Chapter 3: Materials

A. Help Pages

Monday Notes
(Parts of Speech)
NOUN
• person, place, thing, idea
• common (n): names a general noun; begins with lower case letter (city)
• proper (N): names a specific noun; begins with capital letter (Detroit)
• possessive (pos n, pos N): shows ownership (girl's, Roger's)

PRONOUN (pro)
• takes the place of a noun
• types
o personal (1 st person: pronouns having to do with "me"; 2nd person: pronouns
having to do with "you"; 3rd person: pronouns having to do with everyone else)
• singular nominative (nom): I, you, he, she, it
• plural nominative (nom): we, you, they
• singular objective (obj): me, you, him, her, it
• plural objective (obj): us, you, them
• singular possessive (pos): my, your, his, her, its, mine, yours
• plural possessive (pos): our, your, their, ours, yours, theirs
o interrogative (int): asks a question
• Which? Whose? What? Whom? Who?
o demonstrative (dem): demonstrates which one
• this, that, these, those
o indefinite (ind): doesn't refer to a definite person or thing
• each, either, neither, few, some, all, most, several, few, many, none, one,
someone, no one, everyone, anyone, somebody, nobody, everybody,
anybody, more, much, another, both, any, other, etc.
o reflexive (ref): reflects back to "self'
• myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
• not words: hisself, ourself, theirselves
o relative (rp): starts adj. dependent clauses
• that, which, who, whom, whose

ADVERB (adv)
• modifies adjectives (really cute), verbs (run quickly). and other adverbs(~ easily)
• tells How? When? Where? To what extent?
• Not and never are always adverbs.

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ADJECTIVE (adj)
• modifies nouns (I have a green pen.) and pronouns (They are~-)
• tells Which one? How many? What kind?
• articles (art): a, an, the
• proper adjective (Adj): proper noun used as an adjective (American flag)

PREPOSITION (prep)
• shows relationship between a noun or pronoun and some other word in the sentence
• across, after, against, around, at, before, below, between, by, during, except, for, from, in,
of, off, on, over, since, through, to, under, until, with, according to, because of, instead of,
etc.
• We went 1Q school. We went im the stairs.

CONJUNCTION
• joins words, phrases, and clauses
• types
o coordinating (cc)
• FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
o subordinating (sc)
• starts adv. dependent clauses (and therefore must be followed by subject
and verb) ·
• after, since, before, while, because, although, so that, if, when, whenever,
as, even though, until, unless, as if, etc.
o correlative (cor conj)
• not only/but also, neither/nor, either/or, both/and

INTERJECTION (int)
• expresses emotion but has no real connection with the rest of the sentence
• set apart from sentence by comma or exclamation point
• No, I'm not finished with my homework. Wow! What a great new car!

VERB
• shows action or state of being
• types
o action (av)
• shows action
• She wrote a note.
o linking (Iv)
• links two words together
• can be linking: is, be, am, are, was, were, been, being, appear, become,
feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, etc.
• English~ fun. (English= fun)
• The flower smells pretty. (flower= pretty) The dog smells the flower.
(action)

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 o helping (hv)
• "helps" an action verb or linking verb
• If a verb phrase has four verbs, the first three are helping. If it has three
verbs, the first two are helping. And so on.
• can be helping: is, be, am, are, was, were, been, being, will, would, can,
could, shall, should, may, might, must, have, has, had, do, does, did
• We have been taking notes all day. (Taking is action .)
• She will be cold without a jacket. Ok is linking.)
• tenses
o present (pres)
• happening now (jump, talk, eat)
o past (past)
• happened previously (jumped, talked, ate, fell)
o future (f)
• will happen in the future (will jump, shall talk)
o present perfect (pres per)
• have or has plus past participle (have jumped, has talked)
o past perfect (past per)
• had plus past participle (had jumped, had talked)
o future perfect ( f per)
• will have or shall have plus past participle (will have jumped, shall
have talked)
o present progressive (pres prog)
• is, are, or am plus present participle (am jumping, is jumping, are
jumping)
o past progressive (past prog)
• was or were plus present participle (was jumping, were jumping)
o future progressive (f prog)
o will be or shall be plus present participle (will be jumping, shall
be jumping)

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 ...
Tuesday Notes
(Sentence Parts and Phrases)
SIMPLE SUBJECT (S)
• the "who" or "what" of the verb
• ex: The QQg with spots likes to bark loudly.
• must be noun or pronoun
• can never be in a prepositional phrase
• There and here are never the subject of a sentence.
• The subject can be an "understood you": Bring me the remote control, please. (You
bring it.)

COMPLETE SUBJECT (underlined once) t---

• simple subject plus its modifiers
• ex: The dog with spots likes to bark loudly.
e
• Dependent clauses modifying the subject are part of the complete subject of the t
independent clause. (The dog that has s.pots likes to bark.) t
t
SIMPLE PREDICATENERB
• transitive verb (vt): takes a direct object (We love English.) e
• intransitive verb (vi): does not take a direct object (Please sit down.) t
• All linking verbs are intransitive. e
COMPLETE PREDICATE (underlined twice)
t
• verb plus its mC>difiers
• The dog with spots likes to hark loudly.
• Dependent clauses modifying the verb are part of the complete predicate of the
independent clause. (The dog likes to hark when I'm asleep.)
e
e
COMPLEMENT e
• completes the meaning of the subject and verb e
• types
o direct object (do)
e
• is a noun or pronoun and is never in a prepositional phrase '~
• follows an action verb \e
• To find it, say "subject, verb, what?" or "subject, verb, whom?"
• I like English. "I like what?" English (direct object) C
o indirect object (io)
• is a noun or pronoun and is never in a prepositional phrase C
• comes before a direct object and after the verb
• To find it, say "subject, verb, direct object, to or for whom or what?" C
• He gave me the paper. "He gave paper to whom?" me (indirect object)
o predicate nominative (pn)
• is a noun or pronoun
• follows linking verb and renames subject
• To find it, say "subject, linking verb, what or who?"
• He is a nice guy. "He is what?" guy (predicate nominative)
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:;
-' o predicate adjective (pa)
3 • is an adjective

.,.,
j • follows linking verb and describes subject
• To find it, say "subject, linking verb, what?"
• He is nice. "He is what?" nice (predicate adjective)

.) APPOSITIVE (app)
j • noun or pronoun that follows and renames another noun or pronoun
• My son Beck likes trains.
:)
.)

,,
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE (prep ph)
j • group of words beginning with preposition and ending with noun or pronoun
• can act as adjective (I want a room with a view.) or adverb (His house is on the lake.)
• must be next to noun or pronoun it modifies
}
:) OBJECT OF PREPOSITION (op)
• follows preposition and tells "what?" or "whom?"
• The key is under the rug. "under what?" rug (object of preposition)
• If there's no object, it's not a preposition: Please stand 1!12· (11!2 is an adverb.)
.l
-: , NOUN OF DIRECT ADDRESS (nda)
':) • person being spoken to in a sentence
':) • Mom, I'm hungry. Go clean your room, Rebekah.

-:)
-,
-,
?
-:,
~
.,,
-~

,.,
,.,
-?
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 Wednesday Notes
(Clauses and Sentence Type)
CLAUSES
• Each clause must have a subject and verb.
• types
o independent (ind cl): also called main clause
• Every sentence must have at least one independent clause.
• The independent clause can usually stand alone.
• An independent clause does not start with a relative pronoun,
subordinating conjunction, or noun clause identifier.
o dependent (dep cl): also called subordinate clause
• The dependent clause can never stand alone.
• A dependent clause starts with a relative pronoun, a subordinating
conjunction, or a noun clause identifier.
We will eat when the bell rings. (modifies eat)

SENTENCE TYPES
• simple sentence ( s) = one independent clause
• compound sentence (cd) = two or more independent clauses
• complex sentence (ex)= one independent clause+ one or more dependent clauses

SENTENCE PURPOSE
• A declarative sentence makes a statement and ends in a period. (dee)
• An interrogative sentence asks a question and ends in a question mark. (int)
• An imperative sentence gives a command and ends in a period. (imp)
• An exclamatory sentence expresses strong feelings and ends in an exclamation point.
(exc)
• A declarative, interrogative, or imperative sentence can be exclamatory if it expresses
strong feelings and ends in an exclamation point.

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 _., Thursday Notes
;, (Punctuation and Capitalization)
CAPITALIZATION
• Capitalize proper nouns:
o days of the week, months, holidays, historical events, etc.
o names of people, companies, organizations, etc.
o names of states, countries, cities, islands, bodies of water, mountains, streets,
parks, stores, etc.
o nationalities, races, religions
-~ o brand names of products
o titles of books, magazines, stories, poems, songs, etc.
o names of ships, trains, monuments, planets, etc.
,~ • Always capitalize the word I.
• Capitalize the first word of each sentence.
• Capitalize the first word of a quotation,

SEMICOLON
. • joins two independent clauses without a coordinating conjunction
o He likes apples; she ·likes oranges.
o He goes to Harvard; however, she goes to Yale.
• can be used in series with commas for clarity
o We went to London, England; Paris, France; Madrid, Spain; and Rome, Italy.

APOSTROPHE
• Use apostrophes to make words possessive and to make contractions.
• Don't use apostrophes to make words plural.
• Possessive pronouns don't use apostrophes. (hers, its, ours, yours, etc.)
• Be sure you have a real word before your apostrophe: children's toys, not childrens'
toys.
• If the word is plural and ends ins, add apostrophe only:~• owners.
• Treat singular nouns ending ins just like any other singular noun: boss's, Brutus's.
":)
') UNDERLINING/ITALICIZING
• Underlining and italicizing mean the same thing.
• Underline or italicize titles oflong things: newspapers, magazines, CDs, movies, novels,
I ~ plays, musical compositions, etc.
I? • Underline or italicize names of ships, planes, trains, and artwork.
I? • Underline or italicize foreign expressions.
I~ QUOTATION MARKS
l~ • Quote titles of short things: short stories, poems, songs, articles, episodes of TV shows,
I -? etc.
I -~ • Quote dialogue and words copied from other sources.
• Commas and periods that follow quoted words always go inside closing quotation marks.
L~
'~ (I said, "Go home...'.:_)

,~
L-~
l
i :.?)
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 • Colons and semicolons that follow quoted words always go outside closing quotation
marks. (We're "friends~ we don't date.)
• Use single quotations marks only to enclose quotes within quotes.
• Use double quotations marks in all other situations. (He's a real "team player.")

COMMAS
(Rule numbers are significant for reference purposes only.)
l. adverb dependent clause*, independent clause (Ifit rains, we'll go inside.)
2. independent clause (no comma) adverb dependent clause (We'll go inside ifit rains.)
3. independent clause, cc** ·independent clause (Joe likes pizza, but Fred likes tacos.)
4. subject verb (no comma) cc verb (Joe likes pizza but does not like vegetables.)
5. independent clause; independent clause (Joe likes pizza; Fred likes tacos.)
6. introductory prepositional phrase, (After English class, we go to lunch.)
7. , nonessential appositive, (We read The Great Gatsby, a novel, in class. essential: We read
the novel The Great Gatsby in class.)
8. , nonessential adjective clause***, (Jane, who drives a red car, is nice. essential: All
students who skip school should be suspended.)
9. items, in, series (Please buy apples, oranges, and bananas. I like the warm, fuzzy blanket.)
10., noun of direct address, (Tom, would you hand me the phone? Please don't sit there, Sue.)
11. day of week, month date, year, (The baby is expected on Sunday, February 27, 2000, in
Georgia.)
12. city, state, (We moved to Peachtree City, Georgia, in 1975.)
13. introductory 'Yord, (Well, I ho~e these rules come in handy. However, you must use
them.)
14., interrupter, (These rules, I think, will help you if you use them.)

**********
*adverb dependent clause = subordinating conjunction + subject + verb
common subordinating conjunctions: because after until
as though so that
since whenever before
if even unless
while as if when
although even though

**coordinating conjunctions= FANBOYS

for Wld nor hut Qr yet ~o
NOT coordinating conjunctions: then, however, therefore

***adjective dependent clause= relative pronoun+ subject+ verb

relative pronouns: that which who whom whose

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 Friday Notes (Diagramming)
V
s I vt I do s I \I \, pa

Skunks I stink Boys I like cars Girls I are \ , nice

irt s
s \j pn
0. ~? 0.
%c"<",.. 0.%~ %;,-
o<X_<",..
Ansley ~l},.
<",-.
Yes
wheels
6/4,.
C'

compound parts
Joe

Jeff

Joe

Dad

Joe threw
ball
Jeff caught

clauses
(connect independent clauses at verbs)
(connect dependent clauses to what they describe)
we do homework
He I /ikes Iscience
I like: I math we I
~- I
will eat dinner

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 B. Marking Guide
Monday Abbreviations = complete predicate
n = common noun do = direct object
N = proper noun io = indirect object
pos n = possessive noun pn = predicate nominative
pro = personal pronoun pa= predicate adjective
I = first person op= object of preposition
2 = second person ( ) = phrase
3 = third person adj prep ph = adjective prepositional phrase
nom = nominative adv prep ph = adverb prepositional phrase
obj = objective app = appositive
pos = possessive nda = noun of direct address
ind pro = indefinite pronoun
int pro = interrogative pronoun Wednesday Abbreviations
dem pro = demonstrative pronoun [ ] = clause ·
ref pro = reflexive pronoun ind cl = independent clause
rp = relative pronoun dep cl = dependent clause
adj = adjective ss = simple sentence
Adj = proper adjective cd = compound sentence
art = article ex = complex sentence
av = action verb dee = declarative
Iv = linking verb imp = imperative
hv = helping verb exc = exclamatory
pres = present tense int = interrogative
past = past tense
f = future tense
Thursday Proofreading Marks
per = perfect tense
(Write in each symbol as your teacher goes
prog = progressive tense
over it with you in class.)
adv .= adverb. capitalize:
prep = preposition insert apostrophe:
cc = coordinating conjunction
insert quotation marks:
sc = subordinating conjunction
insert semicolon:
cor conj = correlative conjunction
insert comma:
insert end punctuation:
Tuesday Abbreviations italicize:
S = simple subject
_ = complete subject
vt = transitive verb
vi = intransitive verb

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