Practical No.

3 : Calculate standard time for all the operations involved

in step turning process.

I Practical Significance
Work measurement involves finding out the time taken for doing each element. The time
taken for each element is totaled. Time study with the help of a stopwatch is the most
commonly used work measurement method. Time study is best suited for short- cycle
repetitive jobs Most of the production jobs can be easily timed by a time-study. The
technique helps to determine performance rating of workers and their wage rates.

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

PO1- Basic knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, sciences and basic
Engineering to solve the broad-based Mechanical Engineering problems.
PO3- Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use
the results to solve broad-based Mechanical Engineering problems.

III Competency and Skills

 The aim of this course is to help the student to attain the following
industryidentified competency through various teaching learning experiences:
 Apply Industrial Engineering and Quality Control techniquesfor
assuringquality of products and services.

IV Relevant Course Outcome(s)

b. Apply work study techniques to optimize manufacturing process.

V Practical Outcome
Calculate standard time for all the operations involved in step turning process.

VI Relative Affective Domain-

 Follow safety practices.
 Practice good housekeeping.
 Practice energy conservation.
 Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member.
 Maintain tools and equipment.
 Follow ethical Practices.

VII Minimum Theoretical Background

Stop Watch Time Study:

Stop Watch is one of the equipment used for Time Study. It is employed for measuring
the time taken by an operator to complete the work. Stop watch used for time study
purpose should be very accurate and preferably be graduated in decimals so that it can
recover even up to 0.01 minute.
A large hand in the stop watch is revolved at a speed of one revolution per minute. The
dial of the stop watch is divided into 100 equal divisions. The small hand inside the stop
watch revolves at a speed of one revolution in 30 minutes.

Figure 1 This shows how standard time is made up

Rating: Rating is the assessment of the worker’s rate of working relative to the
observer’s concept of the rate corresponding to standard pace. The society of
Advancement of Management National Committee defines rating as that process during
which the time study engineer compares the performance of the operator under
observations with the observer’s concept of proper (normal) or standard performance.

Standard time= Basic time + Allowances

VIII Experimental setup

Figure 2 stop watch

IX Resources Required

S. No. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

1. Stop Watch Timing capacity:23hrs, 59mins 1
and 59.99secs,Accuracy: ±3
seconds/day
2. Digital Video Camera for Micro Available in the market or even 1
Motion Analysis student can use mobile cmera.
3. Steel Rule for Length Range 0‐5 feet 1
Measurement

X Precautions to be Followed
1. Avoid improper handling of stop watch
2. Maintain safe distance from the machine

XI Procedure
a. Understand the job to establish the quality to be achieved in the job.
b. Identify key operations to be timed in the job.
c. Get improved procedure from the method study department. (Refer to Expt. 1)
d. Organize resources and explain the objectives of time study to the worker
andsupervisor.
e. Explain details to worker about improved working procedure.
f. Break operation into elements to separate the constant elements from
variableelements.
g. Observe and record the time taken by an operator.
h. Determine for number cycles to be timed and then the average time
orrepresentative time can be found out.
i. Rate the performance of the worker during observation.
j. Calculate normal time from observed time by using performance rating factor.
 k. Add process allowance rest and personal allowance and special allowances to
thenormal time in order to obtain standard time or allowed time.
l. Standard time determination by adding normal time and allowances.
XII Resources Used

S. Name of Broad Specifications Quantity Remarks

No. Resource Make Details (If any)
1. Stopwatch Casio Accuracy: 3 sec 1

2. Camera Sony M X VIII 1

3. Ruler Omega Range 0-5 feet 1

XIII Actual Procedure Followed

 Observe operator performing a task i.e., step turning.

 Record time taken for each element of operation over several cycle.
 Record the time takes to perform an activity and to give rating that activity.
 Determine total time.
 Calculate normal tine, performances rating etc.

XIV Precautions Followed

 Avoid improper handling of stopwatch.

 Maintain safe distance from the machine.

XV Observations and Calculations

Performance rating: (NT/OT) x 100

= (504.854/673.138) x 100

Basic time: OT x (Rating/100)

673.138 x (75/100) = 504.8535

Allowances: % Delay x N.T.

= (1.398/100) x 504.85
=7.0578 s

Standard Time: S.T. = N.T. + Allowances

= 504.854 + 7.057

= 511.912 s
 XVI Results

We found out that

 Standard Time: 511.912 Sec

 Normal Time: 504.854 sec
 Delay: 50.3453 sec

XVII Interpretation of Results

We found out that the standard time for performing step turning operation could be reduced
by eliminating the delay.

XVIII Conclusions

We were able to find out standard time used for performing step turning operation.
 XIX Practical Related Questions
Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more
such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.

Problem 1:
Naresh, a marketing surveyor, takes an average of 10 minutes to complete a particular
questionnaire. His performance rating (pace) is 110% and there is an allowance of 10%.
1. Calculate the Normal time for completing questionnaire.
2. Calculate the Standard time for completing questionnaire.
Problem 2:
Krishna, Rama, Govinda, and Shreekumar, takes 3 hours and 25 minutes to write an end
of month report. Krishna is rated at 95% (work pace is 95%) and the office has a personal
time allowance of 8%. There is no delay time or fatigue time.
1. Calculate the Normal time for writing an end of month report.
2. Calculate the Standard time for writing an end of month report.
Problem 3:
The two steps in preparing chocolate candy bars are molding and packaging. Personal
fatigue and delay allowances are set at 15%. The molding machine operator is rated at
110% and the packer is rated at 80%. Observed times per batch are given below.

Observed Time in Minutes

Task 1 2 3 4
Molding 26 30 29 31
Packing 45 50 35 30

Determine the Normal and standard times for both tasks.

Problem 4:
A work-study sample of a manufacturing activity conducted over a 40-hour period
shows that a worker with an 85% rating produced 12 parts. The worker’s idle time was
10% and the allowance factor was 12%
Find the Normal and Standard time for this activity.
[Space for Answer]

Ans 3) 1) for molding

Given: Observed time: 29 min
Allowance: 15%
Rating: 110%
a) Normal Time: OT x (Rating/100) = 31.9 min.
b) Allowance: 15% of NT
= 0.15 x 31.9
=4.785 min
c) STD Time: NT + Allowance
= 31.9 + 4.785
= 36.685 min

2) For Packing
Given: Avg Observed Time: 40 min
Rating: 80 %
Allowance: 15%

a) Normal time: OT x (Rating/100) = 32 min

b) Allowance: 15% of NT
= 0.15 x 32
= 4.8 min
c) STD Time: NT + Allowance
= 32 + 4.8
36.8 min

Ans 1) Given: Observed Time: 10 min

Rating: 110%
Allowance: 10%

Sol: a) Normal Time: OT x Rating %

= 11 min
b) Allowance: 0.1 x 11
= 1.1 min

c) STD Time: NT + Allowance

= 12.1 min
 XX References / Suggestions for Further Reading
i. https://slideplayer.com/slide/7439691/
ii. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ufrez3JMIQ
iii. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jDaa1HZQQZg
iv. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ewy7ps51FZI

XXI Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process Related (10 Marks) (40%)
1 Observing and Identifying elements in cycle 20%
2 Recording of time for multiple cycles 20%
Product Related (15 Marks) (60%)
3 Interpretation of result 20%
4 Conclusions 20%
5 Practical related questions 20%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Names of Student Team Members

1. ……………………..
2. ……………………….
3. …………………………

Marks Obtained Dated signature of

Teacher
Process Product Total
Related(10) Related(15) (25)
 Practical No.4 : Prepare motion chart of given activity using standard
symbols of therbligs

I Practical Significance
Micro motion study technique is best suited for those operations or activities which are
of short duration and which are repeated hundreds of time. These are the operations or
motions which require very small time and it is quite difficult to measure time for
these motions accurately and the time required by these motions cannot be neglected
due to repetitive operations.
In such activities it is interesting to go into greater details in order to find out which
movement and effort can be avoided. All this is done to develop the best possible pattern
of movement so that the operator can perform the operations repeatedly with a minimum
effort and fatigue.

II. Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

PO1- Basic knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, sciences and basic
Engineering to solve the broad-based Mechanical Engineering problems.
PO3- Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use
the results to solve broad-based Mechanical Engineering problems.

III Competency and Skills

The aim of this course is to help the student to attain the following industry identified
competency through various teaching learning experiences:
 Apply Industrial Engineering and Quality Control techniques for assuring
quality of products and services.

IV Relevant Course Outcome(s)

d. Apply work study techniques to optimize manufacturing process.

V Practical Outcome
Prepare motion chart of given activity using standard symbols of therbligs

VI Relative Affective Domain-

 Follow safety practices.
 Practice good housekeeping.
 Practice energy conservation.
 Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member.
 Maintain tools and equipment.
 Follow ethical Practices.
VII Minimum Theoretical Background
Micromotion study is a set of techniques intended to divide human activity into group
of movements or micromotions and the study of such movements helps to find for an
operator one best pattern of movements that consumes less time and requires less
effort to accomplish the task.
Short cycle operations require to be studied for microscopic motions e.g., operation of
picking up a nut from bin and its fixing consists of three hand motions namely reach for
the nut, grasp nut and move hand back to assembly position. Such detailed analysis help
to develop the best possible pattern of movements and hence enabling the operator to
perform various operations repeatedly with minimum effort and fatigue.
Micro motion study is one of the most accurate techniques of work analysis used for
work improvement. It makes use of motion pictures of the different activities or
movement, so with the help of camera. Very small time upto 0.0005 minute can be
measured and recorded by this system. When picture camera is utilized, the procedure
is known as “MICR-MOTION STUDY”. The motion time data from the film is
transferred to simo chart. The simo chart data can be further analyzed for the purpose of
work place layout or method improvement.
This technique was developed by Fran Gilbreth who considered that an operation
consists of minute elements which may be repetitive or non repetitive. He termed these
elements THERBLIG (after his name Gilbreth if spelt back word is Therblig).
Therbligs primarily refer to motion of human body at the workplace and to the mental
activities associated with it. They permit much more precise and detailed description
of the work than any other recording techniques.Therbligs were suggested by Frank B.
Gilberth the founder of motion study who differentiated 17 fundamental hand or hand
and eye motions to which an eighteenth has been added.Each therblig has a specific
color, symbol and letter for recording purposes.

Therbligs are used for the following:

1. In studying the activities of two or more persons on a group work.
2. In studying the relationship of the activities of the operator and the machine
as ameans of timing operations.
3. In obtaining motion time data for time standards.
4. Acts as a permanent record of the method and time of activities of the operator
andthe machine.
VIII Experimental setup

Sr. Therblig Symbol Colour Definition

No.
1. Assemble A Violet Putting objects together.
2. Disassemble DA Light Separating different parts of an
violet assembled unit.
3. Avoidable AD Lemon A delay within operator’s
delay yellow control.
4. Unavoidable UD Yellow A delay on which operator has
delay no control.
5. Transport TL Green Moving an article from one
loaded place to another.
6. Transport TE Olive Moving (a body member, say
empty green hand) empty.
7. Search SH Black Hunting for an object.
8. Plan PN Brown Mental reaction before action.

9. Rest R Orange An allowance, idleness or pause

to overcome fatigue incurred
during previous work.
10. Position P Blue Turning to line up, orient or
change position.
11. Find F Gray Mental reaction at end of
search.
12. Inspect I Burnt Examining an object for its
ochre quality.
13. Preposition PP Pale Locating an article in
blue predetermined position so that
it is ready for use.
14. Grasp G Red Taking hold of something.
15. Use U Purple Manipulating or causing a tool
to do its function.
16. Hold H Gold Retention (after grasp).
ochre
17. Select ST Light Choosing one object from
gray amongst many.
18. Release load RL Carmine Releasing an object.
red
Figure no 1 Therbligs
IX Resources Required

S. No. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

1. Stop Watch Timing capacity:23hrs, 59mins and 1
59.99secs,Accuracy: ±3 seconds/day
2. Digital Video Camera for Micro Available in the market or even 1
Motion Analysis student can use mobile camera.
3. Steel Rule for Length Range 0-5 feet 1
Measurement

X Precautions to be Followed
1. Avoid improper handling of camera / recording devices
2. Keep safe distance from the machine.

XI Procedure
i. Select a job for step turning operation for method study.
ii. Observe and record movements /motions in the operation.
iii. Chart the recorded motions with the help of symbols.
iv. Analyze the motions with respect to man, machine and materials.

XII Resources Used

S. Name of Broad Specifications Quantity Remarks

No. Resource Make Details (If any)
1. Stopwatch Casio Accuracy: + 3 sec 1
2. Camera Sony M x VIII 1
3. Ruler Omega Range: 0-5 feet 1

XIII Actual Procedure Followed

1) Select a job for the following operation for method study.

2) Observe and record movement motions in the operations.
3) Chart the recorded motions in the operation with help of symbols.
4) Analyze the motion with respect to main machine and materials.

XIV Precautions Followed

1) Avoid improper handling of camera or stopwatch.

2) Keep safe distance from machine.
 XV Observations and Calculations

Operation : Film No. :

Operator : Operator No. :
Part Name : Date :
Method : Present / Proposed Charted by :
Left hand Symbol Time (Wink) Total Time Symbol Right hand
(Wink)
Grasp Grasp

Hold Transport

Transport Hold

Hold Assemble
#
XVI Results

We were able to plot two handed process charts using various therblig symbols.

XVII Interpretation of Results

We used the following symbols of grasp, hold, transport, assemble to plot 2 handed process
chart.

XVIII Conclusions

We were able to apply work study technique to optimize manufacturing process using various
therblig symbols.

XIX Practical Related Questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more
such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.

1. Differentiate Cycle graph v/s Chrono cycle graph.

2. Discuss the comparison of various techniques of work measurements.
 [Space for Answer]

Ans 1)

Cycle Graph Chrono cycle graph

To make cycle graph a small electric To make a chrono cycle graph series of
bull is attached to finger of operator bulb is tied to hand of operator
performing operation. performing operations.
The cycle graph does not indicate Chrono cycle indicates direction or
direction or speed of motion. speed of motion.
It cannot be used to find velocity It can be used to find out velocity
acceleration and retardation. acceleration and retardation.

It records the path of movement as It records the same in the forms of pear-
continuous lines. shaped spots.

Ans 2) The various techniques of work measurement are:

 Time study: It is used for recording time and rate of working for specific job. It uses stopwatch for
first time measurement and is called time study.

 Synthetic Data: It is a Technique for building up the time for a job at defined level of
performance.

 Work Sampling: It is a Technique in which large no. of observation are recorded over a
period of time of machine, process or worker.
 PMTS: A work measurement technique where time established for basic human motion are used
to build up time for a job.

 Analytical Establishment: It is a technique where time required is calculated partly from

knowledge and experience
 XX References / Suggestions for Further Reading
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUs5xkJF0vs
2. https://slideplayer.com/slide/8053948/
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cxz_QKHmbMw
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-t5bTLU6rc

XX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process Related (10 Marks) (40%)
1 Observing and Identifying the motions 20%
2 Recording of motions 20%
Product Related (15 Marks) (60%)
3 Interpretation of result 20%
4 Conclusions 20%
5 Practical related questions 20%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Names of Student Team Members

1. ……………………..
2. ……………………….
3. …………………………

Marks Obtained Dated signature of

Teacher
Process Product Total
Related(10) Related(15) (25)
Industrial Engineering and Quality Control (22657)