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CHAPTER 1

The document discusses single-phase rectifiers, including uncontrolled half-wave and controlled half-wave rectifiers, detailing their operation, voltage and current waveforms, and mathematical modeling. It also covers half-wave rectifiers with RL loads and freewheeling diodes, explaining how these configurations affect output voltage and current. Additionally, it introduces fully-controlled rectifiers with thyristors, emphasizing the control of average DC load voltage through firing angles.

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Mthombeni lebeko
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12 views8 pages

CHAPTER 1

The document discusses single-phase rectifiers, including uncontrolled half-wave and controlled half-wave rectifiers, detailing their operation, voltage and current waveforms, and mathematical modeling. It also covers half-wave rectifiers with RL loads and freewheeling diodes, explaining how these configurations affect output voltage and current. Additionally, it introduces fully-controlled rectifiers with thyristors, emphasizing the control of average DC load voltage through firing angles.

Uploaded by

Mthombeni lebeko
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 1: SINGLE PHASE RECTIFIERS

UNCONTROLLED SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE RECTIFIER.

Figure 1. Single Phase, Half-Wave Rectifier( Uncontrolled)

1. The circuit consists of only one diode that is fed with a secondary transformer
voltage vs = Vm sin ωt.
2. Fig. 2 shows the voltage and current waveforms of the single-phase half-wave
rectifier circuit.
3. Diode D conducts during the positive half-cycle of the transformer secondary
voltage (vs).
4. Therefore, load voltage (vL) and load current (iL) show one pulse per source
voltage cycle.

Figure 2. Voltage and current waveforms of the single-phase half-wave rectifier


circuit.
5. By observing the diode voltage (vD), it is clear that the peak inverse voltage (PIV)
is Vm.
6. Hence, the peak repetitive reverse voltage (VRRM) rating of diode D must be chosen
to be higher than Vm.
7. The peak repetitive forward current (IFRM) rating of diode D must be chosen to be
higher than Vm/R.
8. In addition, the transformer has to carry a dc-current that may result in a dc-
saturation problem of the transformer core.
9. Mathematical Modelling:
1 𝑇
Vave = 𝑇 ∫0 𝑣(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
1 𝜋
= 2𝜋 ∫0 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
𝑉𝑚 𝜋
= [−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡] 0
2𝜋
𝑉𝑚
= [−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 − −𝑐𝑜𝑠0]
2𝜋
𝑽𝒎
= 𝝅

𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒
Iave = 𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐼𝑚
= 𝜋

CONTROLLED SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE RECTIFIER.

Figure 3. Controlled Single Phase, Half-Wave Rectifier


Figure 4. Current Flow.
1. During the positive half cycle of the ac supply, the thyristor SCR 1 is forward-
biased.
2. When it is turned on at ωt = α the thyristor acts like a closed switch and the
input ac voltage appears as it is across the load, as shown in Figure 4.
3. Due to the resistive nature of the load, the load current is in phase with the
load voltage.
4. And it has the same shape as that of the load voltage waveform.
5. The instantaneous value of load current is equal to the ratio of instantaneous
supply voltage and load resistance R.
6. As the load voltage decreases, the load current also decreases and as this
current reduces below the holding current of SCR1, it is commutated due to
natural commutation (at ωt = π).

Figure 5. Reverse biased SCR


7. In the negative half cycle, the thyristor is reverse-biased, and acts like an open
switch as shown in Figure 5.
8. The load is disconnected from the input and hence the load voltage is zero.
9. The entire input voltage then appears across the turned-off SCR as shown in
Figure 6.
10. The voltage across the SCR is almost equal to zero when it is in the on state.
(α ≤ ωt ≤ π).

Figure 6. Waveforms of Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier.


𝑉𝑚
Vo = [1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼]
2𝜋

SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE RECTIFIER, WITH RL -LOAD

Figure 7. Single Phase, Half-Wave Rectifier with RL – Load

Figure 8. Half-wave rectifier with an RL load (a) circuit (b) waveforms for
voltage and current
1. A half-wave rectifier with a load consisting of R and L is shown in Figure 8.
2. If the SCR is triggered at a firing angle of α, the load current increases slowly, since
the inductance in the load forces the current to lag the voltage.
3. The voltage across the load (VO) is positive, and the inductor is storing energy is
reverse-biased.
4. However, the energy stored in the magnetic field of the inductor is returned and
maintains a forward-decaying current through the load.
5. The current continues to flow until β (called the advance angle), when the SCR turns
off.
6. The voltage across the inductor then changes polarity, and the voltage across the load
becomes negative.
7. As a result, the average output voltage becomes less than it would be with a purely resistive
load.
8. The waveforms for output voltage and current are shown in Figure 8, they contain a
significant number of ripples.

HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER WITH FREEWHEELING DIODE


CIRCUIT WAVEFORMS FOR VOLTAGE AND CURRENT

Figure 9. Half-wave rectifier with freewheeling diode circuit waveforms for


voltage and current
1. To cut off the negative portion of the instantaneous output voltage and smooth the
output current ripple, a freewheeling diode is used as shown in Figure 9.
2. When the load voltage tends to reverse, the FWD becomes forward-biased and
turns on.
3. The SCR then becomes reverse-biased and turns off.
4. Therefore, the current that was flowing from the source to the load through the SCR
now freewheeling between the load and the diode.

Figure 10. Controlled, Single Phase, Full Wave Rectifier


1. In the fully-controlled rectifier configuration, the average DC load voltage is
controlled using two thyristors per half-cycle.
2. Thyristors SCR1 and SCR4 are fired together as a pair during the positive half-cycle,
while thyristors SCR3 and SCR4 are also fired together as a pair during the negative
half-cycle.
3. That is 180o after SCR1 and SCR4.
4. Then during continuous conduction mode of operation the four thyristors are
constantly being switched as alternate pairs to maintain the average or equivalent
DC output voltage.
5. As with the half-controlled rectifier, the output voltage can be fully controlled by
varying the thyristors firing delay angle (α).
6. Thus the expression for the average DC voltage from a single phase fully-
controlled rectifier in its continuous conduction mode is given as:
Figure 11. Controlled, Single Phase, Full Wave Rectifier Wave Forms
with the average output voltage varying from VMAX/π to -VMAX/π by varying the firing
angle, α from π to 0 respectively.
7. So when α < 90o the average DC voltage is positive and when α > 90o the average
DC voltage is negative.
8. That is power flows from the DC load to the AC supply.

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