BY SIR ANTONY KILOLO TECHNICAL DRAWING LEVEL 1-3

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION TO TECHNICAL DRAWING
Technical drawing is a common language of a drafter, tools maker and
engineers.
OR
Technical drawing is the act and discipline of composing drawings that
visually communicate how something functions or is constructed.
OR
Technical drawing is a drawing or plan, rendered to scale, that is used to
communicate direction and specifics to a group of people who are creating
something to explain how something works or how to build something.
TYPES OF TECHNICAL DRAWING
 Sketches
 Isometric projection
 Orthographic projection
PRESENTATION OF DRAWING
Drawings are made up of a variety of lines to represents:-
 Surface
 Edges
 Contours
IMPORTANCE TECHNICAL DRAWING
 Technical drawing is a universal language.
 Technical drawing is a basis for vocational training.
 Technical drawings are the means by which those working in industries.
 It encourages tidy and accurate methods of presenting those ideas in the
form of drawing.
 It is important as a design tools for communicating ideas between
people working on any project.
 Its knowledge allows us to think in three dimensions height, width and
depth of the objects being drawn.

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TYPES OF DRAWING
 Pictorial drawing
 Detail drawing
 Assembly drawing
 Display drawing
 Working drawing
PICTORIAL DRAWING
Pictorial drawing is the type of drawing which show a picture of an article
of three dimensions as if one were looking at the article itself.
BASIC TYPES OF PICTORIAL DRAWING
 Isometric pictorial drawing
 Oblique pictorial drawing
Isometric pictorial drawing is a form of picture drawing based on lines at
from the horizontal.
OBLIQUE PICTORIAL DRAWING
Oblique pictorial drawing is a form of picture drawing in which two axes
are at right angle to each other and the third at to them.
TYPES OR METHOD OF OBLIQUE PROJECTION
 Cavalier oblique projection
 Cabinet oblique projection
TERMS IN OBLIQUE PROJECTION
 Front elevation
 The plan or top elevation
 The end elevation
Front elevation is the view selected as the given the more information on.
The plan or top elevation is the view that looks down to the object.
The end or side elevation is the view that looks at the end of the object.
TYPES PICTORIAL PROJECTION
 Isometric pictorial projection
 Axonometric pictorial projection
 Diametric pictorial projection
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 Trimetric pictorial projection

 Oblique pictorial projection
 Planometric pictorial projection
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
 Drawing board
 T-square
 Drawing instrument box
 Eraser
 Protractor
 Scale ruler
 Drawing clips or solar tape
 Brush or piece of cloth
 Compass
 Divider
 Set square
 Drawing pencil
 French curve
 Drawing sheet
USES OF DRAWNG INSTRUMENTS
Drawing board It is used to fixing drawing paper or sheets
ready for drawing
T-square It is used to draw straight line and parallel
line.
Drawing instrument box Is a box that contains a compass, T-
square, pencil, divider and ruler
Eraser It is used to erase or rub unnecessary lines
in drawing.
Protractor It is used for marking and measuring
angles.
Scale ruler It is used to draw irregular curves that are
not circular arcs.

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Drawing clips or solar tape It is used to stuck the paper on the

drawing board.
Brush or piece of cloth It is used to clean or to remove rubbish on
the drawing paper.
Compass It is used to draw a circle.
Divider It is used to transfer the measurement
from the ruler.
Set square It is used to draw parallel and
perpendicular lines using T-square.

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CHAPTER TWO
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
Orthographic projection is the form of drawing most common used for
engineering drawing or technical drawing.
DIFFERENT BETWEEN FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION AND THIRD ANGLE
PROJECTION
FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION
The bottom view is turned upwards The bottom view is turned
and placed above the front downwards and placed below the
elevation. front elevation.
The left side view is placed to the The left side view is placed to the
right of the front elevation. left of the front elevation.
The right side view is placed to the The right side view is placed to the
left of the front elevation right of the front elevation
LINE
Is the length without breadth or thickness.
TYPES OF LINES
 Right line
 Curved line
 Mixed line
Right line is the short distance between two given points.
Curved line is the one of the line which no position however small is
straight.
Regular curved line arc is a position of circumference of a circle.
Mixed line is the line composed of straight curved line.
THE COMMON LINES USED FOR TECHNICAL DRAWING
 Objective line
 Hidden line
 Centre line
 Dimension line
 Cross-section line
 Parallel line

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 Horizontal line
 Vertical line
 Incline line
 Perpendicular line
Objective line is the thick black line used to indicate the feasible form or
edges of an object.
Hidden line is the medium weight line indicates the hidden contours of an
object.

Centre line is the thin line with alternating long line and short dashes.

Dimension line is the thin black line with an arrow head each and space in
Centre for dimension.

Cross section line-Is a line evenly spaced parallel at to the part side.

Parallel lines are the lines that are in the same direction but never meet
together.

Horizontal line is a line parallel to horizon.

Vertical line is the line which is at right angle to a horizontal line.

Incline (oblique) line is the line that occupies an intermediate between

horizontal and vertical lines.
Perpendicular lines are the lines formed when the angles either side of
meeting point are equal to right angle.

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CHAPTER THREE
DIMENSION IN TECHNICAL DRAWING
Extension lines are thin lines leave a gap of about 3mm between the
drawing outline and the start of the extension line extend the line about
3mm beyond the dimension line.
A SIZE OF DRAWING SHEET
A-format is the international recommended size of drawing sheets.
DIFFERENT SHEET SIZES IN A-FORMAT
 A1
 A2
 A3
 A4
 A5
The larger size in A-sheets is 2AO and 4AO.
The smaller size in A-sheets is A6.
Commonly size most used in school, college and examination technical
drawing are:-
 A2
 A3
 A4
PAPER
Paper is a sheet used for writing and drawing.
TYPES OF PAPER
 Cartridge paper
 Detail paper
 Grid paper
 Tracing paper
Cartridge paper is a good quality paper for pencil drawing.
Detail paper is a lighter paper for pencil and colour work.
Grid paper is a paper often of A4 size very suitable for free hand sketching
out of layout for a technical drawing.

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Tracing paper is a paper used for making tracing of technical drawing.

GEOMETRY
There are two forms of geometry namely;
 Plane geometry
 Solid geometry
Plane geometry is the form of geometry that deals with the geometry of
flat surface.
Solid geometry is the form of geometry that deals with geometry of three
dimensions.
DRAWING SCALE
Drawing scale is the drawing that shows a real object with accurate sizes
reduced or enlarged by a certain amount.
Common scale in use with the metric system of measurement are;
 In engineering drawing eg:-1:2,1:5,2:1,5:1
 In building drawing eg:-1:2,1:50,1:100
SCALE
Scale is the ratio between the measurement in the drawing and those true
objects.
TYPES OF SCALE
 True scale eg:-1:1
 Reducing scale eg:-1:2,1:10,1:1000
 Enlarging scale eg:-2:1,5:1,10:1
True scale is the type of scale in which the size of the object is the same as
the size of the drawing.
Reducing scale is the type of scale in which the size of the object is bigger
than the size of drawing.
Enlarging scale is the type of drawing in which the size of the object is
smaller than the size of drawing.
WAYS OF REPRESENTING DRAWING SCALE
 Statement scale
 Representative fraction scale

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 Linear scale
Statement scale is a way of representing scale which based in information
way such as one centimeter to one kilometer.
Representative fraction scale is a way of representing scale which based in
fraction such as , and
Linear scale is a way of representing scale which based in the line form.
CIRCLE
Circle is a round plane figure whose boundary (the circumference) consists
of points equidistant from a fixed point (the center).
PARTS OF CIRCLE
 Circumference
 Arc
 Chord
 Diameter
 Radius
 Sector
 Segment
Circumference is the actual line of the circle
Arc is the part of the circumference of the circle
Chord is a straight line with each end touching the circumference
Diameter is the line passing through the centre of the circle with both ends
touching the circumference.
Radius is any of the straight line from the centre of the circle to its
circumference.
Sector is the part of the circle enclosed by two radii and their joining the
ends of the two radii.
Segment is a part of circle enclosed by a chord and the arc touching both
ends of the circle.
ANGLE
Angle is the space formed by the meeting of two straight lines.
Right angle is an angle that has got .
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Acute angle is an angle that is more than and less than .

Obtuse angle is an angle that is more than and less than .
A straight line is the complete angle of .
Circle is the complete angle of .
POLYGONS
Polygon is the plane figure bounded by more than four sides.
TYPES OF POLYGONS
 Regular polygon
 Irregular polygon
REGULAR POLYGON
Regular polygon is the polygon in which sides are equal length and all
angles are of equal size.
EXAMPLES OF REGULAR POLYGONS
 Pentagon
 Hexagon
 Heptagon
 Octagon
 Nonagon
Pentagon is a polygon that has five sides and angles each of equal sizes
respectively.
Hexagon is a polygon that has six sides and angles each of equal sizes
respectively
Heptagon is a polygon that has seven sides and angles each of equal sizes
respectively
Octagon is a polygon that has eight sides and angles each of equal sizes
respectively
Nonagon is a polygon that has nine sides and angles each of equal sizes
respectively
IRREGULAR POLYGON
Irregular polygon is the polygon in which sides are of different length and
angles of different size
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CHAPTER FOUR
CYCLOID
Cycloid is the path or locus followed by a point on a circle when if moves
along a straight line without shaping.
TYPES OF CYCLOID
 Epicycloid
 Hyper-cycloid
 Trochoid
Epicycloid is the locus of a point on the circumference of a circle which
rolls without slip around the outside of another circle.
Hyper-cycloid is the locus of a point on the circumference of a circle which
rolls without slip around the inside of another circle.
Trochoid is a curve generated by a point outside or inside the circle rolling
along a straight line.
Types of Trochoid
 Superior trochoid
 Inferior trochoid
Superior trochoid is the path or locus of a point which lies on the outside
of a circle when it rotates along a straight line without slipping.
Inferior trochoid is the path or locus of a point which lies on the inside of
a circle when it rotates along a straight line without slipping.

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TECHNICAL DRAWING
MISCELLANEOUS QUESTION WITH ANSWERS
Qn1. Mention six drawing equipment and instrument suitable for technical
drawing.
Ans:-Six drawing equipment and instrument suitable for technical drawing
are:-
 Drawing pencil
 Compass
 Divider
 Set square
 Eraser
 Protractor
Qn2.There are two types of drawing sheets layout commonly used in
technical drawing. Mention them.

Ans:-There are two types of drawing sheets layout commonly used in

technical drawing namely:-

 Portrait
 Landscape
Qn3.Briefly explains the two types of drawing sheets layout commonly
used in technical drawing.

Ans:-Portrait is a drawing sheet layout when is laid upright position.

Landscape is a drawing sheet layout when is laid horizontally position.

Qn4.What is a title block?
Ans:-Title block is the frame drawn at the drawing paper.

Qn5.Mention nine features appear on the title block.

Ans:-Nine features appear on the title block are:-
 Name of college or school
 Title
 Name of student
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 Class or trade
 Checked
 Date
 Scale
 Format
Qn6.What is meant by the term margin (border line), and what is the
function of it.

Ans:-Margin (border line) is a line drawn to surround at the drawing sheet.

The function of margin (border line) is to protect the drawing from

damage.

Qn7.How many degrees are in:-

 A circle
 A quadrant
 A quadrilateral
 A triangle
Ans:-The degree in:-
A circle
A quadrant
A quadrilateral
A triangle

Qn8. Mention the commonly used methods to project pictorial drawing.

Ans:-The commonly used methods to project pictorial drawing are:-

 Isometric drawing method

 Oblique drawing method
 Perspective drawing method
 Axonometric drawing method
Qn9. What is the angle of inclination of sectioning or hatching lines in a
sectional view?
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Ans:-The angle of inclination of sectioning or hatching lines in a sectional

view is

Qn10. What do the abbreviation of ISO and BS stand for?

Ans:-

 ISO stands for international standard organization.

 BS stands for British standard.
Qn11. What is the total area of the following sizes of sheets of drawing?

 A0
 A1
 A2
 A3
 A4
 A5
Ans:-The total area of the following sizes of sheets of drawing is as
follows:-
 A0
 A1
 A2
 A3
 A4
 A5
Qn12. What is meant by the word A-Format?
Ans:- A-format is the international recommended size of drawing.

Qn13. Orthographic projection describes an object in greater detail

than………..
Ans:-Orthographic projection describes an object in greater detail than
pictorial form.

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Qn14. What are the uses of the following:

 Divider
 Protractor
 Drawing board
Ans:-Below are the uses of:-

 Divider Used to transfer the

measurement from the
ruler.
 Protractor Used for marking and
measuring angles.
 Drawing board Used to fixing drawing
paper or sheets ready for
drawing.
Qn15. Name three views which is possible to draw first angle orthographic
projection.

Ans:-Three views which is possible to draw first angle orthographic

projection are:-

 Front view
 Side view
 Top view
Qn16. A right angle has got degree, which degree?

Ans:-A right angle has got

Qn17. What is the technical drawing?

Ans:-Technical drawing is the common language of a drafter, tools maker

and engineers.

OR
Technical drawing is the act and discipline of composing drawings that
visually communicate how something functions or is constructed.

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Qn18. Name five types of drawing.

Ans:-Five types of drawing are:-
 Pictorial drawing
 Detail drawing
 Assembly drawing
 Display drawing
 Working drawing
Qn19. Name five common lines used for technical drawing.

Ans:-Five common lines used for technical drawing

 Hidden detail line

 Thin continuous line
 Thin short dashes
 Section plane line
 Centre line
Qn20. Pictorial drawing divided into two groups, mention them.

Ans:-Pictorial drawing divided into two groups namely:-

 Isometric pictorial drawing
 Oblique pictorial drawing
Qn21. What are the uses of the following:
 T-square
 Drawing instrument box
 Eraser.
Ans:-Below are the uses of:-

 T-square It is used to draw straight line and parallel

line.
 Drawing instrument box Is a box that used to keep a compass, T-
square, pencil, divider and ruler
 Eraser It is used to erase or rub unnecessary lines
in drawing.

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Qn22. In pictorial drawing only three dimensional views are required to

describe three main surfaces of an object. Mention it.
Ans:-Below are the only three dimensional views are required to describe
three main surfaces of an object in pictorial drawing:-

 Length
 Width
 Height
Qn23. What are the functions of the following in technical drawing?

 Scale ruler
 Drawing clips (solar tape)
 Brush (piece of cloth)
 Compass
 Set square
Ans:-Below are the functions of:-
Scale ruler Used to draw irregular curves
that are not circular arcs.
Drawing clips or solar tape Used to stick the paper on the
drawing board.
Brush or piece of cloth Used to clean or to remove
rubbish on the drawing paper.
Compass Used to draw a circle.
Set square Used to draw parallel and
perpendicular lines using T-
square.
Qn24. Drawings are made up of variety of lines which are used to present
three things mainly. Mention them.

Ans:-Drawings are made up of variety of lines which are used to present

three things namely:-

 Surface
 Edges

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 Contours
Qn25. There are two types of geometry. Mention them.

Ans:-There are two types of geometry namely:-

 Plane geometry
 Geographical geometry
Qn26. Hexagon is a polygon which is more than four sides. It
has………..sides.

Ans:-Hexagon is a polygon which is more than four sides. It has six sides.

Qn27. What is obtuse angle?

Ans:-Obtuse angle is an angle that is more than and less than

Qn28. Circle is a plane figure has got degree. Which degree?

Ans:-Circle is a plane figure has got of

Qn29. What is line?

Ans:-Is the length without breadth or thickness.

Qn30. Differentiate between first angle projection and third angle

projection.

Ans:-Difference between first angle projection and third angle projection:-

IN FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION IN THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION

The bottom view is turned upwards The bottom view is turned
and placed above the front downwards and placed below the
elevation. front elevation.
The left side view is placed to the The left side view is placed to the
right of the front elevation. left of the front elevation.
The right side view is placed to the The right side view is placed to the
left of the front elevation right of the front elevation
Qn31. Mention three types of scale.

Ans:-Three types of scale are:-

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 True scale eg:-1:1

 Reducing scale eg:-1:2, 1:10, 1:1000
 Enlarging scale eg:-2:1, 5:1, 10:1
Qn32. Why technical drawing is important?
Ans:-Technical drawing is important because of the following:-
 Technical drawing is a universal language.
 Technical drawing is a basis for vocational training.
 Technical drawings are the means by which those working in industries.
 It encourages tidy and accurate methods of presenting those ideas in the
form of drawing.
 It is important as a design tools for communicating ideas between
people working on any project.
 Its knowledge allows us to think in three dimensions height, width and
depth of the objects being drawn.
Qn33.What is ellipse?
Ans:- Ellipse is a locus of a point which moves so that the sum of its
distances to two points it is in contact.
Qn34.What are the parts of an ellipse?
Ans:- The parts of an ellipse are:-
 Major axes
 Minor axes
Major axes are the longer of two axes.
Minor axes are the shorter of two axes.
Qn35. Mention three methods of construction of an ellipse.
Ans:- Three methods of construction of an ellipse:-
 Auxiliary circle method
 Rectangular method
 Trammel method
Qn36. What is plain scale?
Ans:- Plain is a scale that used to show single dimension on the drawing.
Qn37. What is a quadrateral?

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Ans:- Quadrateral is the plane figure which is bound together with four
sides.
Qn38. What is a circle?
Ans:- Circle is a plane figure bounded by a curved line called
circumference, which is always equal distance from the centre.
Qn39. What is a tangent?
Ans:- Tangent is a straight line which touches the circumference.
Qn40. What is a triangle?
Ans:- Triangle is a plane figure bounded by three straight sides.
Qn41. Describe the parts of a triangle.
Ans:- The parts of a triangle are as follows:-
 Apex
 Attitude
 Angle
 Base
Apex is the highest point at a triangle.
Attitude is the vertical distance from the base of a figure to the highest
point.
Angle is the space formed by the meeting of two straight lines.
Base is the bottom of an object or figure considered as its support.
Qn42. Describe the parts of a triangle.
Ans:- The five types of triangle are as follows:-
 Right angled triangle
 Isosceles triangle
 Obtuse angled triangle
 Equilateral triangle
 Scalene triangle
Right angled triangle is a triangle which contains one angle of
Obtuse angled triangle is a triangle which contains one angle than
Isosceles triangle is a triangle which has two sides equal in length and two
angles which are equal.
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Equilateral triangle is a triangle in which all the sides are the same
dimensions and all angles are equal.
Scalene triangle is a triangle which all the sides and angles are unequal.
Qn43. What is bisecting?
Ans:- Bisecting means divide a line or angle.

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