave controlled rectifier are to

achieve efficient AC to DC conversion, control the output voltage, improve the
performance of electronic systems, and enhance the overall efficiency by improving
the power factor. The ability to adjust the output voltage through controlled firing
angles makes this rectifier versatile and essential in various industrial and consumer
applications.

OBJECTIVE:
The objective of a single-phase full-wave controlled rectifier is to efficiently
convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) by utilizing both halves of the
AC waveform. It aims to provide a stable and adjustable DC output by controlling the
firing angle of the thyristors or silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs). This enables
precise regulation of the output voltage, which is essential for various applications
such as DC motor drives, power supplies, and battery charging systems. Additionally,
the rectifier seeks to improve the overall performance and efficiency of electronic
devices by providing a smoother and more continuous DC output, and enhancing the
power factor of the system.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 1.circuit diagram

The circuit diagram of a single -phase full-wave fully - controlled converter drive for
controlling a separately excited d.c. motor is depicted in Fig.1. Here a full wave rectifier
bridge is supplies the field circuit, while the full converter supplies the armature circuit.
The converter has four thyristors that need alternate switching of the pairs of these
thyristors T1 , T2 or T3 , T4 is . The converter provides + Va or –Va depending on the
value of the triggering angle α of the thyristors, thus two quadrant operation is possible.
Armature current remains unidirectional due to the converter configuration. The vast
majority of shunt motors are also controlled in this manner.

Controlled Rectifiers:

Phase Controlled Rectifier:

Phase-controlled rectifiers are circuits used in power electronics that enable the
conversion of AC voltage to DC voltage by regulating the firing angle of thyristors.
Thyristors are semiconductor devices that can regulate the flow of current by using a
gate signal. Phase-controlled rectifiers are employed in a variety of applications,
including motor drives, heating and lighting control, battery chargers, and power
supplies for electronic devices.

Single-phase controlled rectifiers are a category of phase-controlled rectifiers that

employ a single thyristor to control current flow. Unlike diode rectifiers that only
allow current to flow in one direction, single-phase controlled rectifiers allow current
to be controlled in both directions. By regulating the firing angle of the thyristor, the
output voltage and current can be managed, enabling power regulation to the load.
Single-phase controlled rectifiers are widely used in AC motor speed control and
battery chargers.

Single-Phase Controlled Rectifier:

Single-phase controlled rectifiers, also known as phase-controlled rectifiers, play a
crucial role in power electronics applications. These devices are used to convert
alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) with the ability to control the output
voltage. This is achieved by adjusting the firing angle (or phase angle) of thyristors,
which are semiconductor devices capable of switching large currents.
Full-Wave Controlled Rectifiers:
Full-wave controlled rectifiers employ two or more thyristors and are more efficient
than their half-wave counterparts. These rectifiers utilize both the positive and
negative half-cycles of the input AC supply. There are two main types of full-wave
controlled rectifiers: the midpoint configuration and the bridge configuration.

Midpoint Configuration:
The midpoint or center-tapped configuration is a setup that employs a center-tapped
transformer and two thyristors. The secondary winding of the transformer is divided
into two halves, with the midpoint connected to the load. The thyristors are linked
between the ends of the secondary windings and the load. By sequentially triggering
the thyristors, the rectifier conducts during both positive and negative half-cycles of
the input AC supply, enabling control of the output voltage by adjusting the firing
angle. However, a disadvantage of this configuration is that it necessitates a center-
tapped transformer, which can be costly and cumbersome.
Figure 2: Single-phase full-wave controlled rectifier with midpoint configuration
- circuit (top) and waveforms (bottom)
Bridge Configuration:
The bridge configuration is a type of phase-controlled rectifier that uses four
thyristors arranged in a bridge topology. This eliminates the need for a center-tapped
transformer, making it a more compact and cost-effective design. In the bridge
configuration, during the positive half-cycle, two diagonally opposite thyristors
conduct, and during the negative half-cycle, the other two thyristors conduct. By
adjusting the firing angles of the thyristors, the output voltage can be controlled.
Compared to the midpoint configuration, bridge rectifiers have several advantages,
including higher efficiency, better power factor, and lower harmonic distortion.
Figure 3: Single-phase full-wave controlled rectifier in the bridge configuration -
circuit (top) and waveforms (bottom)
Parameters:
The performance of a single-phase controlled rectifier is assessed based on parameters
such as the average output voltage, output current, ripple factor, power factor, and
total harmonic distortion. Control techniques for adjusting the firing angle include
constant firing angle control, integral cycle control, and pulse-width modulation.

Constant Firing Angle Control:

Constant firing angle control is a technique in which the thyristors' firing angle is kept
fixed during the rectification process. This approach offers a straightforward way to
regulate the average output voltage. However, it can lead to issues with power factor
and harmonic distortion, especially at lower output voltage levels.

Integral Cycle Control:

Integral cycle control is a method of controlling the output voltage by switching the
thyristors on and off for a fixed number of complete input voltage cycles. This method
can help to improve the power factor and reduce harmonic distortion. However, it
may also cause significant output voltage and current ripples, which can lead to
additional noise and unwanted effects in some applications.

Pulse-Width Modulation:
Pulse-width modulation (PWM) is an advanced control technique used to dynamically
vary the firing angles of thyristors to achieve a desired output voltage waveform. By
carefully selecting the firing angles, PWM can minimize harmonic distortion, improve
power factor, and provide better output voltage regulation. However, PWM-controlled
rectifiers require more complex control circuitry and may need advanced digital
controllers or microprocessors.

Applications of Single-Phase Controlled Rectifiers:

Single-phase controlled rectifiers find wide applications in a range of fields, including
battery charging, variable-speed motor drives, power supplies for electronic devices,
and electric vehicle charging stations, among others. With their ability to regulate the
output voltage and handle high power levels, these rectifiers are suitable for diverse
industrial, commercial, and residential applications.

In conclusion, It is important to note that single-phase controlled rectifiers are widely

used in power electronics due to their ability to efficiently and precisely convert AC
power to DC power. Engineers can use their knowledge of the operating principles,
performance parameters, and control techniques to design and implement these
devices in a range of applications. As technology and control strategies continue to
advance, single-phase controlled rectifiers will remain a critical component in meeting
the demands of modern electrical systems.
AC VOLTAGE SOURCE FOR RL LOAD:
PULSE GENERATOR 1 FOR RL LOAD:
PULSE GENERATOR 2 FOR RL LOAD:
WAVEFORM:
AC VOLTAGE FOR R LOAD:
PULSE GENERATOR 1 FOR R LOAD:
PHASE GENERATOR 2 FOR R LOAD:
WAVEFORM:
REFERENCE:

1."Power Electronics: Converters, Applications, and Design" by Ned Mohan, Tore

M. Undeland, William P. Robbins

• This textbook is widely used in power electronics courses and covers various
rectifier circuits, including single-phase full-wave controlled rectifiers,
explaining their operation, control techniques, and applications.

2."Fundamentals of Power Electronics" by Robert W. Erickson, Dragan

Maksimovic

• This book provides an in-depth explanation of power electronic circuits,

including rectifiers and their control strategies, and covers both theoretical and
practical aspects.

3."Power Electronics" by Muhammad H. Rashid

• Rashid's book is a standard reference in the field of power electronics, offering

detailed coverage of different types of rectifiers, including the single-phase
controlled full-wave rectifier. It also discusses the impacts of control
techniques on output characteristics.

4."Power Electronics: Principles and Applications" by J. David Irwin

• This text provides a practical approach to understanding the operation and

applications of power electronics, including single-phase controlled rectifiers.

5."Analysis of Full-Wave Phase-Controlled Rectifiers with Inductive Load" by R. K.

Sharma, R. S. S. Murthy

• This research paper discusses the analysis of single-phase full-wave controlled

rectifiers, including their behavior under different load conditions and control
strategies.
6.IEEE Papers and Journals

• Various IEEE papers and journals provide research and case studies on
controlled rectifiers, their applications in motor drives, renewable energy
systems, and other advanced topics in power electronics. You can search for
relevant IEEE papers on platforms like IEEE Xplore.
These references will provide both theoretical insights and practical guidance for
understanding the principles, operation, and control strategies of single-phase full-
wave controlled rectifiers.

CONCLUSION:

A single-phase full-wave controlled rectifier is a power electronics circuit that

efficiently converts alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC) by controlling
the conduction of the diodes (or thyristors) using external control signals. The key
findings and conclusions from the operation of a single-phase full-wave controlled
rectifier are as follows:

1.DC Output Control:

The average DC output voltage can be controlled by adjusting the triggering angle
(commonly called the firing angle) of the thyristors. By changing the firing angle, the
output voltage can be varied, providing a flexible solution for applications requiring
controlled DC power.

2.Improved Efficiency:
A full-wave rectifier improves efficiency compared to a half-wave rectifier by
utilizing both positive and negative halves of the input AC signal, thus providing
smoother DC output with higher average voltage.

3.Harmonic Distortion:
The rectifier introduces harmonics into the AC input line due to the switching
behavior of the thyristors. Filters and other techniques are often used to reduce
harmonic distortion and improve the quality of the output signal.
4.Controlled Power Flow:
By varying the triggering angle of the thyristors, the rectifier can regulate both the
voltage and current, making it suitable for applications like DC motor drives, power
supplies, and renewable energy systems where precise power control is essential.

5.Phase-Controlled Rectification:
Unlike uncontrolled rectifiers, which provide a fixed output, the phase control feature
allows for dynamic adjustment of the rectified output, making the single-phase full-
wave controlled rectifier highly versatile for various industrial and consumer
applications.

In conclusion, the single-phase full-wave controlled rectifier offers precise control

over the DC output voltage and current, making it a valuable tool in power electronics
for both industrial and renewable energy systems. However, its application needs to
account for harmonic distortion and other factors to ensure optimal performance.