1

5. For the transfer function (TF) sketch the Bode plot.

25  50
Solution
1
TF  .
25  50
Rearranging,
1
K
TF  50  TF 
S S
1 1
25 P1
where K = 0.02, P1 = 25.
For K  20log10 (0.02)  33.97 .

For pole, critical frequency P1

 5  104 S
6. Find Bode magnitude plot for TF  .
( S 2  60 S  500)
Solution
Simplify as
5  104 S
4
5  10 S 500 1  102 S
 
( S  50)( S  10)  S  S   S  S 
  1   1   1   1
50 10 50 10
K  102  20 log10 (100)  40.

One zero at origin

2 poles, one at P1 = 50 and P2 = 10.

Solution 11.11:-
In order to find out the gain roll off and figure of merit we have to use the
formula;
Vout low frequency gain
Gain = H ( s ) = =
Vin ⎛ ω2 ⎞
⎜1 +
⎜ ω p1 ⎟⎠
2 (
⎟ 1 + ω 2ω p 2 2 )
⎝

where ωp1 and ωp2 are pole frequencies

at the input and output node.
Gain×Bandwidth
Figure of merit =
Power consumption

Refer to figure 11.63 in the text book.

To proceed we have to first find the poles at the input and output. The poles
frequency is given by the inverse of the product of the total resistance seen
between the input/output node and ground and total capacitance seen between
the input/output node and ground. It is written by the formula
1
ωp =
RiCi
1
The total input resistance and capacitance as seen by the source is RS & and
gm
Cin . Hence the pole at the input node is
 1
ω p1 =
⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜⎜ RS & ⎟C
⎝ g m ⎟⎠ in
Similarly the total output resistance and capacitance seen at the output node is
RD & RP and CL respectively. Hence the pole at the output node is-
1
ω p2 =
( RD & RP ) CL
The low frequency gain is − g m ( RP & RD )
Hence we can express the frequency response of the amplifier as the magnitude
of the transfer function
g m ( R p & RD )
H ( jω ) =
⎛ ⎞
⎜1 + ω
⎜
2
ω ⎟ (
2 ⎟ 1+ ω ω p2
2 2
)
⎝ p1 ⎠

There will be two cut-off frequencies in the gain roll off plot. As the frequency
H (jω )
passed each pole frequency, thus the slope of will decrease by
20dB/dec.

DC gain is − g m ( RP & RD )
The band width is determined by the dominant cut-off frequency. In this case,
1
BW =
RDCL

Power consumption = input voltage× input current = VDD I DD

Substituting the values in the formula for figure of merit given at the beginning
of the solution we get the FOM for the circuit:
1
g m RD ×
RDCL
FOM =
VDD I D
gm
=
VDD I DDCL
Solution 12:-
In order to discuss the gain roll off/frequency response first we have two determine
the pole frequencies. The pole frequency is the inverse of product of total resistance
and capacitance as seen by the node at either input or output and is given by the
formula:
1
p 
RiCi
To discuss the gain roll off we need to use the formula,

Vout low frequency gain

Gain  H  s   
Vin  
1  

2
 p1  
2  1   p2
2 2



and for figure of merit,

Gain×Bandwidth
Figure of merit=
Power consumption

Refer figure 11.64 in the text book.

To discuss the frequency response proceed as follows.

The total input resistance seen at the input node is RS and the total capacitance is Cin .
Similarly the total output resistance and capacitance are RD and CL . Hence the two
poles at the input and output are given by substituting the values in the pole frequency
formula:
1
 p1 
RS Cin
 1
 p2 
RDCL
The low frequency gain is  g m RD

Hence the magnitude of transfer function is

Vout
H (s) 
Vin
g m RD

 
1  w

2
w  
2  1  w wp 2
2 2

 p1 

g m RD

1 w R 
Cin 2 1  w2 1 / RDCL  
2 2 2
S


There will be two pole frequencies. As the frequency passes each pole frequency, the
slope of the transfer function decreases by 20dB/dec.

To discuss the figure of merit proceed as follows.

DC gain is g m RD

The band width is determined by the dominant cut-off frequency. In this case,
1
BW 
RDCL
Power consumption is VDD I DD

Therefore the figure of merit is

1
g m RD 
RDCL
FOM 
VDD I D
Solution 11.15:-
Vout
In order to arrive at the expression for proceed as follows.
Vx

Refer to figure 11.66 in the text book.

In accordance with the Miller’s theorem, any feedback impedance tied between
the input and output of an amplifier can be decomposed into two grounded
impedances thereby associating two nodes one at the input and the other at the
output. That is any feedback impedance Z F can be decomposed into input and
output impedance
ZF
Z1 =
1 − Av
ZF
Z2 =
1− 1 Av
Hence in the circuit above the resistance can be decomposed into two
resistances given by;
RF
R1 = = RF ( RL g m + 1)
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ RL ⎟
1− ⎜
⎛ 1 ⎟⎞
⎜ ⎜⎜ RL + ⎟⎟ ⎟
⎜ ⎝ g ⎠ ⎟⎠
⎝ m

RF RF
R2 = = = − g m RL RF
⎛ 1 ⎞ − 1g R
⎜ ( RL + ) ⎟ m L
1− ⎜ g m ⎟
⎜ RL ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠

Figure below shows the circuit after applying Miller’s effect.

Now,
Vout RL & R2
=
Vx RS & R1 + 1 g
m
RL & (− g m RL RF )
=
RS & RF (R L g m + 1) + 1 g
m

According to the question, RF is large enough and as the resistances are in

parallel, the effective resistance will be smaller than the smallest resistance
giving rise to

Vout RL
=
Vx RL + 1 g
m
Solution 18:-
In order to analyse the circuit proceed as follows.
In accordance with the Miller’s theorem, any feedback impedance tied between
the input and output of an amplifier can be decomposed into two grounded
impedances thereby associating two nodes one at the input and the other at the
output. That is any feedback impedance Z F can be decomposed into input and
output impedance
ZF
Z1 
1  Av
ZF
Z2 
1 1 Av

Refer to Figure 11.69 in the text book.

Here the feedback impedance is a capacitor. The feedback capacitor can be

decomposed into two capacitors one seen at the input and other at the output.
Capacitances at the input and output will be
C1  CF (1  g m ro )
1
C2  C (1  )
g m ro
respectively.
Applying the Miller’s theorem, the circuit becomes
According the question   0  ro   which again implies Cin  

Negative capacitance implies inductive behaviour. Here, we get infinite

inductive behaviour.
Solution 26:-
In order to explain the discrepancy proceeds as follows.
We know that the transit frequency is expressed by the equation
gm
2πfT 
CGS
2
where, CGS  WLCOX
3
Hence, from the previous question,
W
nCOX (VGS  VTH )
2πfT  L
2
WLCOX
3
3
or, 2πfT  2n (VGS  VTH )
2L
Hence, fT rises with the overdrive voltage.
According to the question;
2I D
gm 
VGS  VTH
Using this we arrive at
3 2I D 1
2 fT 
2 WLCox VGS  VTH
According to this equation, fT decreases with the overdrive voltage.
But I D is proportional to (VGS  VTH )2 .
So ultimately fT is proportional to (VGS  VTH ) and hence increases with overdrive voltage.
28. Explain how the source follower shown in Fig. 11.74(d) acts as a virtual active inductor.

jwRG CGS  1
Solution Z out  .
jwCGS  g m

If RG  1 / g m , then frequency response will be as follows:

If RG  1 / g m , then frequency response will be as follows:

The second case acts like an inductor (active inductor), as evident from second graph. A source follower is
normally used to reduce the driving impedance, i.e., R G  1 / g m . So, it acts like “active inductor”.
Solution 11.36:-

Draw the circuit diagram for the CE amplifier as follows:

Figure 1: CE amplifier

Write the expression for higher cut off frequency at output side for high frequency response
as follows:
1
ω p ,out = …… (1)
Rout Cout

Write the expression for the output impedance of the CE amplifier as follows:
⎡ 1 ⎤
Rout = ⎢ & RC & RL ⎥
⎣ gm ⎦
RC RL
= gm +
RC + RL
g m ( RC + RL ) + RC RL
=
RC + RL

Write the expression for output capacitance of junction as follows:

Cout = Cπ

Substitute corresponding values in equation (1) to calculate ω p ,out as follows:

1
ω p ,out =
⎡ g m ( RC + RL ) + RC RL ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ( Cπ )
⎣ RC + RL ⎦
RC + RL
=
⎡⎣ g m ( RC + RL ) + RC RL ⎤⎦ Cπ

RC + RL
Hence, the higher cut off frequency at output side is .
⎡⎣ g m ( RC + RL ) + RC RL ⎤⎦ Cπ
Write the expression for higher cut off frequency at input side for high frequency response as
follows:
1
ω p ,in = …… (2)
RinCin

Write the expression for the output impedance of the CE amplifier as follows:
Rin Rin & RG
Rin RG
Rin RG

Write the expression for output capacitance of junction as follows:

Cin = Cμ

Substitute corresponding values in equation (2) to calculate ω p ,in as follows:

1
ω p ,in =
⎡ Rin RG ⎤
⎢ R + R ⎥ ( Cμ )
⎣ in G ⎦

Rin + RG
=
Rin RG Cμ

Rin + RG
Hence, the higher cut off frequency at input side is .
Rin RG Cμ
42. For Fig. 11.84 cascade MOSFET stage, find the pole frequencies.

1
Solution We see that, w p ,out  .
RD (C DB2  CGD2 )
1
w p, x  .
  gm  
RG  CGS1  1  1  CGD1 
  g m2  
   
1
w p, y  .
1   gm  
 CDS1  CGS2  1  2  CGD1  CSB2 
g m2   g m1  
   